psychterms.org / Dropped

Dropped entries

These entries are excluded from term pages, search and the definition downloads. Status moves forward or off; a dropped entry is never quietly restored.

• A-delta fiber: The definition adds that an A-delta fiber is a “small fiber,” but the packet only says that small fiber conduction is impaired and that PREP can measure A-delta fiber conduction; it does not explicitly define A-delta fiber as a small fiber.; The first sentence of the definition (“considered in neurophysiology in terms of how well it conducts signals”) is not directly supported by the packet text provided; the packet mentions impaired conduction and measurement, not the framing/definition of A-delta fibers.; The packet does not define or explicitly identify “A-delta fiber” as “a small fiber” or as a specific fiber category; it only discusses “small fiber conduction” and then states PREP can measure “A-delta fiber conduction.”; The wording about neurophysiology and signal conduction is broader than the packet’s wording and is not fully supported as a definition of the term.

  Üçeyler Nurcan; Kahn Ann-Kathrin; Kramer Daniela; Zeller Daniel; Casanova-Molla Jordi; Wanner Christoph; Weidemann Frank; Katsarava Zaza; Sommer Claudia. Impaired small fiber conduction in patients with Fabry disease: a neurophysiological case–control study. 2013; DOI 10.1186/1471-2377-13-47; article XML SHA-256 92a2ad52922fbbbe41de4109b2741ae4e8164e7285d5f22f968d7c6f33f65476. “Impaired small fiber conduction in patients with Fabry disease: a neurophysiological case–control study” (10.1186/1471-2377-13-47). · CC-BY-2.0

• AA: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Hemoglobin Alpha cis-Deletion Genotype” (C185512). · CC-BY-4.0

• AAAS: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “AAAS Gene” (C190640). · CC-BY-4.0

• AACS: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Squeezed Red Blood Cells Expressing HPV16 Epitopes SQZ-AAC-HPV” (C184978). · CC-BY-4.0

• AAMR: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Alacrima, Achalasia, and Impaired Intellectual Development Syndrome” (C202544). · CC-BY-4.0

• AAP: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Alanine Aminopeptidase Measurement” (C100430). · CC-BY-4.0

• abandonment: Adds the unsupported detail that abandonment means leaving an older person without needed care or support; the packet only says ‘abandonment of the older person’ as part of elder abuse.; The definition narrows the agents to family members or institutional staff, while the packet says ‘generally by family members or by institutional personnel’ and does not require that framing as part of the definition.; The packet does not define abandonment as “leaving an older person without needed care or support”; it only lists “abandonment” as one of several forms of elder abuse alongside maltreatment and exploitation without providing a separate meaning.; While the packet supports that elder abuse (including abandonment) is generally by “family members or … institutional personnel,” the definition’s specific phrasing about leaving without needed care/support is not directly supported by the provided packet text.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Elder Abuse” (D004552). · public-domain-US-government

• abatement: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Remission” (C18246). · CC-BY-4.0

• abdominal migraine: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Abdominal Migraine” (C113482). · CC-BY-4.0

• abduction: The claim that “it refers specifically to shoulder movement performed against gravity” is supported by the packet, but the unsupported general anatomical characterization prevents the definition from passing the requirement that every substantive claim be supported by the packet.; The definition’s first sentence gives a general anatomical description of abduction (limb moved in a single plane through its range of motion away from its starting position). This is not explicitly stated in the provided packet text; the packet only mentions “shoulder abduction as a uniplanar movement” and studies it “against gravity.”; The packet supports shoulder abduction as a uniplanar movement against gravity, but it does not explicitly support the broader generic definition that abduction is a body movement in which a limb moves through its range of motion away from its starting position.; The phrase “through its range of motion away from its starting position” is an unsupported elaboration beyond the packet text.

  Thomas Christina; Johnson Brianna; Baillargeon Emma M.; Heckman Rosalind L.. Motor planning, initiation and execution of shoulder abduction against gravity: Evidence from startReact. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0346615; article XML SHA-256 9be1576d2704e86ea0c4e087680e04b3a78a4188fceed73d515aa473515a00e8. “Motor planning, initiation and execution of shoulder abduction against gravity: Evidence from startReact” (10.1371/journal.pone.0346615). · CC-BY-4.0

• Abilify: Because the definition’s requested sense/identification (“Abilify” = brand name for aripiprazole) is not supported verbatim by the packet, the definition contains an unsupported claim.; The definition presents a brand-name relationship that is not established in the supplied source packet, so the requested sense is not fully supported.; The packet supports aripiprazole as an atypical antipsychotic and its use for schizophrenia and acute manic or mixed episodes in bipolar I disorder, but it does not support the claim that Abilify is the brand name for aripiprazole.; The packet text does not explicitly state that “Abilify” is the brand name for aripiprazole; it only describes aripiprazole directly (“Aripiprazole has partial agonistic activity…”).

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Aripiprazole” (C47403). · CC-BY-4.0

• abiotic: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Environmental Science” (D000079265). · public-domain-US-government

• ablation: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Ablation Therapy” (C20985). · CC-BY-4.0

• abnormality: The definition frames the term as specifically used in psychology or counselling, but the supplied source only supports the general descriptor and does not establish that narrower field sense.; The definition’s second sentence (“In psychology or counselling…outside what is typical for that individual.”) is not supported anywhere in the provided packet.; The packet only defines abnormality as “A condition that differs from the usual physical or mental state.”; The second sentence adds an unsupported individual-level gloss (“outside what is typical for that individual”); the packet only supports a general difference from the usual physical or mental state.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Abnormality” (C9440). · CC-BY-4.0

• abortifacient: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Carboprost” (D002260). · public-domain-US-government

• abortion: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Abortion Finding” (C35221). · CC-BY-4.0

• abscess: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Abscess” (D000038). · public-domain-US-government

• absolute impression: The definition’s specific phrasing about “earlier stage in the formation of judgment” is not explicitly supported in the supplied packet text.; The packet only contains a brief reference to “absolute impression” as a starting stage “from 'absolute impression' to true 'comparison'.” It does not state that it is “an initial, direct experience taken as it first appears,” nor that it occurs “before the mind has developed a true act of comparing one thing with another.”; The packet only supports that ‘absolute impression’ is contrasted with ‘true comparison’ in the development of judgment; it does not define it as an ‘initial, direct experience’ or as a specific stage in which the mind has not yet developed comparison.; The wording ‘earlier stage in the formation of judgment’ goes beyond the source’s limited mention of tracing development from ‘absolute impression’ to true ‘comparison’; the source does not explicitly supply this fuller developmental definition.

  Titchener, The Schema of Introspection, 1912. 1912 American Journal of Psychology 23, 485–508. “Titchener, The Schema of Introspection, 1912” (3df3e717981e5484759c). · public-domain-US

• absolute judgment: The added contrast with stimuli presented "at the same time or in sequence" is not stated in the source and is an unsupported generalization.; The definition claims “a person judges a single stimulus on its own, rather than comparing it directly with another stimulus,” but the packet does not provide an explanation or operational distinction of absolute judgment in those terms.; The packet supports that the term is used for a temporal bisection/partition task with no anchor durations, but it does not define "absolute judgment" generally as judging a single stimulus on its own rather than comparing it with another stimulus.; While the packet clearly discusses an absolute judgment task involving judgments of temporal intervals/duration and reports carryover influences from prior response and prior interval, the “rather than comparing … presented at the same time or in sequence” component is not supported by the supplied text.

  Wiener Martin; Thompson James C.; Coslett H. Branch. Continuous Carryover of Temporal Context Dissociates Response Bias from Perceptual Influence for Duration. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0100803; article XML SHA-256 b9370e5ccae378f1474c4d57efeb1ab7b952766cc9ee31c9602a647d4bdaa42c. “Continuous Carryover of Temporal Context Dissociates Response Bias from Perceptual Influence for Duration” (10.1371/journal.pone.0100803). · CC-BY-4.0

• absolute: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Absolute” (C45829). · CC-BY-4.0

• absorption: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Absorption” (D000042). · public-domain-US-government

• abstinence: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Natural Family Planning Methods” (D012252). · public-domain-US-government

• abstract intelligence: The definition adds a gloss about “nous” that is not explicitly given in the packet (the packet uses vovs), so that identification is not securely supported from the supplied source alone.; The packet does not support the claim that “abstract intelligence means reason considered in its pure or general form.” It only mentions “abstract intelligence or reason” in a comparison with Logos, without defining it as “pure or general form.”; The packet’s Greek reference is fragmentary (“In Greek thought the term vovs stood for …”), and it does not clearly establish the full “linked with the Greek idea of nous” framing as written in the definition.; The phrase “reason considered in its pure or general form” is not supported by the packet; the source only says that in Greek thought vovs stood for “abstract intelligence or reason.”; While the packet does contrast it with Logos (“abstract intelligence or reason” vs “Logos represented reason manifesting itself”), the provided definition adds extra characterization (“reason as it is expressed or active”) that is not explicitly stated in the packet.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-4588500-4600500). · public-domain-US

• abstract thinking: Claims about “supporting deeper conceptual understanding” and “connect knowledge across areas” are not explicitly stated as definitional attributes of abstract thinking in the packet; the packet instead reports statistical relationships among ATCU, IESR, and IIPI.; The claims about “deeper conceptual understanding” and about students connecting knowledge across areas are broader than the packet’s specific findings and wording.; The definition adds a general psychopedagogical meaning for abstract thinking (“ability to work with concepts and general ideas rather than only concrete facts”) that is not stated in the packet.; The definition’s claim that abstract thinking helps “turn understanding into innovative practice” is only indirectly supported via the reported finding that ATCU predicts interdisciplinary integration and practical innovation (IIPI), but the packet does not substantively define abstract thinking in these terms.; The packet does not define “abstract thinking” as an ability to work with concepts/general ideas rather than concrete facts; it only references an “abstract thinking and conceptual understanding” construct (ATCU) in relation to other variables.; The phrase “especially when paired with inquiry skills and self-regulation” is only broadly supported by the mediating role of inquiry execution and strategic regulation (IESR); however, the packet does not present this as a general conditional statement about abstract thinking being “paired” with these skills.; The phrase “especially when paired with inquiry skills and self-regulation” overgeneralizes a study finding about one mediating model into a general definition.

  Xu Jiyuan; Mou Yurui; Yuan Lei. From conceptual understanding to interdisciplinary innovation: the mediating mechanism of IESR among high school students. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1739020; article XML SHA-256 3ae66498003a6213d3336a59072b1faba0d02be9a6dbb92054d6d09d94a3c814. “From conceptual understanding to interdisciplinary innovation: the mediating mechanism of IESR among high school students” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1739020). · CC-BY-4.0

• abuse potential: The definition adds an unsupported meaning—that the category indicates how likely a drug is to be misused or abused; the packet only says the category is assigned to an active ingredient or combination of active ingredients.; The definition’s characterization of “misused or abused” likelihood is an unsupported elaboration relative to the provided packet.; The packet text describes an “abuse potential category” to which an active ingredient (or combination) is assigned, regulated by DEA and FDA, but it does not state that the category indicates “how likely” the ingredient is to be misused or abused.; The phrase about U.S. oversight by the DEA and FDA is close, but the packet states it is regulated by both agencies, not that they assign it under oversight in the way stated.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Schedule of Controlled Substances” (C48670). · CC-BY-4.0

• abuse: The definition adds a broad generalization (“actions that are generally understood to cause harm”) that is not needed to match the source text and is less precise than the packet wording.; The definition uses “actions” and “generally understood to cause harm,” which are not verbatim or clearly constrained by the packet’s phrasing (the packet says “generally considered harmful”).; The packet defines abuse as “Improper use or treatment that is generally considered harmful” and does not specify that the “harmful treatment” is necessarily of a person; the definition’s added focus on “a person” is not directly supported.; The supplied field “ethics” is not supported by the packet; the source is an NCI Thesaurus descriptor for “Abuse,” not an ethics-specific entry.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Abuse” (C176713). · CC-BY-4.0

• academic freedom: Because “research” is a substantive element of the definition that is not supported by the supplied packet excerpt, the definition is not fully defensible from the provided source material.; The definition includes “teach, research, and express views,” but the provided packet text only explicitly discusses teaching/curriculum and academics’ views (e.g., ideological curriculum, cracking down on academics, and Ohio climate-science teaching), not research freedom.; The definition is framed as a general definition, while the supplied text only provides contextual examples of limits on academic freedom rather than a direct source-backed definition.; The packet supports restrictions on teaching, university autonomy, and scholars’ views, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that academic freedom includes freedom to conduct research.

  Fernandez Frank; Chykina Volha; Lin Yin Chun. Science at risk? Considering the importance of academic freedom for STEM research production across 17 OECD countries. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0298370; article XML SHA-256 cb482630e3a9d1a6e9a5fa2ef16141d30d2ec18309139bbee9656cf6403eb88c. “Science at risk? Considering the importance of academic freedom for STEM research production across 17 OECD countries” (10.1371/journal.pone.0298370). · CC-BY-4.0

• academic problem: The definition’s first sentence (“difficulty related to school or learning”) is not explicitly supported in the provided packet; the packet mentions “academic problems” and gives “academic boredom” as a typical academic problem, but it does not define what counts as an “academic problem.”; The first sentence gives a broad dictionary-style definition (“a difficulty related to school or learning”) that is not stated or directly supported by the source packet.; The packet supports only that academic boredom is described as a typical academic problem in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic; it does not establish a general definition of the term.; While the second sentence is supported (academic boredom is described as a “typical academic problem … during the COVID-19 pandemic” in the packet), the overall definition still contains an unsupported general characterization.

  Shen Lingyan; Wu Xinyue; Zhen Rui; Zhou Xiao. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Mobile Phone Dependence, and Academic Boredom in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724732; article XML SHA-256 956c82d0d42d4f7409f1ab1b1fbd008c6b0f4bfecac7fe96aa38b5956d75af65. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Mobile Phone Dependence, and Academic Boredom in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic” (10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724732). · CC-BY-4.0

• ACC: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “ACACA wt Allele” (C103886). · CC-BY-4.0

• accelerated longitudinal design: Because these parts of the definition are not directly supported by the provided excerpt, the definition contains at least two substantive claims beyond what the packet clearly states.; The definition goes beyond the source by presenting a general methodological advantage as if it were established by the packet; the packet only describes one study's design and results.; The packet confirms use of a “cohort-sequential, accelerated-longitudinal design” with kindergarten, first, and second grade students assessed repeatedly over 3 years, but it does not explicitly state that the design “follows several age or grade groups over time at the same time.”; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that the method allows development to be “examined across a wider span more quickly than by tracking one group alone.”; The packet supports that the study used a cohort-sequential, accelerated-longitudinal design with kindergarten, first-, and second-grade students, but it does not state the added claim that this design lets development be examined across a wider span more quickly than tracking one group alone.

  Santi Kristi L.; Kulesz Paulina A.; Khalaf Shiva; Francis David J.. Developmental changes in reading do not alter the development of visual processing skills: an application of explanatory item response models in grades K-2. 2015; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00116; article XML SHA-256 319953c8abc49d8823c544ead016b47a9a5244730cb07abd57409f7b27d5486a. “Developmental changes in reading do not alter the development of visual processing skills: an application of explanatory item response models in grades K-2” (10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00116). · CC-BY-4.0

• acceptance: The packet does not provide any basis for contrasting acceptance with “a clinical technique or diagnosis,” which is not mentioned in the provided text.; The packet does not support the claim that the sense is “conceptual or philosophical” or that it specifically means “acknowledging or granting regard”; it only states that the term was recommended to replace “recognition” and is sometimes used to translate the German “Anerkennen(-ung).”; The packet does not support the contrast with a “clinical technique or diagnosis,” so that part of the definition goes beyond the supplied source.; The packet supports only that “Acceptance” was recommended as a replacement for “recognition” as a translation of German Anerkennen/Anerkennung, with a philosophical reference to Hegel and Eisler; it does not support the added gloss about “acknowledging or granting regard.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Acceptance” (Acceptance). · public-domain-US

• access: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Access” (C25396). · CC-BY-4.0

• accessibility: The definition adds unsupported specifics such as “road layout” and “ease of movement across a highway system” as if these are the source’s meaning; the packet discusses accessibility metrics, trip demand, node centrality, travel time, and network connectivity rather than that broader phrasing.; The definition’s framing as affecting “ease of movement” is not directly supported by the packet’s wording or stated constructs (it describes accessibility measurement and correlations rather than “ease of movement”).; The field is not defensible from the packet: the source is about transport geography and highway network accessibility, not a biological sense of the term.; The packet does not explicitly mention “road layout” as an evaluated factor; it discusses highway network accessibility, network efficiency, land use/transport relationships, trip demand, node centrality, connectivity, and shortest paths.; The wording overgeneralizes the source’s method into a generic definition of accessibility; the packet describes a specific highway-network accessibility measure (closeness-accessibility), not the general concept as defined here.

  Zhang Yuanyuan; Song Weidong; Sun Jinguang; Dai Peng. Accessibility measurement of highway transportation networks based on closeness-accessibility. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0336928; article XML SHA-256 12d2a0e010acba1ad842b11221b2d9cae8f7aaa823a5d047b172410817b1cf96. “Accessibility measurement of highway transportation networks based on closeness-accessibility” (10.1371/journal.pone.0336928). · CC-BY-4.0

• accessory structure: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Adnexa” (C137974). · CC-BY-4.0

• accessory: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Accessory” (C112918). · CC-BY-4.0

• accident prevention: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Accident Prevention” (D000056). · public-domain-US-government

• accident: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Accident” (C34340). · CC-BY-4.0

• acclimatization: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Acclimatization” (D000064). · public-domain-US-government

• accommodation time: The definition adds an explanatory generalization about settling in after handling or condition changes that is not stated in the source; the packet only supports a 5-minute accommodation time before the test.; The packet does not define “accommodation time” as a settling-in period or explain that it is intended to allow disturbance from handling or condition changes to pass before observation. It only mentions “a 5-minute accommodation time” in the context of recommended experimental timing.; The requested field is not supported by the packet: this source uses “accommodation time” in an experimental zebrafish movement test, not in an ethics/counselling sense.

  Szep David; Dittrich Bianka; Gorbe Aniko; Szentpeteri Jozsef L.; Aly Nour; Jin Meng; Budan Ferenc; Sik Attila. A comparative study to optimize experimental conditions of pentylenetetrazol and pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in zebrafish larvae. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0288904; article XML SHA-256 c64bc14a1e4ba57a3365b082169b2cf122abe9ae20fa2ac05642b3dd65017fc1. “A comparative study to optimize experimental conditions of pentylenetetrazol and pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in zebrafish larvae” (10.1371/journal.pone.0288904). · CC-BY-4.0

• accountability: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Liability, Legal” (D016365). · public-domain-US-government

• accreditation: The pinned source packet does not establish a psychology, counselling, neural, educational, ethical or research-method context.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Accreditation” (D000068). · public-domain-US-government

• ACh: The claim that “the packet does not support a psychology or counselling-specific meaning beyond identifying it as this medical condition” is a speculative, meta-level conclusion that is not directly supported by the packet’s content.; The definition includes unnecessary commentary beyond the term’s meaning, rather than staying to a concise dictionary sense.; The second sentence is an unsupported meta-claim about what the packet does or does not support; the packet only supports that ACH/ACh refers to achondroplasia, a skeletal dysplasia with disproportionately short stature.; The term is “Achondroplasia (ACH)” in the packet; the definition uses “ACh,” and the packet does not support that this specific capitalization variant corresponds to the same acronym.

  Matsushita Masaki; Kitoh Hiroshi; Mishima Kenichi; Kamiya Yasunari; Kato Daisaku; Takemoto Genta; Sawamura Kenta; Ueno Shinji; Yasuhiro Nakai; Nishida Kazuki; Imagama Shiro. Phase 1b study on the repurposing of meclizine hydrochloride for children with achondroplasia. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0283425; article XML SHA-256 04951c34adb333201033cc44a255671d1cc07e7e51c54c0aefce0a2b6000fd90. “Phase 1b study on the repurposing of meclizine hydrochloride for children with achondroplasia” (10.1371/journal.pone.0283425). · CC-BY-4.0

• achievement goal theory: The definition claims achievement goal theory is “a framework for understanding how the kind of goals people pursue… shape their attitudes and behavior,” but the provided packet does not state this general characterization; it only describes using achievement goal theory to examine relationships among perfectionism, achievement goals, and sports ethics.; The definition’s ethical-conduct-in-sport application is supported in the packet (achievement goals relate to sports ethics), but the broader framework/attitudes-and-behavior wording is not clearly supported by the supplied text.; The first sentence makes a general definitional claim about achievement goal theory as a framework for understanding how goals in achievement settings shape attitudes and behavior, but the packet only shows the theory being used in one study; it does not support that broad description.; The sentence mentions mastery/performance goals and approach/avoidance aims as if they are standard components of the theory, but the packet only reports these as study variables and findings, not as a definition of the theory itself.

  Sun Kaihong; Ji Tai. The Relationship Between Perfectionism and Sports Ethics Among Young Athletes Based on Achievement Goal Theory. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.771332; article XML SHA-256 cab0f0c4d48a3a61f19b3a52ebeab46bf5732f3af4071ba28b8796ef4ecfbeb5. “The Relationship Between Perfectionism and Sports Ethics Among Young Athletes Based on Achievement Goal Theory” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.771332). · CC-BY-4.0

• achievement level: The definition’s claim that achievement level “is treated as an individual difference” is not explicitly stated in the provided packet; the packet reports it as having a moderating effect but does not describe it as an individual-differences construct.; The packet does not explicitly define “achievement level” as a student’s “degree of academic success or performance”; it only mentions an “Academic Achievement Level Questionnaire” and a “moderating role” of academic achievement level without giving a definitional description.; The packet supports that academic achievement level moderated the link between perceived social support and career adaptability, but it does not state that this variable is an “individual difference” in the definitional sense used here.; The packet uses the term as “academic achievement level” and reports it as a moderator, but it does not explicitly define achievement level as a student’s degree of academic success or performance.; While the packet does support that academic achievement level moderates the relationship between perceived social support and career adaptability, the definition also adds additional framing (“change how strongly social support relates to career adaptability”) that is only partially supported via the moderation claim and is not stated in that exact interpretive wording.

  Wang Huiyan; Lu Feng; Liu Shaoying. The relationship between group attachment and career adaptability of college students: a moderated mediation model. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1473147; article XML SHA-256 0462d093c3b0b362a4119680e42e942d72222e946ee53faa145fe877b442d6eb. “The relationship between group attachment and career adaptability of college students: a moderated mediation model” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1473147). · CC-BY-4.0

• achievement potential: Although the second sentence is supported (the packet states that both under-confident and over-confident individuals had lower achievement potential), the unsupported first sentence prevents a pass.; The definition’s first sentence (“Achievement potential refers to a person’s apparent capacity to do well or succeed”) is not explicitly stated or directly supported in the provided packet text. The packet only reports that under-confident and over-confident individuals had “lower achievement potential,” without defining the construct as a capacity to do well/succeed. ; The first sentence adds an unsupported general definition (“a person’s apparent capacity to do well or succeed”); the packet only supports a comparative finding that under-confident and over-confident individuals had lower achievement potential in this sample.; The wording treats the study result as if it defines the term itself, which is broader than what the source supports.

  Douglas Heather E.; Cunningham Mitchell L.; Tisdell Jessika; Arneson Justin. The problem with confidence: too much and too little results in poorer achievement, inner conflict, and social inhibition. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.960013; article XML SHA-256 8c2fef26a2a8792dddf9a226c34cee9a84d4911165c39114488bbd055fec7edb. “The problem with confidence: too much and too little results in poorer achievement, inner conflict, and social inhibition” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.960013). · CC-BY-4.0

• achiever: Because of that unsupported “progress” element, the first sentence contains a substantive claim not supported by the packet.; The definition adds an unsupported generalization beyond the source by describing the type in broader gamer-typology terms without packet support for that fuller characterization.; The definition states that success is measured by “progress,” but the packet only describes Achiever games as those “in which users strive to pursue the highest score” and does not mention progress as a measure.; The packet supports Achiever as a game preference type tied to striving for the highest score, but it does not support the added claim that success is measured by progress.

  Vera Cruz Germano; Barrault-Méthy Anne-Marie; Bove Marion Del; Nauge Michael. Relationship between gamer profiles, gaming behavior, sociodemographic characteristics, and big five personality traits among French law students. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s40359-023-01329-6; article XML SHA-256 f1164587b404f1d695fc8a4341e86fc2610e8f462ed284abe698aab6d7a3e100. “Relationship between gamer profiles, gaming behavior, sociodemographic characteristics, and big five personality traits among French law students” (10.1186/s40359-023-01329-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• acoustic environments: The definition claims acoustic environments are “studied…in relation to how people appraise these surroundings along broad emotional dimensions,” which is broadly consistent with the packet, but the specific “pleasantness” wording is not supported by the provided text.; The definition slightly overstates the source by presenting a settled description of acoustic environments as environmental stimuli that ‘can shape’ emotional responses; the packet says this area is under discussion and that the relation between soundscapes, emotions, and affective appraisal is still not conclusively answered.; The definition specifies that appraisal is along “pleasantness and arousal,” but the packet describes “valence and arousal” rather than “pleasantness” explicitly.; The packet supports soundscape research, acoustic environments, emotions, affective appraisal, and the dimensions of valence and arousal, but it does not explicitly support the added label ‘pleasantness.’

  Fiebig André; Jordan Pamela; Moshona Cleopatra Christina. Assessments of Acoustic Environments by Emotions – The Application of Emotion Theory in Soundscape. 2020; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.573041; article XML SHA-256 31ed76844acaf04f9fb09e35cc1ad54ba940f3f8b9cc2b9acf38487ee152c0a1. “Assessments of Acoustic Environments by Emotions – The Application of Emotion Theory in Soundscape” (10.3389/fpsyg.2020.573041). · CC-BY-4.0

• action potential: Only the claim that overlapping action-potential signals/waveforms can occur when two nearby neurons fire at the same time (and thus overlap in the recorded signal) is supported by the packet.; The definition’s first clause (“the brief electrical spike a neuron produces when it fires”) is not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet supports overlap of waveforms when two nearby neurons fire an action potential at the same time, but it does not explicitly support defining an action potential itself as a “brief electrical spike” or saying that a neuron “produces” it when it fires.

  van der Molen Tjitse; Lim Max; Bartram Julian; Cheng Zhuowei; Robbins Ash; Parks David F; Petzold Linda R; Hierlemann Andreas; Haussler David; Hansma Paul K; Tovar Kenneth R; Kosik Kenneth S. RT-Sort: An action potential propagation-based algorithm for real time spike detection and sorting with millisecond latencies. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0312438; article XML SHA-256 252d16af49769c45b1bd3f600724d236073bf9b317817f54adf802fb0e29d1bf. “RT-Sort: An action potential propagation-based algorithm for real time spike detection and sorting with millisecond latencies” (10.1371/journal.pone.0312438). · CC-BY-4.0

• action stream: The definition adds a specific functional claim about the dorsal stream processing object information for goal-directed actions such as grasping, which goes beyond what the supplied text explicitly supports.; The packet discusses a specific fMRI study about size computation for grasping versus perception, but the provided definition presents broad, general claims about stream functions that are not explicitly supported in the packet text given.; The packet does not substantiate the definition’s claim that the action stream is contrasted with a ventral perception stream that “supports perceptual judgments rather than action performance”; instead, it states that evidence for this dorsal/ventral dissociation is based largely on neuropsychological case studies and that there is “no unequivocal evidence” for separate visual computations for actions versus perceptual tasks.; The packet does not support the definition’s characterization that the “action stream” is the dorsal visual pathway in the cerebral cortex that is “understood to” process object information for carrying out goal-directed actions.; The packet does support the contrast between a dorsal action stream and a ventral perception stream, but it does not support presenting this as established consensus; it explicitly says evidence is still largely based on case studies and that there is no unequivocal evidence for separate computations in the intact human brain.

  Cavina-Pratesi Cristiana; Goodale Melvyn A.; Culham Jody C.. FMRI Reveals a Dissociation between Grasping and Perceiving the Size of Real 3D Objects. 2007; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0000424; article XML SHA-256 e1d4b116d8d8b797054eec7b4b77b6e27e0d19a391f1996b7132e91c3860b4c0. “FMRI Reveals a Dissociation between Grasping and Perceiving the Size of Real 3D Objects” (10.1371/journal.pone.0000424). · CC-BY-4.0

• action unit: The added claims that students work to “understand, practice, and improve” that unit go beyond the packet’s wording and are not directly supported as the definition of the term.; The definition is framed as a broad sense “in this learning context,” but the packet supports only the study’s specific phrase about action-unit learning, not a general dictionary sense.; The definition’s claim that the packet “only supports this broad sense” is not directly supported because the packet excerpt provided does not include any explicit definitional content for “action unit.”; The packet does not define an action unit as a distinct part or element of a movement; it only mentions “action-unit learning” in a university dance course.; The packet does not define what an “action unit” is (e.g., as a distinct part/element of a movement). It only mentions “action-unit learning” and “action-analysis materials” in the context of university dance training, without specifying the term’s meaning.

  Qi Tianhang. Teacher-reviewed generative AI action-analysis materials for university dance training: action understanding, body awareness, feedback uptake, and revised performance. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1929537; article XML SHA-256 2654fedbc07639567a830a755ab06072ac5b95d746d3b844e23c4eacce8c1243. “Teacher-reviewed generative AI action-analysis materials for university dance training: action understanding, body awareness, feedback uptake, and revised performance” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1929537). · CC-BY-4.0

• activation: The definition presents the mechanism as aligning “incoming information” with internal state via matching meaning, emotional force, and valence. The packet mentions matching “semantic topic,” “energetic impact,” and “valence stance,” but couches this within a “hypothetical” quantum-like mechanism; the definition omits that hypothetical/idealized framing and therefore overstates support.; The definition states activation “can support shared, amplified social responses across a group.” While the packet links the framework to “collective phenomena like emotional contagion and rapid narrative amplification,” it does so in a quantum-like/theoretical sense rather than as general “shared, amplified social responses” in the plain-arousal framing of the definition.; The packet does not describe activation as a “rise in … cognitive-social arousal.” It discusses “collective social activation dynamics,” “mental marker coherence,” and a “Triple-Resonance Mechanism,” but does not explicitly use or support the specific notion of a rise in arousal.; The packet mentions collective social activation dynamics and narrative amplification, but it does not clearly define activation as an individual-state alignment process in the general way stated in the definition.; The packet supports a theoretical model of social activation via matching semantic topic, energetic impact, and valence stance, but it does not support the added claim that activation is a rise in cognitive-social arousal.

  Khrennikov Andrei; Aspalter Christian; Zhan Likan. Quantum-like architecture of the social atom: mental marker coherence and the triple-resonance mechanism of cognitive activation. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1882642; article XML SHA-256 15adcf95ace371f90da4ed553fb3853e1e201dd85cb7976f9d27eb28952720e3. “Quantum-like architecture of the social atom: mental marker coherence and the triple-resonance mechanism of cognitive activation” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1882642). · CC-BY-4.0

• active avoidance: Adds unsupported details not present in the packet, including that the task involves a person or animal and that it is used to assess how experience with the negative stimulus affects later performance.; The definition’s claim that it is specifically “a learning and memory task” is not explicitly supported by the packet text beyond the reference to learning (training) and memory (testing) phases.; The packet describes an active avoidance task as presenting a negative stimulus during a learning (training) phase and also applying it during a memory (testing) phase, but it does not state that the task is “used to assess how experience with that negative stimulus affects later performance.”; The packet supports only that it is a task with a negative stimulus in both the learning and memory/testing phases; the broader learning-and-memory explanation is not fully supported as written.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Active Avoidance Task” (C226107). · CC-BY-4.0

• active coping: Although the packet supports that Social Media Use positively influences Active Coping Strategies and that these relate to Exercise Habits via Perceived Social Support, the definition also makes an additional, broader descriptive claim about what active coping is (beyond the packet’s described study relationships) that is not evidenced in the supplied text.; The definition’s core meaning (“tendency to deal with challenges in a constructive, engaged way rather than passively”) is not supported by the provided packet, which only discusses “Active Coping Strategies” in the context of a study model (mediating roles) and does not define it in those terms.; The packet does not define active coping as a general tendency to handle challenges constructively or actively; it only mentions “Active Coping Strategies” as a measured variable and mediator in this study.; The requested field “learning” is not supported by the source material, which is about older adults’ social media use, coping, social support, and exercise habits rather than learning.; The statement that social media use can strengthen active coping and that this, together with perceived social support, supports exercise habits is broadly consistent, but the definition adds unsupported general psychological characterization beyond the packet.

  Jie Qiu; Liu Mengfen; Chen Jiawei; Zhang Jianhua; Tang Shaokai; Zhou Zeng. The influence of Social Media Use of older adults on the Exercise Habits: The chain mediating effects of active coping strategies and perceived social support. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0348566; article XML SHA-256 5737e6d3902e30b2c0b22dfa9bd4074f6bf43ee6443bdfc5c179bb60808b83c1. “The influence of Social Media Use of older adults on the Exercise Habits: The chain mediating effects of active coping strategies and perceived social support” (10.1371/journal.pone.0348566). · CC-BY-4.0

• active deception: The definition claims active deception is used “to draw a threat away from a vulnerable site like a nest,” but the packet does not describe it in terms of diverting (“drawing away”) a predator from the nest; it only states that injury-feigning is a nest-defence behaviour that reduces nest predation.; The definition is framed as a general animal-defense concept; the packet only supports it in the specific context of ground-nesting birds and nest predation, so the broader wording goes beyond the source.; The definition says active deception involves “deliberately” using misleading actions; the packet labels the behavior as deception but does not explicitly state intentional deliberateness in those terms.; The packet supports the nest-defense sense of “active deception,” but the requested field “learning” is not defensible from the source material, which is about bird nest defense in ecology/behavioral biology rather than learning psychology.

  Smith Paul A; Edwards Darryl B. Deceptive nest defence in ground-nesting birds and the risk of intermediate strategies. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0205236; article XML SHA-256 905127537d737291765ea7bb6416866e93d134c1f02b3d14ca9be7f909f8c773. “Deceptive nest defence in ground-nesting birds and the risk of intermediate strategies” (10.1371/journal.pone.0205236). · CC-BY-4.0

• active learning: The claim that active learning is often well received and sometimes more effective than traditional lectures is only qualified in the packet for studies in dental education; the definition presents it as a general descriptive fact without that scope.; The definition frames support as general “approach to teaching” language beyond what the packet provides, so the requested sense/meaning is only partially supported.; The definition’s first sentence (“Active learning is an approach to teaching in which learners take an active role… rather than mainly receiving lecture-based instruction”) is not stated or clearly supported anywhere in the provided packet text; the packet discusses findings about active learning in dental education but does not give this general teaching-mechanism description.; The packet supports active learning in dental education and mentions problem-based learning and flipped learning as examples, but it does not define active learning as an approach in which learners take an active role rather than mainly receiving lecture-based instruction.; The rest of the definition (problem-based and flipped learning as examples; well received; may be more effective than traditional lecture-based teaching) is supported by the packet’s statements, but the unsupported first-sentence characterization prevents passing.

  Perez Arnaldo; Green Jacqueline; Moharrami Mohammad; Gianoni-Capenakas Silvia; Kebbe Maryam; Ganatra Seema; Ball Geoff; Sharmin Nazlee. Active learning in undergraduate classroom dental education- a scoping review. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0293206; article XML SHA-256 661a52265136932d9e44e4e8688192793ec39723066f26ca56301491d947db28. “Active learning in undergraduate classroom dental education- a scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0293206). · CC-BY-4.0

• active touch: The packet supports a distinction where “contact sense” and “pselaphesia” correspond roughly to passive and active touch, but it does not define “active touch” as “touch that involves active exploration.”; The wording should not present the older historical account as a general or current clinical/psychological definition beyond the packet’s historical terminology.; “Active exploration” is not supported by the source packet; the packet only says Dessoir’s subdivision corresponded roughly to passive and active touch.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Haptics” (Haptics). · public-domain-US

• actual: The definition adds an explanatory contrast that goes beyond the source text and risks overstating the term’s sense in context.; The packet does not explicitly define the term “actual” in the way the definition states (i.e., as what a person “really does” during physical performance versus imagining).; The packet supports “actual motor performance” as performance during the task, contrasted with motor imagery, but it does not support defining “actual” as meaning “rather than measuring related brain activity.”; While the packet contrasts mental practice/imagery with “actual motor performance” and also discusses ERD (a brain-related measure), it does not explicitly state that “actual” means “observed movement performance during the task itself,” nor does it directly define it as physical execution as opposed to brain-activity measurement.

  Umeno Kazuya; Itaguchi Yoshihiro. Effects of bilateral and unilateral mental practice on actual motor performance and event-related desynchronization. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0325860; article XML SHA-256 3a91342b4b4757faaa65d2c30fbcf4725f0ade55c1d77f683425da285793f96d. “Effects of bilateral and unilateral mental practice on actual motor performance and event-related desynchronization” (10.1371/journal.pone.0325860). · CC-BY-4.0

• acute depression: The comparison to “elevated MMPI scores across several distress-related and psychopathology-related scales” is supported in substance, but the wording is a broad paraphrase that adds interpretive grouping not stated in the source.; The packet does not provide a definition of “acute depression” as a “current, active state” or explicitly contrast it with “remitted depression” in those terms; it only uses “acute depression” as a study group label.; The packet supports that patients with acute depression showed similarly high MMPI scores on multiple scales, but it does not support the categorization of those scales as specifically “distress-related and psychopathology-related.”; The packet uses “acute depression” as a study group label, but it does not explicitly define the term as a current, active state of depression or contrast it as a clinical sense with remitted depression.

  Suzuki Masatoshi; Takahashi Michio; Muneoka Katsumasa; Sato Koichi; Hashimoto Kenji; Shirayama Yukihiko. A Study of Remitted and Treatment-Resistant Depression Using MMPI and Including Pessimism and Optimism Scales. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0109137; article XML SHA-256 bab352bcc032f7e5878ed880e680ec9d4b30bb98b7388e167ab396521de8c567. “A Study of Remitted and Treatment-Resistant Depression Using MMPI and Including Pessimism and Optimism Scales” (10.1371/journal.pone.0109137). · CC-BY-4.0

• ad litem: The definition’s first sentence (“acting for the purposes of a particular legal case”) is not stated in the supplied packet; the packet only shows examples of appointment “to act as guardian ad litem,” without explicitly defining the general purpose as “for the purposes of a particular legal case.”; The definition’s second sentence says the guardian ad litem represents someone “who is insane in proceedings when that person cannot act for himself or herself”; while the packet supports appointment of a “guardian ad litem” in connection with a party who is “still insane” (e.g., “sui juris, but still insane, though not found lunatic”) and an example where a person was appointed due to alleged insanity, it does not explicitly state the condition that the person “cannot act for himself or herself.”; The opening gloss generalizes beyond the source text; the packet does not explicitly define ad litem, only gives examples of a guardian ad litem in insanity-related proceedings.; The packet supports only the phrase in context, “curator or guardian ad litem,” not a standalone definition of ad litem as “acting for the purposes of a particular legal case.”

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-315000-327000). · public-domain-US

• adaptability: The packet content describes an “Adaptability Scale” (a rating scale) that measures adaptability, but the definition does not mention this scale and instead generalizes that adaptability “can be assessed as a characteristic.”; The provided packet supports measuring “the ability of the subject to adapt readily to changes in the environment,” but it does not support the specific framing that adaptability is assessed “as a characteristic of how well a person responds to changing situations.”; The second sentence is unsupported: the packet only says adaptability is measured by a rating scale in the Behavior Assessment System for Children, not that it is generally assessed in psychology as a characteristic of how well a person responds to changing situations.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Adaptability Scale” (C121295). · CC-BY-4.0

• adaptive behavior scale: The added generalization to “autism research and clinical outcome tracking” is broader than what the packet states and is not supported as a definition of the term.; The definition claims the scale is used in “clinical outcome tracking,” but the packet only describes using VABS-3 as input for a cost-effectiveness model (baseline VABS-3 and monthly VABS-3 changes), not outcome tracking in a clinical sense.; The definition is placed under the field “diagnosis,” but the packet describes VABS-3 as an input reflecting adaptive behavior outcomes in an autism model, not as a diagnostic concept or diagnostic criterion.; The packet supports use of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS-3) as an input for baseline functioning and monthly change in an autism-spectrum-disorder outcomes model, but it does not define “adaptive behavior scale” as a general assessment measure.

  Borre Ethan D; Myers Evan; Hamilton Lopez Marianne; Kurtzberg Joanne; Shaz Beth; Troy Jesse; Sanders Schmidler Gillian D. The potential cost-effectiveness of novel cord blood therapies in children with autism spectrum disorder. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0282906; article XML SHA-256 4bcd28154bb2d5e9630e0f367430fe7f56487bbcb2ee7bf9b7bf59aac2cf7ea1. “The potential cost-effectiveness of novel cord blood therapies in children with autism spectrum disorder” (10.1371/journal.pone.0282906). · CC-BY-4.0

• adaptive intelligence: Other elements are broadly supported by the packet (improves speech perception in noise; subjective listening effort; sound quality), but because the definition contains unsupported claims, the definition cannot be accepted as written.; The definition says adaptive intelligence is used “alongside other noise-reduction features” to help listening in noise; the packet supports that the study evaluated “using these features” (ANR, TNR, and AI) for speech perception in noise, but it does not explicitly describe AI as being used alongside those features in that specific way or as an intended goal/functional mechanism beyond the study aims.; The packet does not support the claim that “adaptive intelligence is an automatic sound-management feature.” It only states that the SONNET 2 audio processor has “ambient noise reduction (ANR), transient-noise reduction (TNR), and adaptive intelligence (AI).”; The packet supports that SONNET 2 has an adaptive intelligence feature, but it does not explicitly support describing adaptive intelligence itself as an automatic sound-management feature.; The statement that it is used alongside other noise-reduction features to improve speech perception, reduce listening effort, and improve sound quality goes beyond the packet, which only says the study aimed to evaluate whether using ANR, TNR, and adaptive intelligence together improved those outcomes.

  Kurz Anja; Rak Kristen; Hagen Rudolf. Improved performance with automatic sound management 3 in the MED-EL SONNET 2 cochlear implant audio processor. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0274446; article XML SHA-256 69752062d05bf2fdcc5c400445012fc036c715fee697b414537ee06b96a29102. “Improved performance with automatic sound management 3 in the MED-EL SONNET 2 cochlear implant audio processor” (10.1371/journal.pone.0274446). · CC-BY-4.0

• additive: The packet does not state the general cognitive meaning of “additive” as “contributing an extra effect on top of other influences rather than replacing them”; it only describes “an additive protective role” in the context of cognitive reserve.; The packet supports only the phrase “additive protective role” in healthy aging; it does not support the broader general definition that additive means “contributing an extra effect on top of other influences rather than replacing them.”; The second sentence goes beyond the packet by paraphrasing cognitive reserve as “providing additional protection during healthy aging,” which is a contextual interpretation rather than a supported dictionary sense.; While the packet supports that cognitive reserve can have an “additive protective role in healthy aging,” it does not explicitly define additive in the broader way used in the first sentence of the provided definition.

  Serra Laura; Bonarota Sabrina; Caruso Giulia; Mancini Matteo; Sperati Sofia; Di Domenico Carlotta; Tamigi Federico Maria; Di Lorenzo Francesco; Ricci Francesco; Caltagirone Carlo; Koch Giacomo; Giove Federico; Bozzali Marco; Petrosini Laura. Stage-dependent effects of cognitive reserve on memory and brain structural integrity across the spectrum from healthy aging to Alzheimer’s disease. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1830181; article XML SHA-256 7e3d4c3a6904e1fc8c4c9c9c8ba6831410812f694db80106c8fbcb313255bbe9. “Stage-dependent effects of cognitive reserve on memory and brain structural integrity across the spectrum from healthy aging to Alzheimer’s disease” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1830181). · CC-BY-4.0

• adequate sample: Because the packet does not present the underlying content, the requested sense of “adequate sample” cannot be verified against the packet.; The claim that adequacy in qualitative work is commonly judged by whether additional interviews stop adding important new information or meaning is not stated in the supplied text; the passage only lists related references, so this support is insufficient.; The definition’s claims (e.g., that adequacy means being large/appropriate enough to answer the study question credibly, and that qualitative adequacy is judged by whether further interviews add no new information/meaning) are not supported by any substantive statements in the supplied packet text.; The packet excerpt provided contains only bibliographic references and does not include any definition or explanatory text stating what “an adequate sample” is.; The packet text shown does not define “adequate sample” as a large and appropriate-enough group to answer a study question credibly; that wording is not supported by the supplied passage.

  BMC: Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies. Version of record 2018-11-21; DOI 10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7. “Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency” (05ea0554db4e6d0f11b4). · CC-BY-4.0

• adipose tissue: The definition adds location-specific detail (“white adipose tissue in the abdomen”) that is not stated in the packet; the packet discusses visceral epididymal white adipose tissue in mice, not abdominal adipose tissue generally.; The definition claims adipocytes “can become enlarged in obesity,” but the packet only reports that lipectomy “reduced the number of severely hypertrophic adipocytes” in residual eWAT; it does not explicitly define adipocytes as enlarging in obesity in general terms.; The definition states that adipose tissue includes “white adipose tissue in the abdomen,” but the packet discusses “visceral epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT)” in mice, not abdominal adipose tissue in general.; The opening gloss “fat tissue” is too broad for the packet’s narrower focus on visceral white adipose tissue, and the definition blends in extra generalization beyond what is directly supported.; The packet supports that adipose tissue is described as biologically active via secretion of adipokines/pro-inflammatory factors and that visceral WAT affects hippocampal (cerebrovascular) outcomes; however, those supported parts are mixed with the unsupported abdominal and general adipocyte-enlargement claims.; The requested field/sense is not defensible here: the packet is a biomedical article about adipose tissue, not a psychology/counselling sense of “learning.”

  Seidel Florine; Morrison Martine C.; Arnoldussen Ilse; Verweij Vivienne; Ebert Simon; Attema Joline; de Ruiter Christa; van Duyvenvoorde Wim; Snabel Jessica; Geenen Bram; Franco Ayla; Gart Eveline; Bernhagen Jürgen; Wiesmann Maximilian; Kleemann Robert; Kiliaan Amanda J.. Partial removal of visceral epididymal white adipose tissue in obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice impacts adipokine secretion, plasma free fatty acids, and improves cerebrovascular health. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0333024; article XML SHA-256 b23f83bc4b5d3979cb4e8012658cc64876be904ef72e93216826ba085951810a. “Partial removal of visceral epididymal white adipose tissue in obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice impacts adipokine secretion, plasma free fatty acids, and improves cerebrovascular health” (10.1371/journal.pone.0333024). · CC-BY-4.0

• adjective checklist: Because the first sentence contains substantive claims not supported by the packet, the definition does not meet the requirement that the requested sense be fully supported.; The definition claims an “adjective checklist” is “a list of descriptive words used to rate a person’s current psychological state,” but the packet only states that the Activation Deactivation Adjective Checklist (ADACL) is used to evaluate “arousal levels during free throws,” without supporting the “descriptive words” or “current psychological state” framing.; The definition generalizes beyond the source by presenting the instrument’s use in this study as the meaning of the term itself.; The packet supports only that ADACL evaluates arousal levels during performance (free throws) and does not support the broader general characterization given in the first sentence.; The packet supports only that the Activation Deactivation Adjective Checklist (ADACL) was used to evaluate arousal levels during free throws; it does not define an adjective checklist as a general list of descriptive words used to rate a person’s current psychological state.; The term in the packet is a specific questionnaire name (Activation Deactivation Adjective Checklist), not the generic concept described in the definition.

  Ktistakis Ioannis; Zacharakis Emmanouil; Terzis Gerasimos; Kostopoulos Nikolaos; Stavrou Nektarios A M. Gaze fixation parameters in basketball: examining the link to anxiety, self-talk, and emotional responses in free-throw shooting. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1730500; article XML SHA-256 90815d46bb4d905724d66ddad6c6e13679902b4c9640afe1b302520d8bb80124. “Gaze fixation parameters in basketball: examining the link to anxiety, self-talk, and emotional responses in free-throw shooting” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1730500). · CC-BY-4.0

• adjustment inventory: The claim that the definition applies specifically as a generic description of an “adjustment inventory” is not directly supported by the packet’s text.; The claim that the subscale was used to measure 'social adjustment' is supported, but the broader definition goes beyond the packet and is too general for this source alone.; The packet does not define an “adjustment inventory” as assessing “how well a person is adapting” or describe “areas of functioning” beyond mentioning the “social adjustment subscale” of the Bell Adjustment Inventory.; The packet supports only that the study used the social adjustment subscale of the Bell Adjustment Inventory; it does not define an 'adjustment inventory' as a general questionnaire for assessing adaptation.; The packet supports that the study used the “social adjustment subscale of the Bell Adjustment Inventory” and measured “social adjustment,” but it does not support the broader wording about adaptation or functioning as the definition’s requested sense for “adjustment inventory.”; The statement that the Bell Adjustment Inventory is an example of an adjustment inventory is not directly supported by the packet.

  Asadi Mitra; Yoosefi Somayeh. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the machiavellian personality scale and its association with social adjustment and risky behaviors in Iranian college students. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12888-023-05177-x; article XML SHA-256 c3b2ff77caa5ef0450761291c4e134bbccf2ced56b13a7685b15e57d929e1262. “Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the machiavellian personality scale and its association with social adjustment and risky behaviors in Iranian college students” (10.1186/s12888-023-05177-x). · CC-BY-4.0

• adolescent growth spurt: The definition adds a general descriptive claim about the growth spurt that is not supported by the supplied source packet.; The packet does not explicitly define “adolescent growth spurt” as “the period in adolescence when rapid physical growth occurs”; it only states that the “timing of adolescent growth spurt” was used to control maturity, without describing what a growth spurt is.; The packet supports only that the timing of the adolescent growth spurt was used as an indicator of maturity/puberty onset; it does not state that an adolescent growth spurt is the period in adolescence when rapid physical growth occurs.; The packet supports only the second sentence’s idea (that timing of adolescent growth spurt is used as an indicator of maturity/puberty-related timing), but not the first sentence’s substantive description of rapid physical growth.

  Sember Vedrana; Jurak Gregor; Kovač Marjeta; Đurić Saša; Starc Gregor. Decline of physical activity in early adolescence: A 3-year cohort study. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0229305; article XML SHA-256 2a23a137e3221ac91b8b403c1ff5b8eef02fc91be14d395dd49624eebd554716. “Decline of physical activity in early adolescence: A 3-year cohort study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0229305). · CC-BY-4.0

• adoption: Because the key definitional characterization is not directly supported by the packet, the requested sense of “adoption” in the psychology context is not fully evidenced.; The definition generalizes beyond the packet by presenting this study’s topic as a broad sense of the term rather than a context-specific research construct.; The definition’s core meaning (“a person’s willingness or intention to take up and use a new tool or technology”) is not explicitly stated in the packet text; the packet uses the phrase “adoption intention” toward GenAI tools but does not define adoption in these terms.; The packet supports only the narrower phrase "adoption intention" regarding foreign language majors and Chinese generative AI tools; it does not establish a general psychology definition of "adoption" as willingness or intention to use a new tool or technology.; The requested field is "development," but the packet is about technology acceptance in foreign language education, not developmental psychology.

  Huang Mei; Huang Ling. Modeling foreign language majors’ adoption intention of Chinese GenAI tools: an extended TAM with perceived teacher attitude and peer influence. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850558; article XML SHA-256 8e7fbbd69ac4471a3910657972b6d180f6aa13d919e076176fb39b6855540e66. “Modeling foreign language majors’ adoption intention of Chinese GenAI tools: an extended TAM with perceived teacher attitude and peer influence” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850558). · CC-BY-4.0

• adreno-: Because the packet does not substantiate the requested sense of the term (“adreno-” as a prefix), the definition’s biological/general claim is not supported by the supplied text.; The definition asserts that “Adreno- is a prefix referring to the adrenal system” (including the adrenal cortex or adrenal hormone activity), but the provided packet does not explicitly define “adreno-” as a prefix or state its linguistic meaning. It only uses the phrase “adreno-cortical axis” in describing etomidate’s effects.; The packet only shows the form in the term “adreno-cortical axis” and related discussion of adrenal suppression/cortisol; it does not support the broader dictionary claim that adreno- generally means the adrenal system, adrenal cortex, or adrenal hormone activity.; The statement that this packet’s use “involves cortisol production” goes beyond the packet, which discusses cortisol suppression/levels rather than defining a prefix meaning or a production pathway.

  Panahi Jafar Rahimi; Paknezhad Seyed Pouya; vahedi Amir; Shahsavarinia Kavous; Laleh Manuchehr Ruhi; Soleimanpour Hassan. Effect of vitamin C on adrenal suppression following etomidate for rapid sequence induction in trauma patients: a randomized clinical trial. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12871-023-02065-5; article XML SHA-256 dc65dcec7c49026fd8aa7ab9214ae0216823d4b28c6dd61ae6d93e2c5d392a0a. “Effect of vitamin C on adrenal suppression following etomidate for rapid sequence induction in trauma patients: a randomized clinical trial” (10.1186/s12871-023-02065-5). · CC-BY-4.0

• ADS model: The field is not defensible from the source: this is a computer-vision/agricultural imaging model, not a cognition or psychology term.; The packet describes an image-analysis/computer-vision model for apple detection and instance segmentation; it does not support the definition being in the field of cognition (a mismatch between the term’s content and the requested field).; The packet names the method MS-ADS / improved Mask Scoring R-CNN, so presenting it simply as “ADS model” is not fully supported by the source wording.

  Wang Dandan; He Dongjian. Apple detection and instance segmentation in natural environments using an improved Mask Scoring R-CNN Model. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpls.2022.1016470; article XML SHA-256 8744f27f15a54da3bb936a83762149feddfc062dba5432a5e05874e98218f465. “Apple detection and instance segmentation in natural environments using an improved Mask Scoring R-CNN Model” (10.3389/fpls.2022.1016470). · CC-BY-4.0

• adult stem cell: The final clause about limited plasticity under certain conditions is broadly supported by the packet, but the definition adds a generalized framing that goes beyond the specific evidence described in the source.; The packet does not explicitly state that adult stem cells are “found in mature tissues.” It only describes them as multipotent and restricted to differentiating into a few tissue-specific cell types, plus evidence about plasticity of adult neural progenitors in a specific xenotransplantation model.; The packet supports that adult stem cells are considered multipotent and restricted to a few tissue-specific cell types, but it does not explicitly support the claim that they are found in mature tissues.

  Sandquist Elizabeth J.; Essner Jeffrey J.; Sakaguchi Donald S.. Xenotransplantation of adult hippocampal neural progenitors into the developing zebrafish for assessment of stem cell plasticity. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0198025; article XML SHA-256 104ea3124e186b3efcc6423d932858d535b4c9f0b48bf6ceece9d7f562e0e3a9. “Xenotransplantation of adult hippocampal neural progenitors into the developing zebrafish for assessment of stem cell plasticity” (10.1371/journal.pone.0198025). · CC-BY-4.0

• advice giving: The definition generalizes beyond the source’s infertility context; the packet only supports that advice-giving was reported by women as an unhelpful interaction, not a broader dictionary sense.; The definition’s claim about the sense in this source (“identified as an unhelpful form of support when women discussing infertility experience such comments as upsetting rather than comforting”) is only partially supported: the packet says advice-giving is one of the categories of unsupportive interactions, but it does not directly state that “advice-giving” comments are “upsetting rather than comforting” in the quoted formulation.; The definition’s first sentence (“responds by offering suggestions or guidance”) is not explicitly supported in the provided packet; the packet labels “Advice-giving” as an unhelpful interaction category but does not define what it entails.; The packet identifies “Advice-giving” as a category of unsupportive social interactions, but it does not define the term as a general type of social interaction involving suggestions or guidance.

  Balsom Ashley A; Dube Loveness; Gordon Jennifer L. What women want to hear: the helpful and unhelpful comments reported by women struggling with infertility amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0318921; article XML SHA-256 e7beb72e4d68a4d1142682d815f5e47660940140116d0038d579cafb566bf2cb. “What women want to hear: the helpful and unhelpful comments reported by women struggling with infertility amidst the COVID-19 pandemic” (10.1371/journal.pone.0318921). · CC-BY-4.0

• aerial perspective: The definition adds explanatory wording that goes beyond the source’s wording rather than staying close to the historical sense supplied.; The packet does not explicitly define “aerial perspective” as “a secondary monocular cue used in judging visual depth or distance” in those exact terms; it only states that it is among monocular criteria for depth/distance and that these are secondary. While the overall idea aligns, the definition includes additional mechanistic detail not present in the packet.; The packet supports that “aërial perspective” is a monocular criterion and that such criteria are “secondary” and “not very reliable,” but it does not describe “atmospheric-looking changes” as the mechanism. The definition’s wording about atmospheric changes is therefore not supported by the packet.; The phrase “atmospheric-looking changes in how things appear” is not supported by the packet; the source only lists “aërial perspective” as a secondary monocular criterion, without defining it in those terms.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Depth or Distance, Visual (perception of)” (Depth or Distance, Visual (perception of)). · public-domain-US

• aesthetic appreciation: Because the definition’s first substantive clause (“the kind of favorable response used in contrast with moral approbation”) is not explicitly supported in the provided text, the overall definition is not fully defensible from the packet.; The packet does not define “aesthetic appreciation” itself as a “kind of favorable response”; it only gives a definition of “moral approbation” and then states a contrast/differentia involving merit or demerit.; The packet only supplies a contrast with moral approbation; it does not directly define aesthetic appreciation as a “favorable response,” so that substantive characterization is unsupported.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Approbation” (Approbation). · public-domain-US

• affection: The definition is not purely a definition of the term; it embeds characterization of how the packet describes children’s responses (“In the packet, it is described...”), which goes beyond a concise term sense.; The definition’s second sentence includes interpretive wording (“closely monitor others’ emotional cues” and “link disagreement with possible loss of closeness”) that is not stated in that form in the packet (the packet instead mentions vigilance to parental emotional cues and that emotional disagreement may threaten relational security).; The packet does not define “affection” as “the expression of caring or emotional warmth in a relationship”; it only discusses how “love withdrawal” can teach children that affection is conditional.; The packet does not define “affection” as “the expression of caring or emotional warmth in a relationship”; it only says children may come to experience affection as conditional under love withdrawal.; The second sentence goes beyond the packet by presenting a generalized definition of the term rather than limiting itself to the specific context described in the source.

  Jin Lei; Jiang Xinyi; Guo Feng. From parental psychological control to hidden emotional pressure: a multimodal review of children's socio-emotional development. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1900170; article XML SHA-256 f080d03c725742830e8b28b1b7444f5a684af3fe218f7f2720d81000f402df20. “From parental psychological control to hidden emotional pressure: a multimodal review of children's socio-emotional development” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1900170). · CC-BY-4.0

• affective engineering: Claims about “studying or designing interactions” are not explicitly supported by the packet text, which mainly describes the authors’ motivation model and experiments.; The definition overgeneralizes the source’s specific model (expectation of capability and uncertainty in virtual-assistant interaction) into a broader account of the term.; The packet does not define “affective engineering” as an approach that focuses on users’ emotional responses; it only references an “affective engineering approach” in connection with intrinsic motivation.; The packet supports a study of intrinsic motivation in human–AI interaction, but it does not define affective engineering as a general approach to studying or designing interactions.; The portion about expectation of capability and uncertainty affecting intrinsic motivation to engage for fun (intrinsic motivation) is supported, but the definition contains unsupported elements (especially the emotional-focus wording).; “Users’ emotional responses” is not supported by the packet; the source discusses motivation, not emotion.

  Li Chang; Yanagisawa Hideyoshi. Intrinsic motivation in virtual assistant interaction for fostering spontaneous interactions. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0250326; article XML SHA-256 bd2bed7f558ca36037f051666c715cc22d4f0c78967cc431c827e3fba9b808ca. “Intrinsic motivation in virtual assistant interaction for fostering spontaneous interactions” (10.1371/journal.pone.0250326). · CC-BY-4.0

• affective forecasting: The definition states that affective forecasting is “the mental process of predicting how one will feel in the future,” but the packet excerpt does not explicitly describe it in terms of predicting one’s future feelings.; The packet supports that affective forecasting is important for decision-making and that forecasting accuracy can differ across age groups, but it does not explicitly support defining the term as a mental process of predicting future feelings.; The packet supports that affective forecasting is “crucial for decision-making” and that “age-related differences in forecasting accuracy are documented,” but the requested sense (“predicting how one will feel in the future”) is not clearly established in the provided text.; The phrase "especially in ways that shape decisions" goes beyond the packet’s wording and adds an unsupported generalization about how the process operates.

  Feng Yangdongping; Lu Di. Divergent directions of bias: affective forecasting in younger vs. older adults and the role of affective working memory. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1843889; article XML SHA-256 27cc00af24946c2cae510658fa781a30a50eeac86bd04f7ecfaf58cf754b8024. “Divergent directions of bias: affective forecasting in younger vs. older adults and the role of affective working memory” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1843889). · CC-BY-4.0

• affective neuroscience: The description that it examines how brain systems are linked to emotions is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied evidence.; The packet does not explicitly state that affective neuroscience “examines how brain systems are linked to emotions and related processes”; it only indicates relevant topics/method areas via keywords (e.g., “interoception,” “functional connectivity,” “resting-state fMRI”) without making this definitional linkage claim.; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that affective neuroscience is specifically “the area of cognition research”; it only lists keywords (including “affective neuroscience” and “emotion regulation”) without defining the field’s research domain as cognition.; The packet only provides a title and keywords; it does not support the definitional claim that affective neuroscience is an area of cognition research.; The phrase "often using neuroimaging and network-based methods" is an unsupported generalization from keywords rather than a supported definition.

  Corbo Daniele; Asgher Umer; Sun Jintao; Hahn Lisa. Editorial: Neuroimaging in affective neuroscience. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1945667; article XML SHA-256 c87f60957ee92b17bb734a4ff7fb693d2eef476f2b256b9ac75079310962f6a5. “Editorial: Neuroimaging in affective neuroscience” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1945667). · CC-BY-4.0

• affective well-being: Because the first sentence provides a broad, general characterization not directly supported by the packet text, the overall definition is not fully supported by the supplied source packet.; The definition’s first sentence (“A person’s immediate emotional state or quality of feeling in a given setting”) is not explicitly defined in the provided packet; the packet only discusses “momentary affective well-being” and ratings after viewing scenes, without giving a general definition of the term.; The packet uses the term as an outcome measure but does not define it as a general construct meaning a person’s immediate emotional state or quality of feeling in a given setting.; The second sentence narrows the sense to this study, but the opening sentence presents a broader definitional claim that is not supported by the source text.

  Zhu Weixin; Yu Yi. Nature-inspired visual interventions in metro stations and commuters’ affective well-being: the mediating roles of perceived crowding and environmental comfort. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1901802; article XML SHA-256 fa15b7f61fe8b218849ead28760b868794630b86f7c88278330673d4bde99884. “Nature-inspired visual interventions in metro stations and commuters’ affective well-being: the mediating roles of perceived crowding and environmental comfort” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1901802). · CC-BY-4.0

• affective: The definition generalizes from two specific constructs to the term itself without the packet establishing that broader sense in this field.; The definition’s broader claims about affective processes in cognition are not directly supported by the packet’s provided text.; The packet does not define the term “affective” as a general “emotional or feeling-related side of mental life,” nor does it provide that as an explicit meaning.; The packet mentions “affective forecasting” and “affective working memory (AWM),” but it does not explicitly state that (a) cognition processes include “predicting future feelings” or (b) AWM involves “holding emotional information in mind.”; The packet supports examples of affective forecasting and affective working memory, but it does not support the broad first-sentence gloss that ‘affective’ means the emotional or feeling-related side of mental life.

  Feng Yangdongping; Lu Di. Divergent directions of bias: affective forecasting in younger vs. older adults and the role of affective working memory. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1843889; article XML SHA-256 27cc00af24946c2cae510658fa781a30a50eeac86bd04f7ecfaf58cf754b8024. “Divergent directions of bias: affective forecasting in younger vs. older adults and the role of affective working memory” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1843889). · CC-BY-4.0

• afferent stimulation: The definition claims that this source “refers to stimulating visceral sensory afferents to produce spinal reflex and synaptic responses”; while the packet does describe stimulating splanchnic nerve visceral afferents and observing reflexes and dorsal root/synaptic potentials, it does not justify the broader “visceral sensory afferents” framing as a defined meaning of the term beyond the specific experimental context.; The definition generalizes beyond the packet by defining afferent stimulation as activation of afferent nerve fibers in general; the source only describes stimulation of splanchnic nerve visceral afferents in a spinal preparation. ; The definition’s first sentence gives a general description of afferent pathways (“incoming sensory pathways that carry signals toward the central nervous system”), but the provided packet does not explicitly support this meaning or explain afferents in those terms.; The field label "cognition" is not supported by the packet, which is about spinal visceral afferent modulation and autonomic/sympathetic function rather than cognition. ; The packet is about neonatal mouse thoracic spinal cord physiology (viscero-sympathetic function, afferent stimulation, monoaminergic modulation), which is not supported as belonging to the requested field “cognition.”; The phrase "to produce spinal reflex and synaptic responses" is partly supported, but the packet frames these as observed effects of visceral afferent stimulation; it does not define the term that way.

  Zimmerman Amanda L.; Sawchuk Michael; Hochman Shawn. Monoaminergic Modulation of Spinal Viscero-Sympathetic Function in the Neonatal Mouse Thoracic Spinal Cord. 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0047213; article XML SHA-256 a23ba951dc479a96fc18c268f1be90ebd808db7165055e106374f5c349562eb2. “Monoaminergic Modulation of Spinal Viscero-Sympathetic Function in the Neonatal Mouse Thoracic Spinal Cord” (10.1371/journal.pone.0047213). · CC-BY-4.0

• affordance: The definition’s first clause (“In learning, affordance means the action possibilities a tool or environment offers to a learner”) is not stated or supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet does not define “affordance” as “the action possibilities a tool or environment offers to a learner”; it only uses the term in the phrase “AIGC affordance” and links it to adaptive learning behaviors.; The packet only indicates that the study examines “how AIGC affordance activates self-regulated learning… through… self-efficacy and… motivation,” which supports the general idea of a link via self-efficacy/motivation, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s framing of affordance as “features… that can promote self-regulated and adaptive learning,” nor that those features are “partly” doing so (the provided excerpt does not provide enough detail).; “Features of AIGC tools” and “supporting confidence” are interpretive additions rather than statements supported directly by the packet; the source mentions self-efficacy and motivation, not confidence as such.

  Liang Shi-Zhu; Li Zhi-Cheng; Hsu Yu-Ming; Xu Jia-Lu. AIGC affordance and student self-regulation in private undergraduate education: a serial mediation model of self-efficacy and learning motivation. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1800950; article XML SHA-256 d793013f1d1c5f3972c344f893c47ff8bcbcaca9e72c0bccecf2291b3d7b3f72. “AIGC affordance and student self-regulation in private undergraduate education: a serial mediation model of self-efficacy and learning motivation” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1800950). · CC-BY-4.0

• aftereffect: The definition’s first sentence gives a general characterization (“continuing change in perception that remains briefly after seeing a stimulus”) that is not explicitly stated or clearly supported in the provided packet text.; The opening generic definition of “aftereffect” as a continuing perceptual change after a stimulus is not supported by the packet, which only describes a specific motion aftereffect from viewing gaze images.; The packet discusses a motion aftereffect from brief exposure to static images depicting an agent gazing at an object, but it does not supply the specific phrasing about a “continuing change in perception” or that it “remains briefly” in the general sense claimed.; The wording adds an unsupported generalization about the term’s broader sense; the packet supports only the specific gaze-induced motion aftereffect described in the article.

  Renet Christian; Löfström Ronja; Randall William; Guterstam Arvid. Motion aftereffects from viewing another’s gaze are restricted to the line of sight. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1796537; article XML SHA-256 1dcc292e62f3e4d958af1a25d7f5c997cb89f2399a15c1f717b1e72b8c430965. “Motion aftereffects from viewing another’s gaze are restricted to the line of sight” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1796537). · CC-BY-4.0

• age-associated memory impairment: The packet does not define age-associated memory impairment as a general decline in memory linked with normal aging; it only says failures to inhibit irrelevant information from memory may be an essential factor of the condition.; The packet does not explicitly state that “age-associated memory impairment” is “a decline in memory”; it discusses declining executive functions and failures to inhibit irrelevant information as factors associated with the condition.; The wording implies a broader clinical definition and current consensus that are not supported by the supplied source, which frames the issue more cautiously as a possible factor rather than a settled description.

  Corlier Fabian W.; Eich Teal S.. Principal component analysis suggests multiple dimensions of memory inhibition that are differentially affected by age. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1020915; article XML SHA-256 9e195b54529a178021eae1aea12e7d3fd0224153ccac0972dc891ed68f6d7f4e. “Principal component analysis suggests multiple dimensions of memory inhibition that are differentially affected by age” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1020915). · CC-BY-4.0

• age effect: The packet discusses the “relative age effect (RAE)” specifically, but it does not support that the term “age effect” (as such) “can refer to” the relative age effect.; The packet supports relative age effect in sports selection contexts, but not the broader claim that this definition applies in learning contexts.; The rest of the definition is largely supported, but the field framing is not fully matched by the source packet.

  Grund Thomas Ulrich. Cross-national and historical variation in relative age effects in professional football. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0354928; article XML SHA-256 a1e96c41ebd6dfc94f0bf4b1a079a4dac4fb2bc3444752e087fda81650815c5a. “Cross-national and historical variation in relative age effects in professional football” (10.1371/journal.pone.0354928). · CC-BY-4.0

• age norm: Claims in the definition about “level of performance expected” and “typical for others of the same age” are not explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The packet uses the phrase “below age norm” but does not define what an “age norm” is (e.g., how the norm is determined or what “typical” means).; The packet uses the phrase “below age norm” but does not define “age norm” as the expected level of performance for a particular age group or explain it in terms of comparing a score with what is typical for same-age peers.; The proposed definition adds an interpretive gloss about what it means to be “below age norm” that is not supported by the source text.

  Socher Michaela; Lyxell Björn; Ellis Rachel; Gärskog Malin; Hedström Ingrid; Wass Malin. Pragmatic Language Skills: A Comparison of Children With Cochlear Implants and Children Without Hearing Loss. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02243; article XML SHA-256 7cdb233ddf703cff9bc15129e48c3450cb4f4e4a48c42d67cf408c6e88b4b6b1. “Pragmatic Language Skills: A Comparison of Children With Cochlear Implants and Children Without Hearing Loss” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02243). · CC-BY-4.0

• age: Because the packet does not provide an explicit definition of “age” as position in the lifespan, at least one substantive claim of the requested definition is unsupported.; The definition stretches beyond the source by presenting general psychology framing rather than a source-grounded sense of the term.; The definition’s first sentence states a general definitional claim (“Age is a person’s position in the lifespan”) that is not explicitly supported in the supplied packet text.; The packet supports age-related differences in cognition, emotional competencies, and emotional work demands, but it does not support the broad definitional claim that age is a person’s “position in the lifespan.”

  Popucza Tímea Zsuzsanna; Eriksson Lars; Skytt Bernice; Bjärtå Anna; Eriksson Mårten. The influence of age on emotion-regulatory strategies, emotional work demands, and health/work outcomes: a systematic PRISMA literature review with narrative synthesis. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s40359-026-05277-9; article XML SHA-256 2b2ed174b0b9fe01b8ebf2a7badd52e2bf85e5c807dfd55bd3a26848e596b108. “The influence of age on emotion-regulatory strategies, emotional work demands, and health/work outcomes: a systematic PRISMA literature review with narrative synthesis” (10.1186/s40359-026-05277-9). · CC-BY-4.0

• agitation: The definition broadens the packet’s causes beyond support by saying “substance withdrawal” and “drug use”; the packet specifies only alcohol and nicotine withdrawal, and cocaine and hallucinogenic drugs use.; The definition uses broader categories (“substance withdrawal or drug use”) than what the packet explicitly lists (specifically “alcohol and nicotine withdrawal” and “cocaine and hallucinogenic drugs use”).; The definition’s cause list includes terms (“substance withdrawal” / “drug use”) that are not directly supported by the packet’s specific wording, making part of the definition an unsupported generalization.; The rest of the definition is generally supported, but the unsupported causal generalization is enough to fail under the requested standard.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Agitation” (C79530). · CC-BY-4.0

• agonist: The claim that activation patterns between opposing muscles affect strength is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s wording.; The definition reads as a general biological definition, but the supplied source only supports a limited study context, not a standalone dictionary sense.; The definition’s phrasing (“muscle that works with its opposing antagonist as part of coordinated movement and force production” and “patterns of activation between these opposing muscles”) is not directly supported by the supplied packet excerpt.; The packet does not provide the requested 1–3 sentence definitional content as written, nor does it substantiate the specific claims about activation patterns affecting strength in a definitional way.; The packet only mentions “agonist–antagonist coordination” in a study background; it does not define agonist as a muscle or state that it works with its antagonist as part of coordinated movement and force production.; The packet text only mentions “agonist–antagonist coordination” as part of neural drive/strength decline; it does not explicitly define “agonist” as a muscle that works with its opposing antagonist.

  Yao Wan X.; Mamone Bernadett; Wu Yuntao; Jiang Bo Y.; Zhang John Q.; Guan Jianmin; Yue Guang H.. Motor imagery and resistance training improve strength in older adults through distinct effects on agonist–antagonist coordination. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1817866; article XML SHA-256 294425fc76f3c185bfc1997f6f64fbb3bd4f4e41eb850bfd23f36658fd75b4ef. “Motor imagery and resistance training improve strength in older adults through distinct effects on agonist–antagonist coordination” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1817866). · CC-BY-4.0

• agoraphobia: The definition omits the packet’s “Obsessive” qualifier, so the characterization is not fully supported by the supplied text.; The packet defines the fear as “Obsessive, persistent, intense” and specifically “from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing,” but the provided definition changes this by adding “overwhelming, recurring fear,” which is not stated in the packet.; The phrase "recurring fear" is not supported by the packet; the source describes agoraphobia as an obsessive, persistent, intense fear, but does not state that the fear is recurring.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Agoraphobia” (D000379). · public-domain-US-government

• air traffic control: The definition’s phrase “In psychology and human-factors research, it is often discussed” is not directly supported by the packet; the packet provides evidence from specific studies rather than showing frequency (“often”) of discussion.; The phrase “often discussed” overgeneralizes beyond the single supplied article; the packet supports one study of task interruption and situation awareness in air traffic control, not a broader frequency claim.; “Heavy demands on attention” is only indirectly supported by the packet’s discussion of interruptions causing attention switching; the definition goes beyond what is explicitly established in the source.

  Zhou Kun; Wang Chenglong; Xie Siqi; Zhou Yanan; Zhang Xuelong; Wang Yanqing; Tang Hui. Effect of task interruption on the situation awareness of air traffic controllers. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0314183; article XML SHA-256 c0d1ad9536c6fc18bbbb2bc42e9ec52bb7199cc6a9aeff1a6076b81d715513b7. “Effect of task interruption on the situation awareness of air traffic controllers” (10.1371/journal.pone.0314183). · CC-BY-4.0

• alcoholic myopathy: The definition characterizes the condition as affecting “voluntary muscles,” but the packet only describes “skeletal muscle” and does not support the “voluntary” framing.; The field specified is “mental health,” while the packet’s content (and the provided definition) concerns a physical disorder of skeletal muscle related to alcohol/ethanol use; nothing in the packet supports a mental-health field connection for this term.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source describes a skeletal muscle condition caused by chronic alcohol consumption, not a mental health concept.

  Wen Wei; Guo Cheng; Chen Zhanglin; Yang Dong; Zhu Danting; Jing Quwen; Zheng Lan; Sun Chenchen; Tang Changfa. Regular exercise attenuates alcoholic myopathy in zebrafish by modulating mitochondrial homeostasis. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0294700; article XML SHA-256 e97482bf1dad0433c6793b5869eb3f72420a5838191bda85907b4f72c94a5269. “Regular exercise attenuates alcoholic myopathy in zebrafish by modulating mitochondrial homeostasis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0294700). · CC-BY-4.0

• Aldomet: The packet does not state that “Aldomet” is a brand name for methyldopa, so that part of the definition is unsupported by the provided source text.; The packet supports methyldopa’s antihypertensive action and its central metabolism to alpha-methylnorepinephrine, but it does not state that Aldomet is a brand name for methyldopa.; While the packet supports that methyldopa is metabolized in the central nervous system and that its antihypertensive action involves decreased sympathetic outflow (via conversion to alpha-methylnorepinephrine and stimulation of central alpha-2 adrenergic receptors), the overall definition is rejected because the brand-name claim is not supported.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Methyldopa” (C47616). · CC-BY-4.0

• alertness: The only supported part of the definition is that, in this source, alertness was rated using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale; the other substantive claims are unsupported by the provided text.; The packet does not define alertness as a person’s current level of wakefulness, nor does it support that characterization directly.; The packet does not define alertness as “a person’s current level of wakefulness,” nor does it state that alertness is “often considered alongside sleepiness.”; The packet only states that the Stanford Sleepiness Scale was used to rate alertness; it does not support the extra claim that alertness was considered alongside sleepiness in this source.

  Steinman Yuval; Groen Eric; Frings-Dresen Monique H. W.. Tactile breathing guidance increases oxygen saturation but not alertness or hypoxia symptoms. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0302564; article XML SHA-256 418ea4e8deffae7794e888d464ea08e0376072d41a4dee56da38c2e489fc9e1a. “Tactile breathing guidance increases oxygen saturation but not alertness or hypoxia symptoms” (10.1371/journal.pone.0302564). · CC-BY-4.0

• algedonic aesthetics: The definition’s phrase “aesthetic experience is considered in relation to feelings of pleasure and suffering” is not stated in the packet; the packet instead says “Aesthetics considered as a special branch…” and does not explicitly mention “aesthetic experience” or “feelings.”; The wording shifts from the packet’s historical definition of aesthetics as a branch of hedonics / the science of pleasure and pain to a broader claim about aesthetic experience that is not explicitly stated in the source.; While the packet supports “pleasure and pain” and “especially hedonics,” it does not support the specific framing of “pleasure and suffering” as “feelings” tied to aesthetic experience.; “Suffering” is not supported by the source packet, which refers to pleasure and pain, not suffering.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Algedonic Aesthetics” (Algedonic Aesthetics). · public-domain-US

• alien abduction: The packet does not provide any diagnostic meaning or criteria for “alien abduction,” so the requested field of “diagnosis” is not defensibly supported.; The packet does not support the description that “alien abduction” involves being taken by aliens; it only mentions “alien abduction” as an example of an extraordinary human experience.; The packet only says alien abduction is an extraordinary human experience and a speculative example in discussions of altered states; it does not define it as being taken by aliens.; The packet supports that “alien abduction” is discussed as “speculative” in relation to altered states/consciousness, but the provided definition adds wording about being “speculative phenomenon in discussions of altered or unusual states of consciousness” beyond what is clearly stated.; The requested field, diagnosis, is not defensible from the packet for this term, which is treated as a speculative experience rather than a diagnostic concept.

  Michael Pascal; Luke David; Robinson Oliver. An encounter with the self: A thematic and content analysis of the DMT experience from a naturalistic field study. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1083356; article XML SHA-256 dd68ee63e1837f6a05f6976ff78576fb151376dc01512c8e015ca7a1691c6cf2. “An encounter with the self: A thematic and content analysis of the DMT experience from a naturalistic field study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1083356). · CC-BY-4.0

• allele: The definition suggests a direct concept-level linkage (“whether they are linked to differences in transcripts or proteins”), but the packet text frames this as analysis evidence and prioritization/candidate evaluation rather than stating that allele-tracking fundamentally includes such linkage.; The definition’s second sentence claims alleles are compared by commonness in populations and by whether they are linked to differences in transcripts or proteins; while the packet discusses population-differentiated PTGS variation and transcript consequence/protein context analyses, it does not state this as a general characterization of how “alleles” are compared in the packet (it reports specific study methods and candidates rather than defining the term.); The definition’s second sentence is a contextual claim about what this packet does; while broadly supported, it is too packet-specific for a general dictionary definition of the term.; The field is not defensible from the packet: the source is about population genetics and protein/coding variation, not cognition.; The packet does not explicitly define what an “allele” is (e.g., as a genetic variant at a specific DNA location).

  Maghembe Reuben S. Comparative evolutionary pharmacogenomics of human prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase paralogs identifies population-structured coding variation and protein-contextual candidates in N-terminal leader-sequence and catalytic-channel regions. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0358222; article XML SHA-256 a36468eb38b10b4e3276e05132441c777d37541aa32ad524a90d5dc2b8050595. “Comparative evolutionary pharmacogenomics of human prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase paralogs identifies population-structured coding variation and protein-contextual candidates in N-terminal leader-sequence and catalytic-channel regions” (10.1371/journal.pone.0358222). · CC-BY-4.0

• alpha-mannosidosis: The packet does not explicitly support the claim that alpha-mannosidosis is “rare.” It only describes it as “an inborn error of metabolism.”; The packet specifies “lysosomal accumulation of mannose-rich intermediate metabolites,” while the definition says “buildup of mannose-rich substances in cells,” which broadens the location beyond “lysosomal.”; The packet supports that patients have “psychomotor retardation,” but it does not specifically justify framing this as “notable because affected people are described as having psychomotor retardation” in a “psychological or cognitive context.”; The phrase “in psychological or cognitive context” is not needed to define the term itself and is not supported as a distinct sense in the packet.; “Rare” is not supported by the supplied packet.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “alpha-Mannosidosis” (D008363). · public-domain-US-government

• ALT: The acronym expansion “ALT = autonomous learning technology use” is suggested by the parenthetical in the packet, but the additional meaning claimed in the definition (“a learner’s use… that supports self-directed or independent learning”) is not supported by the provided packet text.; The definition’s explanatory gloss about technology supporting self-directed or independent learning is not supported by the packet.; The packet does not expand ALT as “autonomous learning technology use”; it only uses ALT as an acronym in the phrase “autonomous learning technology use” is not provided.; The packet only states that the study examined “autonomous learning technology use (ALT)” as a construct, but it does not define what ALT means (e.g., it does not describe it as a learner’s technology use supporting self-directed/independent learning).; The response should not present an invented expansion or sense for ALT when the source packet does not define it.

  Cheng Yan; Liu Haibo. Computer self-efficacy and perceived knowledge application in generative AI-supported learning: a cross-sectional parallel mediation analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1927402; article XML SHA-256 9637855043ce687c958a9578ab1e960f5fdab97f9dae328821faa8587a5988b6. “Computer self-efficacy and perceived knowledge application in generative AI-supported learning: a cross-sectional parallel mediation analysis” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1927402). · CC-BY-4.0

• alternate-uses test: Because the packet lacks support for the definition’s description of the task content, the claim that it measures “how well a person can generate different possible uses for something” is not supported.; The packet only states that divergent creative thinking was measured by the “Alternate Uses Test”; it does not define what the test specifically requires (e.g., “generate different possible uses for something”).; The packet supports that the Alternate Uses Test measures divergent creative thinking, but it does not state that the task asks people to generate different possible uses for an object.; The phrase “one aspect of creative thinking” is broader than the packet’s wording and is not directly supported as stated.

  Drake Aaron C; Hasan Fiza; Gibson Arianna; Kam Julia W Y. The effect of nature on creativity through mental imagery. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0315141; article XML SHA-256 e9631d5f4505769da9450352fe73c7fcd8729a6206a8750766d88e108df3df25. “The effect of nature on creativity through mental imagery” (10.1371/journal.pone.0315141). · CC-BY-4.0

• alternating perspective: The claim that effects under alternating perspective were “comparable to strong first-person experiences” is not explicitly supported by the packet. The packet says subjective body ownership and reaction to threat were “generally stronger for first person perspective and alternating condition than for third person perspective,” but does not state comparability between alternating and first-person effects.; The definition’s phrasing “associated with a strong sense of owning the virtual body” is partly supported (the packet discusses “sense of embodying a virtual body” and illusory ownership), but the packet does not directly support the exact “owning … comparable to …” effect comparison language used in the definition.; The packet supports alternating between first- and third-person perspective at will in VR, but it does not support the added claim that the effects were “comparable to strong first-person experiences.”; “Strong first-person experiences” is not a stated comparison in the source; the source only says ownership and threat reactions were generally stronger for first-person perspective and alternating condition than for third-person perspective.

  Galvan Debarba Henrique; Bovet Sidney; Salomon Roy; Blanke Olaf; Herbelin Bruno; Boulic Ronan. Characterizing first and third person viewpoints and their alternation for embodied interaction in virtual reality. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0190109; article XML SHA-256 087cdc108975788ae222714d8467affcb626840b98ad0c12df5f7f4be3270746. “Characterizing first and third person viewpoints and their alternation for embodied interaction in virtual reality” (10.1371/journal.pone.0190109). · CC-BY-4.0

• Alzheimer’s Association: The packet states the study measured “efficacy” of follow-up Helpline consultations after an initial call, and reports that one call benefited 80% of callers, but it does not explicitly claim that the Helpline/resources “reduce caregiver stress and burden.”; The packet supports that the Alzheimer’s Association has a Helpline and offers follow-up care consultations after an initial call, but it does not explicitly support the broader claim that the organization provides general support resources in this context.; The statement that these consultations are offered to help reduce caregiver stress and burden goes beyond the packet’s wording; the packet says caregivers experience high stress and burden and that the study evaluated efficacy, but it does not directly state this outcome as a supported description of the organization’s service.

  Hodgson Nancy A; Talwar Sonia; Aryal Subhash; Finegan Kerry; Fazio Sam. Beyond single support calls: Efficacy of follow-up callbacks for dementia caregivers using the Alzheimer’s association helpline. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0333535; article XML SHA-256 29f5c866ad32b981bb495fe8d94aefb0427d5924efc0810e3132e8631e9c0dad. “Beyond single support calls: Efficacy of follow-up callbacks for dementia caregivers using the Alzheimer’s association helpline” (10.1371/journal.pone.0333535). · CC-BY-4.0

• Ambien: The definition states that “Ambien is a brand name for zolpidem tartrate,” but the provided packet text does not mention “Ambien” or any brand-name mapping to zolpidem tartrate.; The packet supports zolpidem tartrate as a sedative-hypnotic substance, but it does not state that Ambien is a brand name for zolpidem tartrate.; The receptor mechanism is more specific in the packet than in the definition; it identifies selective binding to the alpha-1 subunit of the omega-1 (BZ1) receptor of the GABA-A complex, not the broader wording used here.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Zolpidem Tartrate” (C29553). · CC-BY-4.0

• ambiguity: Adds ‘verbal error,’ which is not stated in the source; the packet only supports ‘a source of verbal fallacy.’; Aside from that addition, the remaining claims (historical multiple senses and context-dependent meaning) are consistent with the packet.; The packet definition states “A source of verbal fallacy,” but the provided definition adds “verbal error” (not supported by the packet).

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Ambiguity” (Ambiguity). · public-domain-US

• American College of Sports Medicine: The definition claims the American College of Sports Medicine “is a professional organization,” but the packet only refers to “Guidelines of American College of Sports Medicine” and does not support the “professional organization” description.; The definition stays close to the source, but the term is not defined in the packet beyond the guideline citation, so the organizational identity claim is an unsupported generalization.; The packet supports only that the article used the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines to design moderate- and high-intensity aerobic exercise; it does not support the added characterization that the American College of Sports Medicine is a professional organization.; The requested field is “diagnosis,” but the packet content concerns designing exercise programs and treatment effectiveness for substance use disorders rather than diagnosing or defining a diagnostic concept.

  Wang Dongshi; Wang Yanqiu; Wang Yingying; Li Rena; Zhou Chenglin. Impact of Physical Exercise on Substance Use Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0110728; article XML SHA-256 46e2d98849835b9778238abb74c13391c5502b4f38f76c862d72b06b8efa6739. “Impact of Physical Exercise on Substance Use Disorders: A Meta-Analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0110728). · CC-BY-4.0

• amplitude: The claim that amplitude is measured across brain voxels with fMRI is broader than the source supports; the source mentions voxel-wise analyses in resting-state fMRI but does not provide a definition of the measure itself.; The packet does not define amplitude as the magnitude or strength of resting-state neural signal activity; it only says resting-state fMRI studies reported voxel-wise alterations in measures of neural amplitude and synchronization.; The packet does not support that amplitude is measured “across brain voxels with fMRI” or that it is “one of the voxel-wise measures for detecting altered brain function.”; The packet provides a general statement that studies report “voxel-wise alterations in measures of neural amplitude,” but it does not substantiate the specific meaning and usage described in the definition.; The packet text does not define “amplitude” as a magnitude/strength measure of resting-state neural signal activity.; The statement that amplitude is used to detect altered brain function is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s wording about identifying convergent amplitude and synchronization dysfunction in postpartum depression.

  Qiu Jingjing; Wang Hongjin; Zhao Yu; Lin Shen; Chen Shangjie. Postpartum depression-associated localized neural dysfunction: a voxel-wise meta-analysis of amplitude and synchronization alterations in resting-state fMRI. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1660550; article XML SHA-256 b8794ad05f1e49e8fcb56da94358b23fda0acd3c05cf24a63945271cc0e01566. “Postpartum depression-associated localized neural dysfunction: a voxel-wise meta-analysis of amplitude and synchronization alterations in resting-state fMRI” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1660550). · CC-BY-4.0

• analgesia: The definition should not present the packet as defining analgesia generally; the source is specifically about music-induced analgesia in fibromyalgia patients.; The definition’s claim that this refers specifically to pain regulation produced by music is only partially supported (the packet mentions “pain regulation through music” and “music-induced analgesia”), but the additional general definition of analgesia is unsupported by the provided packet text.; The packet does not define “analgesia” as a general state where pain is reduced or relieved; it only discusses “music-induced analgesia (MIA)” in the context of pain regulation.; The packet supports music-induced analgesia and pain regulation through music, but it does not support the broader general definition that analgesia is simply a state in which pain is reduced or relieved.

  Hou Jiancheng; Liu Ying; Hosseini Thomas; Zheng Maoping; Liu Xiaolin; Sun Changan. Spatial and temporal connectivity of brain resting-state fMRI during music-induced analgesia in fibromyalgia patients. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1622082; article XML SHA-256 bf758bda3dd8efc68cbe399dfacdb39378c23b5a48724cde12ee06d1e3cae3c1. “Spatial and temporal connectivity of brain resting-state fMRI during music-induced analgesia in fibromyalgia patients” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1622082). · CC-BY-4.0

• analogue: "Usually refers to" is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet, which only describes VAS as a tool consisting of a continuous line anchored by opposite descriptors.; The definition is slightly overbroad in generalizing from stress to "perceived states"; the packet specifically mentions perceived experience and general stress levels, not a broader category of states.; The packet supports a visual analogue scale (VAS), but it does not support the standalone term "analogue" as the defined entry or show that this is the usual meaning of "analogue" in assessment.; The packet supports that a visual analogue scale (VAS) uses a continuous line (typically 100 mm) with two opposite descriptors for indicating intensity, but it does not support the claim that, in general, “analogue usually refers to” this kind of visual analogue scale.

  Clinchamps Maëlys; Pereira Bruno; Mermillod Martial; Charkhabi Morteza; Zak Marek; Jiao Jiao; Cole Alistair; Bouillon-Minois Jean-Baptiste; Dutheil Frédéric. Validation of visual analogue scales to assess occupational stress compared to the Karasek questionnaire: A cross sectional study. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0340209; article XML SHA-256 1167c96970e2b040b8831d13265c3d64e09ce6b7dc2987806db532aba5d3ba5a. “Validation of visual analogue scales to assess occupational stress compared to the Karasek questionnaire: A cross sectional study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0340209). · CC-BY-4.0

• anaplastic astrocytoma: The definition conflates the disease term with an experimental cell line/assay context, which is not a supported sense of "anaplastic astrocytoma" in the packet.; The packet states that “Gliomas are highly malignant brain tumours,” but it does not explicitly support the specific claim that *anaplastic astrocytoma* (as a term) is “a malignant brain tumour in the glioma group.”; The packet supports that gliomas are malignant brain tumours, but it does not define anaplastic astrocytoma itself as a cell population studied for growth, migration, and treatment response; that is a study context about the SMA-560 cell line, not the term’s meaning.; The second sentence is supported: the packet describes experiments on the anaplastic astrocytoma cell line SMA-560 assessing proliferation/growth, migration, and effects of the hERG agonist NS1643 (and combination with temozolomide).

  Benn Kieran W.; Yuan Patrick H.; Chong Harvey K.; Stylii Stanley S.; Luwor Rodney B.; French Christopher R.. hERG channel agonist NS1643 strongly inhibits invasive astrocytoma cell line SMA-560. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0309438; article XML SHA-256 4ec4d82b7a373f045f813f26b2f8ec6e825adc4e72131c30af671490a1098fc9. “hERG channel agonist NS1643 strongly inhibits invasive astrocytoma cell line SMA-560” (10.1371/journal.pone.0309438). · CC-BY-4.0

• Anectine: The mechanism is supported, but the definition adds a brand-name statement that is not established by the packet text.; The packet does not state that “Anectine” is a brand name for succinylcholine chloride; it only describes succinylcholine chloride itself.; The packet supports succinylcholine chloride and its short-term muscle relaxant, depolarizing action, but it does not support the claim that Anectine is a brand name.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Succinylcholine Chloride” (C47730). · CC-BY-4.0

• animal psychology: The packet does not explicitly define the term as “the psychology of animals”; it only gives multilingual equivalents and cross-references.; The packet text does not explicitly state that “animal psychology” is a label for “the psychology of animals”; it only provides cross-references (“See COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY, and PSYCHOLOGY”) and translations.; The phrase “treated as a topic linked to comparative psychology and to psychology more generally” goes beyond the source’s minimal cross-reference format and adds an interpretive relationship not stated in the packet.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Animal Psychology” (Animal Psychology). · public-domain-US

• annual cycle: Because the source is a historical index entry, the wording should not present a fuller clinical meaning as if supported by the text.; The definition’s claims (“a pattern in which a mental disorder runs through its course on a yearly rhythm,” and “especially in relation to folie circulaire”) are more specific than what the packet excerpt explicitly supports.; The packet only gives a brief index-style reference, “folie circulaire, with an annual cycle,” and does not define “annual cycle” as a general pattern of mental disorder.; The phrase “a mental disorder runs through its course on a yearly rhythm” is an interpretive expansion not stated in the source packet.; The provided packet excerpt does not define “annual cycle” as a yearly-rhythm pattern of a mental disorder’s course; it only shows an index entry: “Casimir, folie circulaire. with an annual cycle, 223.”

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-3958500-3970500). · public-domain-US

• anorthopia: Because these two substantive interpretations are not directly supported by the provided text, the definition is not fully defensible against the packet.; The packet does not explicitly state that anorthopia is a “defect in how the eyes are aligned when looking,” only that it is an “Obliquity of vision” (with a reference to “VISION (defects of)”).; The packet supports “Obliquity of vision” and “squinting,” but does not explicitly define “misdirected vision.”; The phrase “misdirected vision” is an unsupported paraphrase; the packet only gives “obliquity of vision” and “squinting.”; “A defect in how the eyes are aligned when looking” goes beyond the packet and adds an anatomical explanation not stated in the source.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Anorthopia” (Anorthopia). · public-domain-US

• anosognosia: The added phrase “while not recognizing or reporting them” is not supported by the packet; the packet only says anosognosia is a lack of awareness or denial of a cognitive deficit.; The definition narrows the sense to mild cognitive impairment, but the packet presents that as an example/context rather than the full definition of the term.; The definition’s second sentence adds that the person has “cognitive deficits while not recognizing or reporting them,” but the packet only states that in MCI, anosognosia is “lack of awareness or denial of a cognitive deficit” and discusses subjective cognitive complaints; it does not explicitly support the specific phrasing “not recognizing or reporting them.”

  Galvin James E.; Almonte Katherine C.; Buehler Andrea; Caicedo Yolene M.; Galvin Conor B.; Jimenez Willman; Joshi Mahesh S.; Mendez Nicole; Riccio Mary Lou A.; Walker Marcia I.; Kleiman Michael J.. The Healthy Brain 9 (HB9): A new instrument to characterize subjective cognitive decline, and detect anosognosia in mild cognitive impairment. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0322351; article XML SHA-256 604ad7f1b8173a53ae4499c830288fe001d091725c83b15632ac15dec69b3aa8. “The Healthy Brain 9 (HB9): A new instrument to characterize subjective cognitive decline, and detect anosognosia in mild cognitive impairment” (10.1371/journal.pone.0322351). · CC-BY-4.0

• antagonist: The added claim that agonist–antagonist coordination affects strength and control of movement is broader than the packet’s support; the packet only says the study evaluates effects on maximal force production and neuromuscular activation patterns in older adults.; The claim that the term “is often used” to describe effects of agonist–antagonist coordination on strength and control is not supported by any explicit definitional or explanatory statement in the provided packet.; The packet does not provide a definition of “antagonist” as a muscle/muscle group acting in opposition to an agonist; it only mentions the phrase “agonist–antagonist coordination.”; The packet only mentions “agonist–antagonist coordination” and does not define an antagonist as a muscle or muscle group acting in opposition to the main muscle producing an action.

  Yao Wan X.; Mamone Bernadett; Wu Yuntao; Jiang Bo Y.; Zhang John Q.; Guan Jianmin; Yue Guang H.. Motor imagery and resistance training improve strength in older adults through distinct effects on agonist–antagonist coordination. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1817866; article XML SHA-256 294425fc76f3c185bfc1997f6f64fbb3bd4f4e41eb850bfd23f36658fd75b4ef. “Motor imagery and resistance training improve strength in older adults through distinct effects on agonist–antagonist coordination” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1817866). · CC-BY-4.0

• anterograde memory: The claim about using newer experience to update self-knowledge, and the contrast with older established information guiding self-judgment when impaired, is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source.; The definition presents a generalized cognitive definition, but the source is a disease-specific discussion and does not support the broader clinical wording used here.; The packet does not define anterograde memory as the general ability to take in and retain new information; it only mentions anterograde memory deficits about performance in the context of Alzheimer’s disease.; The packet does not mention “self-judgment” specifically; it discusses reliance on older consolidated information about ability, but the definition’s phrasing that this guides “self-judgment instead of newer experience” is not directly supported by the provided text.; The packet only states that memory disorder may prevent people with Alzheimer’s disease from “updat[ing] their personal information about performance” and that they may rely on “older consolidated material about ability”; it does not explicitly define anterograde memory as “the ability to take in and retain new information.”

  Lenzoni Sabrina; Morris Robin G.; Mograbi Daniel C.. The Petrified Self 10 Years After: Current Evidence for Mnemonic anosognosia. 2020; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00465; article XML SHA-256 2f30ce3887a285fcdb3efebf75d3e4fbd3ce6c96b73231cd3ab0b0eb098237d4. “The Petrified Self 10 Years After: Current Evidence for Mnemonic anosognosia” (10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00465). · CC-BY-4.0

• anterograde: The definition narrows the term to the study’s analysis of drug effects, which is not established as the term’s meaning; the packet only shows anterograde as a direction of mitochondrial movement contrasted with retrograde movement.; The definition’s content is about mitochondrial transport directions in neurons (cell/molecular neuroscience), not learning; therefore the assigned field “learning” is not defensible based on the packet.; The packet uses anterograde in a biological/neuronal transport sense (mitochondrial motility), not the requested learning/psychology sense.

  Dubey Priya; Datta Roshni; Eckenhoff Roderic G; Bedell Victoria M. In vivo changes in zebrafish anesthetic sensitivity in response to the loss of kif5Aa are associated with the alteration of mitochondrial motility. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0316959; article XML SHA-256 1221642521b130f9f9017fe97492b42902b1414eb7013694048f1a2e3664b18a. “In vivo changes in zebrafish anesthetic sensitivity in response to the loss of kif5Aa are associated with the alteration of mitochondrial motility” (10.1371/journal.pone.0316959). · CC-BY-4.0

• anti-: No evidence in the packet supports treating this entry as the term "anti-".; Several claims in the definition about aconitine (anti-inflammatory/anti-neuralgic effects; inducing arrhythmias; sodium channel activation) may align with the packet, but they do not address the requested term “anti-”, so the definition is not defensible as a definition of that term.; The definition does not match the requested term "anti-"; the packet is about aconitine, not the prefix anti-.; The definition is not a definition of the term as requested; it gives a substance description instead of the prefix sense.; The packet content describes aconitine’s properties (e.g., sodium channel activation, anti-inflammatory/neuralgic properties, inducing arrhythmias in experimental animals), which are not supported as the meaning of “anti-”.; The term to define is “anti-”, but the provided definition is about aconitine (a specific alkaloid), not a prefix meaning or sense for “anti-”.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Aconitine” (D000157). · public-domain-US-government

• antiepileptic: Because the first sentence’s substantive general definition is unsupported by the packet, the overall definition cannot be accepted as fully supported.; The field is not defensible here: the source is a pharmacology/epilepsy study, not an ethics source, so the requested sense is mismatched to the packet.; The packet does not support the general claim that “An antiepileptic is a drug used to help control seizures in people with epilepsy.” It only describes lacosamide as an antiepileptic drug and discusses its use/indications.; The packet supports lacosamide as a third-generation antiepileptic drug used in epilepsy care, but it does not explicitly define the general term “antiepileptic” as a drug used to control seizures in people with epilepsy.

  Du Zhaosong; Peng Hui; Wang Jun; Liu Maochang; Nie Gang; Li Ying. Influence of age and antiepileptic comedication on lacosamide concentrations in children with epilepsy: A retrospective cohort study. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0333030; article XML SHA-256 d071df070ebadaebb773e66680bb09ecda509fe707c718802d8b89d65f19aaea. “Influence of age and antiepileptic comedication on lacosamide concentrations in children with epilepsy: A retrospective cohort study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0333030). · CC-BY-4.0

• antigen: Because the field justification is not supported by the packet, the definition is not defensible within the requested field.; The definition is otherwise broadly supported by the packet, but the field mismatch is enough to reject it under the requested scope.; The packet describes an immunological concept (stimulates immune system; T- and B-lymphocyte responses), but it provides no support for treating “antigen” as a term in the psychology/counselling field labeled “cognition.”; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: this is an immunology/biomedical term, not a cognition psychology/counselling sense.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Antigen” (C268). · CC-BY-4.0

• anxiety hierarchy: The claim that it is used in exposure-based therapy to introduce, repeat, or prolong feared situations in a graded way goes beyond the packet; the source only says situations can be selectively designed and purposefully repeated or prolonged to fit the patient’s hierarchy.; The definition adds general therapy guidance that is not explicitly supported by the supplied text.; The definition’s phrasing that the hierarchy is an “ordered set of feared situations or cues” is not explicitly stated in the packet text provided; the packet only mentions exposure scenarios tailored to an anxiety hierarchy.; The packet supports that exposure scenarios can be tailored to a patient’s anxiety hierarchy, but it does not define an anxiety hierarchy as an ordered set of feared situations or as arranged from less distressing to more distressing.; The packet supports that exposure scenarios were “individually tailored to the patients’ anxiety hierarchy” and that VRET has high situational/therapeutic control so scenarios can be “selectively designed and purposefully repeated or prolonged” to fit patients’ anxiety hierarchy, but it does not define an anxiety hierarchy as an “ordered set” or specify ordering “from less distressing to more distressing.”

  Kaussner Y; Kuraszkiewicz A M; Schoch S; Markel Petra; Hoffmann S; Baur-Streubel R; Kenntner-Mabiala R; Pauli P. Treating patients with driving phobia by virtual reality exposure therapy – a pilot study. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0226937; article XML SHA-256 76b5cf8c586bbf96b97a289c9413c0455ecbab22cbe8f1ffbd7e2cd0e95306a5. “Treating patients with driving phobia by virtual reality exposure therapy – a pilot study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0226937). · CC-BY-4.0

• anxiety state: Because the definition adds time-specific and severity-specific meaning that is not explicitly present in the provided packet, the requested sense of the term is not defensibly supported.; The added gloss about anxiety experienced by people with anxiety disorders and whether it becomes less severe goes beyond the packet’s wording and is an unsupported generalization from a single study context.; The packet does not define “anxiety state” as a person’s current level or condition of anxiety at a given time; it only says VR therapy may improve the anxiety state of patients with anxiety disorders.; The packet does not support defining “anxiety state” as a person’s “current level or condition of anxiety at a given time.” It only mentions improving the anxiety state in patients.; The packet supports that VR therapy has a “positive effect on improving the anxiety state of patients with anxiety disorders,” but it does not explicitly define “in this packet” as addressing whether anxiety becomes “less severe.”

  Zeng Weisi; Xu Jialan; Yu Jiayan; Chu Xin. Effectiveness of virtual reality therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders in adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1553290; article XML SHA-256 4f27cb9a6279c5334e9aad7e7aa52e1ffd8935fa24ba8cacda793538b4348c1a. “Effectiveness of virtual reality therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders in adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1553290). · CC-BY-4.0

• anxious depression: Because that “anxious form” characterization is not present in the provided packet text, the definition contains a substantive claim beyond the packet.; The packet only states that anxious depression (AD) is a “common subtype” of major depressive disorder (MDD). It does not explicitly support the additional wording that the disorder is characterized by “depression occurs in an anxious form.”; The phrasing “depression occurs in an anxious form” is broader and less exact than the packet’s wording; the packet only supports that anxious depression is a common subtype of major depressive disorder.; The second sentence makes a claim about what the packet does or does not provide, which is not supported by the source text and should not be part of the definition.

  Juan Qiao; Shiwan Tao; Yurong Sun; Jiabo Shi; Yu Chen; Shui Tian; Zhijian Yao; Qing Lu. Brain structural and functional abnormalities in affective network are associated with anxious depression. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12888-024-05970-2; article XML SHA-256 44cda4077b9d249ce9fd7c7dbc7ff91a047983be1e5cf431e19d7ecfa75c99c6. “Brain structural and functional abnormalities in affective network are associated with anxious depression” (10.1186/s12888-024-05970-2). · CC-BY-4.0

• apathy syndrome: The definition claims that “clinically significant apathy” means “reduced motivation or interest,” but the packet does not provide that meaning/definition of apathy.; The packet supports apathy as a clinically significant feature in Parkinson’s disease, but it does not define apathy as “reduced motivation or interest”; that wording is unsupported by the source packet.; The summary of the study findings is broadly supported, but the definition goes beyond the packet by turning a study result into a general definitional gloss for “apathy syndrome.”; While the packet supports that clinically significant apathy in Parkinson’s disease nearly always co-presented with depression and/or anxiety and that “pure” apathy was very rare (2.8%), it does not support the additional phrasing that it “showed no distinct cognitive profile” in the specific way stated (the packet says apathy greatly overlaps with depression/anxiety and suggests apathy may be an epiphenomenon, with “no specific neuropsychological features,” but it does not directly support the exact wording about cognitive profile. )

  Foley Jennifer A.; Cipolotti Lisa. Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease: A Retrospective Study of Its Prevalence and Relationship With Mood, Anxiety, and Cognitive Function. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749624; article XML SHA-256 2852a7e3a16b6933ab29c4ff227bb6f8637e650c4fe4c31520bd1e509d7a0b76. “Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease: A Retrospective Study of Its Prevalence and Relationship With Mood, Anxiety, and Cognitive Function” (10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749624). · CC-BY-4.0

• appetitive conditioning: The packet does not define appetitive conditioning as learning a stimulus becomes associated with reward or an attractive outcome, nor that it tends to be approached or chosen; those are unsupported generalizations.; The packet does not explicitly state that appetitive conditioning is learning that “tends to be approached.” It only describes that CS+ (rewarded) and CS− (non-rewarded) are learned and that “choice following conditioning with a CS+ and a CS− results” from the interaction of excitatory/inhibitory traces.; The packet supports appetitive conditioning only as something used alongside aversion conditioning in a differential conditioning procedure, not as a stated definition or as a ‘positive target’ in the way the definition phrases it.; While the packet supports that appetitive conditioning is used alongside aversion conditioning within a differential conditioning procedure and that the rewarded target (CS+) functions as the positive/excitatory target, the specific phrasing about appetitive conditioning causing approach is not directly supported by the provided text.

  Avarguès-Weber Aurore; de Brito Sanchez Maria G.; Giurfa Martin; Dyer Adrian G.. Aversive Reinforcement Improves Visual Discrimination Learning in Free-Flying Honeybees. 2010; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0015370; article XML SHA-256 01daf099cff40c1c991d8f37e801a905f4a8edc357c7c10da2f43f9deff9e1b4. “Aversive Reinforcement Improves Visual Discrimination Learning in Free-Flying Honeybees” (10.1371/journal.pone.0015370). · CC-BY-4.0

• approach–avoidance conflict: The definition’s example of deciding between a positive cue and a negative cue with incentives is broadly consistent with the packet’s AACT studies (e.g., choosing smiley vs. frowny icons with points), but the definition as a whole includes the unsupported first sentence.; The definition’s first claim—that approach–avoidance conflict is specifically a situation with a “pull toward one option and a push away from another”—is not stated or described in the provided packet text.; The packet supports a specific computerized approach-avoidance conflict task with positive/negative images and point offers, but it does not explicitly support the broader definitional claim that the term means a general motivational situation of being pulled toward one option and pushed away from another.; The phrase “when incentives are involved” and the generalized example of “deciding between a positive cue and a negative cue” go beyond what is stated in the packet and are not directly supported as a definition of the term.; The second sentence is too specific and partly interpretive: the packet describes participants being offered points to choose the frowny icon linked to a negative image, but it does not establish the broader generalization that this is the standard way the construct is studied.

  Regehr Luke B J; Williams Douglas A; Buckels Erin E. Examining motivational profiles in the dark personality tetrad using an approach-avoidance conflict task. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0327609; article XML SHA-256 fb4c7cf75777b77e8587e670d6eb0e80f0a34f97bb10d7eee1496cf590e557b9. “Examining motivational profiles in the dark personality tetrad using an approach-avoidance conflict task” (10.1371/journal.pone.0327609). · CC-BY-4.0

• aqueous humor: The claim that aqueous humor “helps support the cornea and lens” is not supported by the packet text. The packet states it is “involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens,” but does not mention support.; The definition adds an unsupported function: the packet says aqueous humor is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and crystalline lens, not that it supports them.; “Helps support the cornea and lens” is not supported by the source text and changes the sense of the term beyond the packet’s wording.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Aqueous Humor” (D001082). · public-domain-US-government

• arachnoid granulations: Because the “communicating hydrocephalus” causal conclusion is not explicitly supported by the packet wording, the definition’s second sentence contains an unsupported substantive claim.; The packet text defines communicating hydrocephalus, not arachnoid granulations, so the requested sense of the term is mismatched.; The packet text does not state that impaired CSF reabsorption by arachnoid granulations leads to “communicating hydrocephalus”; it only describes an abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricles as a consequence of impaired reabsorption, while “communicating hydrocephalus” appears only as a source_label, not in the provided definition text.; The second sentence adds a causal explanation about impaired reabsorption leading to hydrocephalus; that content belongs to the packet’s disease entry rather than a definition of the term asked for.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Communicating Hydrocephalus” (C34501). · CC-BY-4.0

• Aricept: The definition adds a general explanatory gloss about supporting thinking and memory; the packet supports neurocognitive-enhancing activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition, but not that broader phrasing as a term definition in this field.; The definition claims the medication “can support thinking and memory,” but the packet only describes “neurocognitive-enhancing activity” and does not specifically mention “thinking and memory” in those terms.; The packet does not state that Aricept is a brand name for donepezil hydrochloride; it describes donepezil hydrochloride but does not link this to the brand “Aricept.”; The packet identifies the substance as donepezil hydrochloride but does not support the claim that Aricept is a brand name for it.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Donepezil Hydrochloride” (C2603). · CC-BY-4.0

• arousal level: The definition generalizes beyond the source by defining arousal level as a general “degree of activation or stress” in an individual; the packet only supports arousal level in rats as a high- vs reduced-novelty stress condition tied to habituation in this experiment.; The definition generalizes to “an individual” and “at a given time,” while the packet describes arousal level specifically in rats under two context conditions (no habituation vs extensive prior habituation) for a particular task and experiment timeframe.; The definition’s first sentence defines “arousal level” as “the degree of activation or stress an individual is experiencing at a given time,” but the packet does not provide an explicit conceptual definition of arousal level as “degree of activation” (it only uses “arousal level” as an experimental condition in rats).; The source-specific sense should stay limited to the study’s animal context and its effect on learning and memory; the current wording reads as a broader general definition rather than a source-grounded one.

  Segev Amir; Ramot Assaf; Akirav Irit. Stress Hormones Receptors in the Amygdala Mediate the Effects of Stress on the Consolidation, but Not the Retrieval, of a Non Aversive Spatial Task. 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0029988; article XML SHA-256 2418acb9cd47da74954f14aa0721f7e1ae7a50348507b69efeda094eacbcebe5. “Stress Hormones Receptors in the Amygdala Mediate the Effects of Stress on the Consolidation, but Not the Retrieval, of a Non Aversive Spatial Task” (10.1371/journal.pone.0029988). · CC-BY-4.0

• arousal potential: The final clause about novelty, complexity, and uncertainty is supported, but the definition should not rely on unsupported definitional framing beyond what the packet states.; The opening gloss, “the capacity of a stimulus or situation to produce emotional arousal,” is not stated in the packet and reads as an added general definition rather than a supported paraphrase.; The packet does not explicitly define *arousal potential* as “the capacity of a stimulus or situation to produce emotional arousal,” so that first substantive claim is not directly supported.; The packet supports Berlyne’s arousal potential theory in relation to hedonic response and the Wundt curve, but it does not explicitly support the broader claim that arousal potential itself is a general capacity of a stimulus or situation.; The packet supports the idea that “an appropriate level of arousal potential” is positive and “extreme arousal” is negative (inverse U/Wundt curve), but it does not clearly specify the valence pattern for “very low” arousal potential versus “very high,” as stated in the definition.

  Yanagisawa Hideyoshi; Honda Shimon. Modeling the arousal potential of epistemic emotions using Bayesian information gain: a framework for inquiry cycles driven by free energy fluctuations. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1438080; article XML SHA-256 75f465d58376f48fc1888b8a7b6d981496321cb0eb72e86dc9a8a21f7c59e523. “Modeling the arousal potential of epistemic emotions using Bayesian information gain: a framework for inquiry cycles driven by free energy fluctuations” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1438080). · CC-BY-4.0

• arousal regulation: The definition adds unsupported specifics such as “mental efficiency” and “better matched to the situation”; the packet only supports that music may regulate arousal and attention allocation in high-pressure esports, not this fuller performance-matching formulation.; The definition’s core description of “arousal regulation” as “the adjustment of a person’s level of psychological and physiological activation” is not stated in the packet as a definition of the term; the packet mentions “arousal regulation” as one mechanism but does not provide this explicit general definition.; The packet supports that music may function via “arousal regulation” and modulate “performance-relevant states,” but it does not explicitly state the specific phrase that music is used “to influence that activation state in demanding tasks” with the particular outcome wording “attention, mental efficiency, and execution are better matched to the situation.”; The source frames arousal regulation as one mechanism in functional ludomusicology, but it does not define the term as a general psychology concept in the broader way stated here.; While the packet refers to “physiological arousal” and attention-related mechanisms, it also presents additional mechanisms (cognitive-load/attention allocation; rhythmic entrainment) and other boundary conditions; the definition’s narrowed focus on attention/mental efficiency/execution match is not directly supported as the stated meaning of the term in the packet.

  Wang Xinxin; Sun Yuyi. Beyond immersion: the cognitive mechanics of functional ludomusicology in esports performance. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1759884; article XML SHA-256 fa33553404c8803f248f04a6316b015afc1b162a5a411b5674f5e661f8ba538f. “Beyond immersion: the cognitive mechanics of functional ludomusicology in esports performance” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1759884). · CC-BY-4.0

• Artane: The packet does not state that “Artane” is a brand name for trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride; it only describes trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride.; The packet supports trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride as the substance, but it does not state that Artane is a brand name for it.; The rest of the definition is broadly consistent with the packet, but the unsupported brand-name identification is a substantive claim and fails the source-only requirement.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Trihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride” (C47771). · CC-BY-4.0

• Asendin: Because the source material is about amoxapine, using it to substantiate a definition for “Asendin” relies on an unsupported identification that is not present in the packet.; The definition presents Asendin as a specific medicine name, but the source packet does not identify Asendin as the drug described; that naming connection is unsupported.; The packet text is for amoxapine, not Asendin, so the definition is not supported for the requested term/sense.; The packet text provided is for “Amoxapine” (source_label and content) and does not explicitly state that “Asendin” is the same substance/brand name, so the definition’s claims about “Asendin” are not supported for that term.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Amoxapine” (C47397). · CC-BY-4.0

• asocial: However, it does not explicitly support the full wording of the definition, especially “not fitting in with ordinary social life” and “withdrawn” (those specifics are not stated in the supplied text).; The packet contains the phrase “always asocial and peculiar, unmanageable and ill to get on with,” which supports meanings like “unmanageable” and “ill to get on with.”; The packet supports a historical description of a person as “asocial,” “unmanageable,” and “ill to get on with,” but it does not explicitly support the broader gloss “not fitting in with ordinary social life or relations with others.”; “Withdrawn” is not supported by the supplied passage.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-2089500-2101500). · public-domain-US

• asphyxia: The definition states that perinatal asphyxia is a “serious condition,” but the supplied packet does not explicitly describe it using that “serious condition” characterization (it instead says it is a “major contributor” to neonatal mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment).; The packet supports the specific term/sense “perinatal asphyxia,” not asphyxia in general, so the definition shifts the entry to a narrower subtype without establishing that this is the requested sense.; “Serious condition in newborns” is not stated in the source; the packet only says perinatal asphyxia is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment.

  Ayeni Victor Ayodeji; Abdullahi Aisha Adam; Isah Abdulmuminu; Ayamolowo Love Bukola; Adeyemi Timothy; Oladimeji Motunrayo Adebukunola; Ahwinahwi Ufuoma Shalom; Chukwuike Vitalis Ikenna; Okeke Oluchukwu Perpetual; Abodunrin Olunike Rebecca; Akinsolu Folahanmi Tomiwa; Sobande Olajide Odunayo. Pharmacologic neuroprotective agents for the treatment of perinatal asphyxia in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0337798; article XML SHA-256 798fd776837c7cfd26e8e64dad0c35bc6bdcae7317db0e174b42ba6641d53cd1. “Pharmacologic neuroprotective agents for the treatment of perinatal asphyxia in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials” (10.1371/journal.pone.0337798). · CC-BY-4.0

• assisted living: The claim that assisted living is “a place in which psychological interventions can be delivered” is only indirectly implied by the study using DBT-ST among assisted living residents; the packet does not explicitly state this as a definitional characterization of assisted living.; The claim that it is a “long-term residential care setting” is only supported in the packet as the phrase “long-term residential care” (feasibility underexplored), but the packet does not directly connect that phrase as the definition of “assisted living.”; The definition adds an implementation claim about psychological interventions that is not stated in the source packet.; The packet does not explicitly define what “assisted living” refers to (e.g., it does not state “assisted living refers to …”), and only uses the term in describing study context ("assisted living residents").; The packet supports that assisted living residents are studied in a long-term residential care context, but it does not define assisted living as a care setting where psychological interventions can be delivered.

  Koziol Philipp; Florin Carina; Heft Kathleen; Fellinger Robert; Probst Thomas. Dialectical behavioral therapy skills training in assisted living: transdiagnostic effects on goal attainment, self-efficacy, and symptom severity. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1669524; article XML SHA-256 0c3721d63c7d89310639ec3b0273ac39144ca3e2c9a9d8910dab2e8b22b979c1. “Dialectical behavioral therapy skills training in assisted living: transdiagnostic effects on goal attainment, self-efficacy, and symptom severity” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1669524). · CC-BY-4.0

• assumed similarity bias: The definition’s first sentence (“tendency to judge another person’s feelings as more like one’s own than they really are”) is not explicitly defined in the provided packet text; the packet only names “assumed similarity bias” as a result/construct without giving this operational description.; The definition’s second sentence (“partners’ empathic judgments being shaped not only by their partner’s actual affect but also by projecting their own affect onto the partner”) is not stated in the packet; the packet mentions bias and moderation effects but does not describe this specific mechanism of “projecting their own affect.”; The first sentence is broadly consistent with the packet’s use of assumed similarity bias, but the second sentence adds an unsupported mechanism: the packet does not state that partners projected their own affect onto the other person.; The packet does not provide enough information to support either the exact phrasing or the specific explanatory interpretation used in the definition.; The packet only says the study found assumed similarity bias in reciprocal empathic judgments of affective valence and arousal during messenger texting; it does not define the bias in terms of ‘not only by their partner’s actual affect but also by projecting their own affect onto the partner.’

  Steinebach Philipp; Stein Miriam; Schnell Knut. Messenger-based assessment of empathic accuracy in couples’ smartphone communication. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s40359-025-02483-9; article XML SHA-256 8d8861890d77340b87e305d2c6695ba4da8251d75f740fb3406cbc045e27f1ff. “Messenger-based assessment of empathic accuracy in couples’ smartphone communication” (10.1186/s40359-025-02483-9). · CC-BY-4.0

• asthma: The definition claims asthma is “often associated with … depressive symptoms.” The packet states that asthma is frequently associated with emotional distress and impaired quality of life, and it examines associations with depressive symptoms, but it does not support the specific “often associated” frequency/likelihood claim about depressive symptoms.; The phrase about psychological context is too broad for the source packet: it only supports associations with emotional distress and impaired/impaired quality of life, not the fuller framing given here.; The source supports asthma as a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease, but it does not support the claim that asthma is often associated with depressive symptoms; the packet says that relationship remains unclear.

  Pavón-Romero Gandhi F.; Flores-Medina Yvonee; Payan-Espindola Esteban; Cabrera-González Ximena; Cruz-Pérez Jessica; Fernando Ramírez-Jiménez; Pavón Lenin; Teran Luis M.. Association of asthma control, treatment, adherence, lung function, and allergy sensitization with depressive symptoms and quality of life in a real-life setting. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1882738; article XML SHA-256 bd11602d8f3c88f7b7eb0426ebc1d59bfe0a812a9810497e65666980014810e0. “Association of asthma control, treatment, adherence, lung function, and allergy sensitization with depressive symptoms and quality of life in a real-life setting” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1882738). · CC-BY-4.0

• attachment: The definition adds broader generalizations about “healthy social and emotional functioning” and “family life” that go beyond the packet’s wording, which specifically mentions socio-emotional competence, psychopathology risk, autonomy, exploration, romantic relationships, marriage, parenting, and family stability.; The definition includes the specific phrasing/sense “emotional bonding and relationship security,” but the packet does not explicitly describe attachment in terms of “relationship security.”; The definition states that attachment “begins to take shape around birth”; the packet supports a link to “postnatal attachment” and infancy, but it does not explicitly state “around birth.”; The timing claim that attachment “begins to take shape around birth” is not supported by the packet; it says prenatal factors establish the foundation for postnatal attachment, not that attachment itself begins at birth.

  Ho Jacky; Rahaman Mohammad Anisur. The influence of attachment and relational quality on developmental outcomes across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analytic insights (2014–2024). 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1745013; article XML SHA-256 e5cd6f4904751c98daa06e76df6b69bf983f89b4f55515b003442f5d7ab8ee0e. “The influence of attachment and relational quality on developmental outcomes across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analytic insights (2014–2024)” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1745013). · CC-BY-4.0

• attend: The claim that “Not attending refers to repeated absence from school rather than taking part in school as expected” is not stated in the packet and appears to be an interpretive clarification beyond the supplied text.; The definition’s second sentence goes beyond the packet by rephrasing non-attendance as “rather than taking part in school as expected,” which is not stated in the source.; The packet discusses “children who do not regularly attend school” and “regular school non-attendees,” but it does not explicitly define the term “attend” as “being present at school on a regular basis.”; The packet supports a school-attendance sense of “attend,” but the requested field “cognition” is not defensible from the source, which is about school attendance and non-attendance rather than cognition.

  Chavda Jasmine; Denyer Lauren; Trivedi Daksha; Ludlow Amanda K. Exploring the experiences of having a child who regularly does not attend school on parental mental health and wellbeing in the United Kingdom. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0333501; article XML SHA-256 e0608e16f39e474099ec8a3dd0f6e4476a5a4538008701c9001ae81cb3320410. “Exploring the experiences of having a child who regularly does not attend school on parental mental health and wellbeing in the United Kingdom” (10.1371/journal.pone.0333501). · CC-BY-4.0

• attending behavior: The definition’s first sentence contains an unverified characterization (tendency/willingness) that is not directly stated in the provided packet text.; The packet does not explicitly define “attending behavior” as a person’s “tendency or willingness to go to a hospital or clinic for care.” It only mentions “poor hospital-attending behavior” in relation to underdiagnosis/underestimation.; The packet links poor hospital-attending behavior specifically to underdiagnosis and underestimation of allergic conjunctivitis, not generally to “some health problems.”; The source supports hospital-attending behavior, but not the broadened wording “hospital or clinic”; clinic is not mentioned in the packet.

  Kumah David Ben; Lartey Seth Yaw; Yemanyi Felix; Boateng Evans Gyimah; Awuah Emmanuel. Prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis among basic school children in the Kumasi Metropolis (Ghana): a community-based cross-sectional study. 2015; DOI 10.1186/s12886-015-0053-8; article XML SHA-256 0f97e571e02a15b89567eac6a55ddb6a7d1aca73523e28e967ca2ed1887a71b0. “Prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis among basic school children in the Kumasi Metropolis (Ghana): a community-based cross-sectional study” (10.1186/s12886-015-0053-8). · CC-BY-4.0

• attention shifting: Because of the above, the requested sense of “attention shifting” is not fully grounded in the supplied text, even though parts of the definition (core executive function; higher-order cognitive process; linked to academic achievement) are consistent with the packet.; The definition adds a broader functional description and an example domain (“academic skills”) that goes beyond the packet’s wording and current evidence presented there.; The definition adds specific content that is not explicitly supported by the packet—e.g., that attention shifting is “the mental ability to move attention between different tasks, rules, or aspects of information.” The packet only describes attention shifting as a core component of executive functions (higher-order cognitive processes) and does not provide this specific “move attention between tasks/rules” characterization.; The packet supports attention shifting as a core component of executive functions and as a higher-order cognitive process related to academic achievement, but it does not support the added explanation that it is the mental ability to move attention between different tasks, rules, or aspects of information.

  von Suchodoletz Antje; Fäsche Anika; Skuballa Irene T.. The Role of Attention Shifting in Orthographic Competencies: Cross-Sectional Findings from 1st, 3rd, and 8th Grade Students. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01665; article XML SHA-256 599c5fd923698941b7f94a02f5605a0db7cdb8a43cd06670f1b12510ad3a56ea. “The Role of Attention Shifting in Orthographic Competencies: Cross-Sectional Findings from 1st, 3rd, and 8th Grade Students” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01665). · CC-BY-4.0

• attitude system: Because the term’s core meaning is only inferable from the study’s operationalization (ratings of elements for CBT success and analysis of network structure), the broad framing about “related topics” is an unsupported generalization beyond what the packet directly supports.; The definition’s first sentence gives a broad, general characterization (“overall pattern of a person’s views about related topics, including both how strongly each element is valued and how those views connect”) that is not explicitly stated in the packet. The packet describes ratings of specific CBT-related elements and “attitude networks” and “attitude system structure,” but it does not provide this general definition of “attitude system.”; The opening general definition of an “attitude system” as an overall pattern of a person’s views and how they connect is not stated in the packet; the packet only says the study examined “attitude system structure” via importance ratings and network analysis.; The wording “structured set of beliefs about which parts of psychotherapy are important for treatment success” goes beyond the packet’s phrasing, which reports perceived importance ratings for five elements of CBT rather than a defined belief system.

  Wang Yuanqing; Mei Feng; Zhao Wei. Pre-treatment consent framing shapes how laypeople evaluate CBT: a cross-cultural comparison of China and the United States. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1909096; article XML SHA-256 84b37bb6d11e8599a326fabf5e4b9fa64341d0f5e954995771a57ccbc1a0a468. “Pre-treatment consent framing shapes how laypeople evaluate CBT: a cross-cultural comparison of China and the United States” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1909096). · CC-BY-4.0

• atypical features: The definition adds a broader claim about depression assessment that is not supported as the term’s sense in the packet.; The packet describes an inventory/questionnaire item set, not a subtype of depressive symptoms.; The packet does not explicitly state that “atypical features” are a “subtype of depressive symptoms”; it only mentions “items to address… atypical features” within a depressive symptom assessment questionnaire.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report Version Questionnaire” (C130315). · CC-BY-4.0

• auditory pathway: Because the packet describes a test used to diagnose abnormalities of the 8th cranial nerve and associated auditory pathways, the provided definition may be conflating the procedure (auditory brainstem response) with the underlying pathways, which is not directly supported by the packet.; The claim that the packet describes the term “in the context of testing how well these pathways are functioning” is not a supported definition of the term and overstates what the source says.; The definition’s opening sentence reframes the packet as the nerve routes themselves; the packet instead defines an objective test of auditory brainstem function and auditory pathway function.; The packet is for the diagnostic procedure “Auditory Brainstem Response,” not the anatomical structure “auditory pathway,” so the requested sense is wrong.; The packet supports that the measurement is “from the auditory nerve to the mesencephalon,” but it does not explicitly state that the “auditory pathway” is “the set of nerve routes” carrying “sound-related signals” through the brainstem.; The packet text defines/uses “Auditory Brainstem Response” as a diagnostic test/procedure, not as a definition of the anatomical construct “auditory pathway” as “the set of nerve routes.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Auditory Brainstem Response” (C184949). · CC-BY-4.0

• auditory stimulus: The definition states: “An auditory stimulus is a sound input used to trigger or measure a response.” The provided packet does not define an auditory stimulus as a sound input or describe its role as triggering responses; it only mentions “an auditory stimulus” in the context of measuring startle responses.; The packet only supports the idea that the term is used in “the measurement of the average maximal response to an auditory stimulus,” which aligns with the second sentence’s context, but the first sentence contains unsupported generalization.; The packet supports a measurement related to an auditory stimulus, not a definition of the stimulus itself, so the requested sense of the term is not established.; “Average maximum startle response to sound” adds unsupported startle language and changes the packet’s wording.; “Used to trigger or measure a response” is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet text.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Auditory Startle Average Maximum Response” (C226120). · CC-BY-4.0

• authority relations: The definition should stay close to the source’s usage; the packet supports authority relations specifically as being reshaped by platform-dominated environments, not as a general ethics term about guidance in everyday life.; The first sentence (“patterns of power and influence that shape who is treated as a trusted guide or source of direction in everyday life”) introduces a meaning (“trusted guide or source of direction”) that is not explicitly supported by the packet text.; The opening sentence gives a broad general definition of “authority relations” as everyday patterns of power and influence around a “trusted guide or source of direction,” but the packet only supports a narrower use tied to teachers’ accounts of platform-centered digital environments and shifts in epistemic authority.; While the packet supports that teachers described “shifts in epistemic authority from institutional actors toward digital platforms,” it does not provide support for the broader everyday-life framing used in the definition’s first sentence.

  Calp Şükran; Bulut Pınar. Children's media engagement and media literacy in platformized environments: primary school teachers' perspectives. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1847155; article XML SHA-256 2b23f4b3638b78560a970eda4ece02a42f1c01feebf816f397153a9ae6ebba84. “Children's media engagement and media literacy in platformized environments: primary school teachers' perspectives” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1847155). · CC-BY-4.0

• auto-: The packet’s definition states only that “Auto- (in compounds)… A prefix denoting reference to self.” It does not explicitly support the additional wording that, “In psychological language, it marks ideas or processes understood as self-directed or referring back to oneself.”; The source supports only “a prefix denoting reference to self” in compounds; “in psychological language” is not stated in the packet.; The specific framing in the provided definition (“ideas or processes understood as self-directed”) is not present in the packet.; “Self-directed” and “referring back to oneself” are broader paraphrases than the source’s wording and introduce interpretive generalization beyond the historical definition.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Auto-” (Auto-). · public-domain-US

• autocratic leader: The definition claims autocratic leaders’ influence is “concentrated in a top-down way rather than shared” and contrasts this with “autonomous subleaders or broad follower-to-follower communication,” but the provided packet text only contrasts autocratic vs participative/laissez-faire vulnerability and does not define autocratic leadership in terms of top-down concentration or the presence/absence of follower-to-follower communication.; The definition’s statement that autocratic leadership is “relatively vulnerable to being controlled or replaced by outside or hidden influential agents” is partially supported (the packet says the autocratic situation is more vulnerable to an externally imposed leader, and that an “official” autocratic leader can be driven by a hidden click), but because the key first sentence (top-down concentration / sharing with subleaders) is not supported, the overall requested definition is not fully defensible from the packet.; The first sentence attributes to an autocratic leader a specific top-down structure contrasted with autonomous subleaders and broad follower-to-follower communication, but the packet states those features for laissez-faire leadership, not autocratic leadership, and only indirectly contrasts autocratic with participative leadership.; The second sentence is broadly supported, but it overgeneralizes the source’s examples: the packet says an autocratic situation is more vulnerable to an externally imposed leader and can be driven by a hidden clique, not that this is a defining property in all cases.

  Allahverdyan Armen E; Galstyan Aram. Emergence of Leadership in Communication. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0159301; article XML SHA-256 4c3a824606bb7dcdb9087c497bee13ebc04db57d8961543329f0c0297c06884c. “Emergence of Leadership in Communication” (10.1371/journal.pone.0159301). · CC-BY-4.0

• autonoetic: The definition adds contrast with “more basic forms of consciousness,” but the packet only contrasts anoetic, noetic, and autonoetic in passing and does not support the broader explanatory framing or the claim that autonoetic is a recognized higher-level consciousness in this source.; The definition claims that autonoetic is “self-reflective consciousness” that includes reflecting on oneself and one’s own mental experience and contrasts it with more basic forms of consciousness; none of these details are explicitly supported or clarified in the provided packet.; The packet does not define “autonoetic.” It only states that “self-reflective autonoetic consciousness appears to be absent,” without explaining what autonoetic means.; The packet does not support describing autonoetic as a “higher-level, self-aware form” in general; it only uses the term in a specific argument about what seems present or absent during tonic immobility.; The packet only mentions “self-reflective autonoetic consciousness” as something that appears absent; it does not define autonoetic as self-reflective consciousness or as a higher-level form of awareness.

  Woodruff Michael L.. Tonic immobility and phenomenal consciousness in animals: a review. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1509999; article XML SHA-256 e524f5fdba18e7caf84930b2ebcd53f32894afca2703501918fca593e30109a4. “Tonic immobility and phenomenal consciousness in animals: a review” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1509999). · CC-BY-4.0

• autophagy: "Problems in this process are linked with some diseases" is broader than the packet’s wording, which says defective autophagy is associated with various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.; The definition adds unsupported generalizations such as "normal body changes" and "tissue remodeling"; the packet specifically mentions biological metamorphosis and removal of bone by osteoclasts, not those broader claims.; The definition states that autophagy “helps with normal body changes and tissue remodeling,” but the provided packet only supports roles in “BIOLOGICAL METAMORPHOSIS” and “removal of bone by OSTEOCLASTS,” not the specific concept of “tissue remodeling.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Autophagy” (D001343). · public-domain-US-government

• autopsy: The definition’s claim that the packet does not provide enough information to define autopsy more generally is not supported by the packet itself and goes beyond the cited text.; The packet does not state that the term “autopsy” refers specifically to “psychological autopsy”; it only mentions “Psychological autopsy (PA) methods” as such.; The packet supports “psychological autopsy (PA)” methods, not the general term “autopsy,” so the requested sense is not supported.; While the packet supports that psychological autopsy provides “an in-depth understanding” of “complex risk factors leading to suicide,” the definition’s framing that this is the definition of “autopsy” in general is not explicitly supported by the packet.

  Soyuz Josna; Jaihind Jothikaran Teddy Andrews; Sakkir K K; Cherian Anish V; Ashok Lena; Chandrasekaran Varalakshmi; Augustin Boby; Elstin Anbu Raj S. Exploring factors contributing to adolescent suicide using psychological autopsy - A scoping review. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0348014; article XML SHA-256 c26dabd9bec7ea9b3db751957b6a56168de4a71ad5b00e83b8f6443c055b80c1. “Exploring factors contributing to adolescent suicide using psychological autopsy - A scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0348014). · CC-BY-4.0

• aversion: Because “dislike or opposition” is an added substantive meaning not directly present in the packet, the requested sense is not fully defensible from the supplied source.; The claim that this is a “historical term” is not stated in the source text itself and is not supported by the packet’s cited definition.; The definition’s framing as a “historical term” is not explicitly supported by the packet wording itself (the packet is a historical dictionary entry, but it does not state that as part of the definition).; The packet only provides the headword etymology and cross-references (“See APPETENCE, and ANTIPATHY”); it does not support the added definition that aversion means a turning away from something, dislike, or opposition.; The packet text only provides etymology (“a + vertere, to turn”) and cross-references (“See APPETENCE, and ANTIPATHY”); it does not explicitly state that aversion means “dislike or opposition.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Aversion” (Aversion). · public-domain-US

• aversive system: The definition adds a general explanatory claim about the system that is not established by the supplied text and goes beyond the packet’s wording.; The packet does not provide a general definition of the term “aversive system” as involving responses linked to “threat, anxiety, or avoidance”; this portion is unsupported.; The packet only supports that the inferior colliculus is described as part of the brain aversive system and has been related to aversive behavior in rats; it does not support the broader definition of an aversive system as brain structures involved in threat, anxiety, or avoidance.; While the packet says the inferior colliculus is “part of the brain aversive system” and that stimulation has been related to “aversive behavior in rats,” the definition’s first sentence contains additional explanatory content not supported by the packet.

  Ihme Hannah; Schwarting Rainer K. W.; Melo-Thomas Liana. Low frequency deep brain stimulation in the inferior colliculus ameliorates haloperidol-induced catalepsy and reduces anxiety in rats. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0243438; article XML SHA-256 1cd058aaed68075ba5237db9853a57d9c908dd0ddbd948e5a5876ecf59b48a7f. “Low frequency deep brain stimulation in the inferior colliculus ameliorates haloperidol-induced catalepsy and reduces anxiety in rats” (10.1371/journal.pone.0243438). · CC-BY-4.0

• avoidance coping: The contrast with “more adaptive coping strategies” is partly supported, but the definition adds a broader explanatory gloss that goes beyond the source text.; The definition’s claim that it is “maladaptive” is not explicitly supported in the packet; the packet only says interventions should target reducing avoidance coping and improving other adaptive coping strategies.; The definition’s contrast with “more adaptive coping strategies” is only implied by the sentence about “improving other adaptive coping strategies,” but the packet does not explicitly characterize avoidance coping as the contrasting construct beyond that recommendation.; The packet does not define avoidance coping as a coping style centered on avoiding distressing psychological experiences or problems; it only mentions reducing avoidance coping in a study implication.; The packet does not define “avoidance coping” (e.g., as avoiding distressing psychological experiences/problems) and provides no description of its meaning beyond mentioning it as something to reduce.; The packet does not explicitly state that avoidance coping is maladaptive, so that characterization is unsupported here.

  Misiak Błażej; Frydecka Dorota; Szewczuk-Bogusławska Monika. Unravelling associations of personality traits, emotion regulation strategies, coping styles, and psychopathology with suicide risk in university students: a network perspective. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s12888-025-07436-5; article XML SHA-256 29c789cebf6940b498019147ba52e317edddd5b0c3d0f9c87b388cded3fd9315. “Unravelling associations of personality traits, emotion regulation strategies, coping styles, and psychopathology with suicide risk in university students: a network perspective” (10.1186/s12888-025-07436-5). · CC-BY-4.0

• avoidance of intimacy: The claim that it is “one dimension of attachment” is not stated in the packet and is an unsupported generalization beyond the source text.; The definition claims that avoidance of intimacy is an attachment style “marked by keeping emotional closeness at a distance,” but the provided packet does not define avoidance of intimacy in those terms.; The definition says it is “treated as one dimension of attachment,” but the packet only lists “abandonment anxiety” and “avoidance of intimacy” as attachment styles used in the study; it does not explicitly describe them as dimensions of attachment.; The only substantiated claim from the packet is that, in this study, “avoidance of intimacy” was shown to contribute to pathological dissociation; the rest of the definition contains unsupported characterization.; The packet supports that “avoidance of intimacy” is an attachment style and that it was associated with pathological dissociation, but it does not explicitly support the added gloss that it is “marked by keeping emotional closeness at a distance in close relationships.”

  Wang Baihui; Kuroki Toshihide. Association between negatively perceived parenting attitudes and dissociation: a cross-sectional study on the general population in Japan. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1235447; article XML SHA-256 733194191fc13be57611ec38a0de64507dccd67c033558d827d4bf438c745d33. “Association between negatively perceived parenting attitudes and dissociation: a cross-sectional study on the general population in Japan” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1235447). · CC-BY-4.0

• avoidance response: The added phrasing about observers “tending to withdraw” is not stated in the source and goes beyond the packet’s wording.; The definition’s first sentence (“moving away from or shying away from something perceived as threatening”) is a general characterization of “avoidance response” that is not stated in the provided packet text.; The packet only supports a context-specific claim that others’ pain, as a signal of threat, should induce observers’ avoidance response; it does not define the term as a general reaction of moving away or shying away from anything perceived as threatening.; While the packet does state that, under the threat value of pain hypothesis, others’ pain acts as a signal of threat and “should induce observers’ avoidance response,” the packet does not explicitly define “avoidance response” using the specific wording in the first sentence.

  Song Juan; Zhao Zijing; Jiao Zhibin; Peng Yao; Chu Mingyuan. Subliminal perception of others’ physical pain induces personal distress rather than empathic concern. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s40359-023-01310-3; article XML SHA-256 783ce857b97a4f172e4d85e6d0fae538980d2e6c491d02b7d998fa4801124bba. “Subliminal perception of others’ physical pain induces personal distress rather than empathic concern” (10.1186/s40359-023-01310-3). · CC-BY-4.0

• axonal bundle: The definition adds a specific interpretive claim about how the term is used in this source that is not stated in the packet.; The definition’s first substantive claim (“a grouped collection of axons”) is not stated or supported in the provided packet text.; The packet supports only that “axonal bundle size” is measured in vivo in npc1−/− mice and is discussed in connection with “axonal pathology,” but it does not provide the generic definition requested.; The packet supports that axonal bundle size was reported in NPC1-deficient mice, but it does not support defining axonal bundle size as a measure of axonal pathology in the brain.

  Qin Qingyu; Liao Guanghong; Baudry Michel; Bi Xiaoning. Cholesterol Perturbation in Mice Results in p53 Degradation and Axonal Pathology through p38 MAPK and Mdm2 Activation. 2010; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0009999; article XML SHA-256 d37eefc9f9672ed608dc6f1d97d1f4943013ff50750754857f7030bbea2c3f4c. “Cholesterol Perturbation in Mice Results in p53 Degradation and Axonal Pathology through p38 MAPK and Mdm2 Activation” (10.1371/journal.pone.0009999). · CC-BY-4.0

• axotomy: Because of these unsupported added descriptions, the provided definition is not fully supported by the supplied packet.; The definition adds the unsupported claim that axotomy “creates loss of nerve input”; the packet only states that it is transection or severing of an axon and that this type of denervation is used in experimental studies.; The packet does not explicitly state that axotomy “creates loss of nerve input”; it only says it is a “type of denervation,” which is related but not the same exact claim.; The packet supports “transection or severing of an axon” but does not explicitly support describing an axon as “the long fiber of a nerve cell.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Axotomy” (D019771). · public-domain-US-government

• bacteremia: The definition adds a direct gloss (“bloodstream infection caused by bacteria in the blood”) that is not stated in the packet itself; the packet only discusses bacteremia as a condition/case context, morbidity and mortality, and antibiotic decision-making.; The packet does not explicitly state that bacteremia is defined as “a bloodstream infection caused by bacteria in the blood”; it refers to “bloodstream infections (BSIs)” and “bacteremia cases” but does not provide the explicit causal definition phrase.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source is about infectious disease and antimicrobial treatment, not cognition or psychology.

  Gómez de la Torre Juan Carlos; Frenkel Ari; Chavez-Lencinas Carlos; Rendon Alicia; Fabian Max; Caceres-DelAguila Jose Alonso; Hueda-Zavaleta Miguel. Comparison of OneChoice AI-based clinical decision support recommendations with infectious disease specialists and non-specialists for bacteremia treatment in Lima, Peru. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0331266; article XML SHA-256 a41d45be6f616fa283fc357fc2923b9b2649a5b9f4a94acac99a1e584c696c38. “Comparison of OneChoice AI-based clinical decision support recommendations with infectious disease specialists and non-specialists for bacteremia treatment in Lima, Peru” (10.1371/journal.pone.0331266). · CC-BY-4.0

• balanced bilingual: The added claim about a relatively even language profile is not stated in the packet and is not directly supported by the source text.; The definition’s specific framing that the term “implies” a particular language-profile interpretation is not supported by the provided packet text.; The packet does not define what “balanced bilingual” means in terms of having a “relatively even bilingual language profile” or “rather than dominance by only a first language.” It only discusses effects in “balanced bilingual populations.”; The packet supports only a study finding about balanced bilingual populations, not a general definition that an individual balanced bilingual is someone for whom language of written assessment makes little difference to outcomes or symptom ratings.; The packet supports that assessment language on written instruments may have a limited impact on healthcare outcomes/symptom measures, but it does not support the definition’s claim about the implied underlying bilingual language balance/dominance aspect.

  Erkoreka Leire; Ozamiz-Etxebarria Naiara; Ruiz Onintze; Prieto Maider; Aspiazu Saioa; Mingo Argiñe; Aguirre Urko; Orive Miren; Mancini Simona. Reported severity of psychotic, depressive and anxiety symptoms in relation to bilingual language profile: An exploratory study and the validation of Basque versions of the PQ-B, DASS-42, PHQ-9 and GAD-7. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0314069; article XML SHA-256 9cc6f4a243cbba42e103fec1759c552b9c5dc660273056f059dbb5196ed28ae7. “Reported severity of psychotic, depressive and anxiety symptoms in relation to bilingual language profile: An exploratory study and the validation of Basque versions of the PQ-B, DASS-42, PHQ-9 and GAD-7” (10.1371/journal.pone.0314069). · CC-BY-4.0

• banding: The definition describes a laboratory procedure for chromosome banding, and the packet classifies it as a “Laboratory Procedure,” not as something in the field of cognition.; The definition is acceptable in substance, but it does not fit the packet’s stated semantic type and source label only as a laboratory procedure; this is the wrong sense for the requested field.; The packet supports a laboratory procedure about chromosome banding, not a cognition concept, so the requested field is not defensible here.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Chromosome Banding” (C16437). · CC-BY-4.0

• bar graph: Because the substantive explanation in the definition is not explicitly supported by the supplied packet, the requested sense of “bar graph” is not defensible from the source provided.; The definition’s statement that a bar graph shows values with bars whose height represents the amount is not stated in the packet; the packet only says a line graph is essentially a bar graph in which each bar is represented by a single point connected by a line.; The packet content is about a “Line Graph” and only indirectly mentions “bar graph” (“Essentially a bar graph…”). It does not provide a definition of “bar graph” showing that “each bar’s height represents the amount for that value or category.”; The packet source is a glossary entry for “Line Graph,” not “bar graph,” so the requested term/sense is not directly supported.

  Online Statistics Education, version 2 (David M. Lane, project leader). Version 2; publisher statement snapshot 2026-10-18; SHA-256 0dcad9ee85f61f9e2bb24d26279de155ac749164ea4da2a3bffeabcf9ea471a6. “Line Graph” (line_graph.html). · public-domain-US

• baro-: The definition claims that “baro- refers to the body system involved in regulating blood pressure through autonomic reflexes,” but the packet describes baroreflex failure as a condition with blood pressure effects rather than explicitly stating the prefix’s meaning or that it denotes a specific body “system.”; The definition is framed for the field “cognition,” but the packet material provided concerns autonomic/cardiovascular function after neck irradiation rather than cognition.; The definition is more expansive than the packet warrants and reads as an inferred explanation rather than a strict dictionary sense supported by the supplied text.; The definition overgeneralizes the prefix: the packet supports its use in words like “baroreflex” and “baroreceptor” in a blood-pressure/autonomic context, but not that baro- itself refers to a “body system.”; The field is not supported by the packet; the source is a medical/autonomic article, not a cognition entry.; The packet does not define what the prefix “baro-” means as a standalone term; it only uses “baroreflex”/“baroreceptor” in the context of radiation-induced baroreflex failure and blood-pressure lability.

  Triantafyllou Efthymios; Flores Ingrid González; Iliescu Cezar; Deswal Anita; Mouhayar Elie; Fuller Clifton D; Koutroumpakis Efstratios. Targeted autonomic testing for radiation‑induced baroreflex failure in head and neck cancer survivors: index case and early program experience. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s40959-026-00501-2; article XML SHA-256 3343b9c639e2155ab0ec1fd57bb0a8254b4a8f01ed466ec82fe84eeb713b308b. “Targeted autonomic testing for radiation‑induced baroreflex failure in head and neck cancer survivors: index case and early program experience” (10.1186/s40959-026-00501-2). · CC-BY-4.0

• basal nuclei: The definition adds “beneath the cerebral cortex,” which is not stated verbatim in the packet, even though the packet supports a related location description (“basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres”).; The packet does not explicitly support describing the telencephalon as “a major part of the forebrain”; it only states that the structures are “derived from the telencephalon.”; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that the basal nuclei are located in the “lower parts” of the cerebral hemispheres.; The phrase “a major part of the forebrain” is not supported by the packet; the source only says the structures are derived from the telencephalon.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Basal Ganglia” (D001479). · public-domain-US-government

• baseline performance: The claim that low baseline performance means poorer detection overstates the source wording and adds an interpretation not stated in the packet.; The definition’s first sentence (“starting level of performance on a task before considering the effect of an added manipulation or condition”) is not explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The packet does support the second sentence’s specific claim that low baseline performance means poorer detection reflecting a weak perceptual signal (it states subthreshold TMS effects depend on whether baseline performance is low, “reflecting a situation with a weak perceptual signal”).; The packet only supports that low baseline performance is associated with a weak perceptual signal and can affect detection under TMS; it does not define baseline performance as a general starting level on a task before an added manipulation or condition.

  Silvanto Juha; Bona Silvia; Marelli Marco; Cattaneo Zaira. On the Mechanisms of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): How Brain State and Baseline Performance Level Determine Behavioral Effects of TMS. 2018; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00741; article XML SHA-256 cffd6f508c5a3669c2251e819b41eda287dce897f4ee235afff72e275b2f8928. “On the Mechanisms of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): How Brain State and Baseline Performance Level Determine Behavioral Effects of TMS” (10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00741). · CC-BY-4.0

• baseline: The claim that baseline findings are ‘used as a point of comparison for later results’ is not established by the packet; the source only says inconsistent baseline findings complicate interpretation of dual-task effects.; The definition adds a general meaning of baseline as a ‘starting or reference pattern’ measured under ‘standard conditions,’ but the packet only mentions ‘baseline findings’ in the context of dual-task gait assessment and does not support that broader formulation.; The definition’s phrasing includes general methodological details (“measured under standard conditions”) not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The final sentence generalizes to cognition research overall, while the packet supports only this narrower dual-task gait study context.; The packet does not define “baseline” as a starting/reference pattern of findings measured under standard conditions, nor does it state that baseline is used as a point of comparison for later results.; The packet mentions “baseline findings” in the context of dual-task gait paradigms, but it does not support the specific cognition-research interpretation that baseline findings help interpret whether another task/condition changes performance.

  Al-Amri Mohammad; Abdallat Rula; Mashabi Abdulrhman; Al Balushi Hilal. Dual-task gait assessment using n-back testing during self-paced treadmill walking in virtual reality: reliability and baseline characterisation for future clinical application. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1807769; article XML SHA-256 63d55314a89f2f309e70d9410c2e0074cd1246fa3aaf8f556342144a3bac14ed. “Dual-task gait assessment using n-back testing during self-paced treadmill walking in virtual reality: reliability and baseline characterisation for future clinical application” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1807769). · CC-BY-4.0

• basic need: The definition claims that “Satisfaction of these needs at work is linked with supportive job conditions.” The packet specifies that competence/autonomy/relatedness were associated with “job resources (social support, job autonomy, professional growth),” but it does not use or directly support the broader phrase “supportive job conditions.”; “more positive job attitudes” overgeneralizes the source, which names job satisfaction and commitment and also reports turnover intentions/intentions to leave as an outcome rather than a positive attitude.; “supportive job conditions” is broader than the source support, which specifically reports associations with job resources such as social support, job autonomy, and professional growth.

  Colledani Daiana; Capozza Dora; Falvo Rossella; Di Bernardo Gian Antonio. The Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale: An Italian Validation. 2018; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01859; article XML SHA-256 9d8e7e2e6dccc292f9476f2035eabfec0a97e812b14327934bf32ed0befee639. “The Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale: An Italian Validation” (10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01859). · CC-BY-4.0

• basic personality: Partially supported: the packet mentions the Big Five model and lists the five traits (neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness) and discusses personality traits/self-perception in relation to stress/anxiety/depression, but it does not support the specific wording or framing of the definition as a general meaning of the term “basic personality.”; The definition adds an unsupported gloss that basic personality means broad underlying traits describing a person’s characteristic style of thinking, feeling, and behaving; the packet only says the Big Five model embraces five basic personality traits.; The packet supports the Big Five list, but not the broader definitional framing or the implication that this is the meaning of the term rather than a model mentioned in the source.; Unsupported substantive claim: the packet does not define “basic personality” as broad underlying traits describing characteristic style of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

  Tuygar Okutucu Fatma; Ceyhun Hacer Akgul. The impact of anxiety and depression levels on the Big Five personality traits. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0321373; article XML SHA-256 8bc9ca54aaed681f7edc24fbce371993d6c3922f38ffe4661ec4d16f74746433. “The impact of anxiety and depression levels on the Big Five personality traits” (10.1371/journal.pone.0321373). · CC-BY-4.0

• basic technique: The definition adds interpretive framing (“established protein-measurement methods”) that goes beyond the packet’s narrower wording.; The packet does not support the claim that a “basic technique” is “a standard laboratory method used as a starting approach.” It only states that ELISA or Western blot “is known as a basic technique” for measuring intracellular proteins.; The packet does not support the claim that these methods are “widely used.”; The remainder of the definition’s limitations (e.g., problems with normalization and commercial kit cost; ELISA vs. Western blot time and facilities) is supported by the packet, but the unsupported elements above prevent a defensible pass.; “Standard laboratory method” and “widely used” are broader generalizations than the packet supports; the source does not define the term that way.; “Starting approach” is not supported by the source; the packet only says ELISA or Western blot are known as a basic technique for protein measurement, not that the term means an initial or starting method.

  Edabashi Haiam; Elghadafi Radwa; Rajkanth Nischwethaa; Mody Janvi Saurabh; Ma Weiyuan; Dibart Serge; Tang Xiaoren. A hybrid technique for measurement of intra/extracellular proteins. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0282948; article XML SHA-256 942113bdc9da606fe807f19b0a99e020c9f85cb8049ae2055aa9c5d63d7da8bb. “A hybrid technique for measurement of intra/extracellular proteins” (10.1371/journal.pone.0282948). · CC-BY-4.0

• Bayesian inference: It broadens the source beyond the barn owl sound-localization context into general psychology and neuroscience claims about perception and behavior adapting to changing sensory reliability; the packet only supports that Bayesian models have been effective in characterizing those phenomena and that this specific model approximates a Bayesian estimate under varying sensory reliability.; The definition adds a general explanation of Bayesian inference as combining current sensory information with prior expectations, which is not stated in the supplied source packet.; The definition’s claim that Bayesian inference is “estimating what is most likely by combining current sensory information with prior expectations” is not explicitly stated or supported in the provided packet text.; The requested field is 'learning,' but the packet evidence is about perception, behavior, and neural encoding in sound localization rather than learning.; While the packet supports that Bayesian inference is used to characterize perception/behavior and that sensory reliability varies in the context of single-trial approximation, it does not provide the specific mechanism described in the first sentence (combining sensory information with prior expectations to estimate the most likely outcome).

  Fischer Brian J; Shadron Keanu; Ferger Roland; Peña José L. Single trial Bayesian inference by population vector readout in the barn owl’s sound localization system. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0303843; article XML SHA-256 cc0badbea1a915f3c18d1fcacb669ede953e97711864024b4a8a907499bb9e12. “Single trial Bayesian inference by population vector readout in the barn owl’s sound localization system” (10.1371/journal.pone.0303843). · CC-BY-4.0

• beat: Because the definition’s core definitional claim (“beat is the basic time unit…”) is not directly supported by the provided text, the requested sense of the term is not fully defensible from the packet.; The claim that analyzing beats helps quantify expressive timing in skilled piano playing is broader than the packet supports; the source describes feature extraction and associations in classical piano performance, not a general definition of beats or an explicit statement about beats themselves.; The packet does not define a beat as the basic time unit of musical performance; it only mentions measures such as beat interval variability and local tempo change.; The packet does not explicitly define “beat” as the “basic time unit” in musical performance; it only mentions measurable features such as “beat interval variability” and “local tempo change” without stating a definitional meaning of the term.

  Yan Mengjiao. Expressive coupling and textural dissociation in classical piano performance: evidence from the ASAP dataset. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1882570; article XML SHA-256 74008a538e128b99c60f5630b8906d3c5ceaa63cde5ee8ddb6c672fe4a14c438. “Expressive coupling and textural dissociation in classical piano performance: evidence from the ASAP dataset” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1882570). · CC-BY-4.0

• Beck Depression Inventory: The definition adds general explanatory content that is not supported by the supplied source packet.; The definition focuses on “Beck Depression Inventory” but the packet provides support only for the revised form “Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II),” creating a term/sense mismatch.; The definition’s first sentence makes a general characterization (“used to measure depressive symptoms”) that is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet only lists BDI-II among neuropsychiatric/depressive symptom outcome measures in a specific DBS meta-analysis context.; The packet does not support that the term “Beck Depression Inventory” (BDI) itself is used to measure depressive symptoms; it only mentions “Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)” as an outcome measure.; The packet supports only the Beck Depression Inventory-II as an outcome measure; it does not define the original Beck Depression Inventory or state that it is a psychological assessment used to measure depressive symptoms.

  Ning Jing; Lv Xiujuan; You Jianyu; Zhou Xingyu; An Chengfei; Zhou Zhigang. Neuropsychological outcomes comparing deep brain stimulation and best medical treatment for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1865587; article XML SHA-256 af971fb6a9b037c466d05ee91fa126e1c1ba634efe2ff3d6a458939cb778efd1. “Neuropsychological outcomes comparing deep brain stimulation and best medical treatment for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1865587). · CC-BY-4.0

• Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation: The definition states the measure is a “self-report response scale,” but the provided packet only says participants “responded to the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS)” and does not explicitly characterize it as self-report.; The definition’s claim that it is used “for studying the nature and variation of suicidal thoughts” is only partly supported: the packet describes a “taxometric investigation into the underlying structure of suicidal ideation,” but it does not clearly support the specific phrasing about “nature and variation of suicidal thoughts.”; The packet only shows that participants in a study responded to the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation; it does not explicitly support describing the instrument as a “self-report response scale.”; The packet supports a taxometric study of suicidal ideation in which the BSS was one measure used, but it does not support the broader claim that the BSS is used “for studying the nature and variation of suicidal thoughts.”

  Carvalho Lucas de Francisco; Machado Gisele Magarotto; Pianowski Giselle; Hauck-Filho Nelson; Baptista Makilim Nunes; Grønnerød Cato. Persistently ambiguous: a taxometric investigation on two groups of suicidal ideation indicators. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1729597; article XML SHA-256 d9dd04be4564fcabb63d86034a7218bbf63d8331aaa47fe77e97c6e221e2f1e6. “Persistently ambiguous: a taxometric investigation on two groups of suicidal ideation indicators” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1729597). · CC-BY-4.0

• Bedlam: Because the first substantive claim about “Bedlam” as the linking historical name is unsupported by the packet, the definition cannot be accepted as written.; The definition adds a linking statement that is not grounded in the supplied passage; the passage names Bethlem Royal Hospital but does not identify it as “Bedlam.”; The packet does not define “Bedlam” as a historical name linked to Bethlem Royal Hospital; it only contains discussion of “BETHLEIVE ROVAI. HOSPZTAI..” and related phrases (e.g., “Tom o' Bedlam”), without stating that “Bedlam” is the name linked to that hospital.; The packet supports the Bethlem Royal Hospital history and that lunatics were later received there, but it does not explicitly support the claim that “Bedlam” is the historical name for Bethlem Royal Hospital in London.; The portion stating that it “was later used to receive insane patients” is only partially supported: the packet says the earliest mention of “any insane patients” being there was in 1403, but it does not directly connect this to the phrase “later used” in the way the definition asserts.; The portion stating that the hospital “was not originally intended for lunatics” is supported by the packet (“not originally intended for lunatics”).

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-756000-768000). · public-domain-US

• behavior control: The definition slightly rephrases the source with extra generalization; it should stay within the narrower scope of the packet rather than adding unsupported therapeutic framing.; The packet definition supports “manipulation… by biomedical, physical, psychological, or social means” but does not state that behavior control can be done for therapeutic purposes; your definition adds “for therapeutic purposes,” which is unsupported by the provided text.; The packet supports manipulation of behavior by biomedical, physical, psychological, or social means, including nontherapeutic uses, but it does not support the added claim that behavior control can be done for therapeutic purposes.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Behavior Control” (D032763). · public-domain-US-government

• behavior determinant: Because the definition’s key elements (the meaning of the term and its general description as an influence on acting) are not supported by the supplied text, the definition cannot be validated against the packet.; The added explanation about identifying influences a program should target to design an intervention for behaviors of concern is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source.; The definition reads as a generalized behavior-change/public health concept rather than a learning-field sense supported by the packet.; The packet does not define “behavior determinant” as a general factor that shapes whether people act in a certain way; it only recommends using a behavior-determinant-intervention logic model in study design.; The packet only mentions using a “behavior-determinant-intervention logic model” to guide study design, but it does not describe what a “behavior determinant” specifically means within that model.; The provided packet does not define “behavior determinant” or state that it is “a factor that shapes or influences whether people act in a certain way.”

  Fahme Sasha Abdallah; Khater Beatrice; Dagher Myriam; DeJong Jocelyn; Abdulrahim Sawsan. Developing a sexual and reproductive health educational intervention for adolescent Syrian refugee girls: Challenges and lessons learned. 2022; DOI 10.3389/frph.2022.780157; article XML SHA-256 4b8e750935358ab042736e35b7a5ad61747a4ebb5aa91f2b1c2b6cbdb3e942d2. “Developing a sexual and reproductive health educational intervention for adolescent Syrian refugee girls: Challenges and lessons learned” (10.3389/frph.2022.780157). · CC-BY-4.0

• behavior pattern: The definition adds a general abstract gloss (“recognizable, recurring way that actions unfold over time and space”) that is broader than the packet’s specific use; the packet only supports tourist movement patterns classified from digital footprints and photographs.; The definition’s wording that a behavior pattern is a “recognizable, recurring way that actions unfold over time and space” is more general than what the packet explicitly states; the packet only describes “spatiotemporal behavior patterns” of tourists and their classification, without explicitly supporting the “recognizable, recurring” formulation.; The packet supports a tourism/spatiotemporal behavior-pattern classification, not a learning-field sense of the term, so the requested field is not defensible from the source.; While the packet supports that tourists’ spatiotemporal movement/behavior were classified into distinct “typical behavior patterns” (five types) based on recorded digital footprints, the first sentence adds descriptive elements not clearly present in the packet text.

  Dong Wei; Kang Qi; Wang Guangkui; Zhang Bin; Liu Ping. Spatiotemporal behavior pattern differentiation and preference identification of tourists from the perspective of ecotourism destination based on the tourism digital footprint data. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0285192; article XML SHA-256 fcbc1330b333a10fb94cceff2d811ec8062094fc237d0e21689222971617bb0b. “Spatiotemporal behavior pattern differentiation and preference identification of tourists from the perspective of ecotourism destination based on the tourism digital footprint data” (10.1371/journal.pone.0285192). · CC-BY-4.0

• behavioral assessment: The definition adds purpose/interpretation (“used to look at patterns…in relation to expected responses”) that is not supported by the supplied packet text.; The definition goes beyond the source by turning a brief descriptor into a broader explanatory statement without support.; The packet supports only “Assessment of individual responses to age appropriate stimuli.” It does not mention evaluating “patterns of behavior” or relating behavior to “expected responses.”; The second sentence is not supported by the packet: it adds that the assessment is used to look at patterns of behavior and expected responses, which is not in the source text.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Behavioral Assessment” (C81234). · CC-BY-4.0

• behavioral coaching: The definition’s wording (“behavioral coaching,” “work practices,” “other behavior-based activities”) generalizes from the packet’s discussion of coaching broadly and behavioral outcomes, but the packet does not explicitly define “behavioral coaching” as a named approach with those defining characteristics.; The first sentence’s formulation about an approach aimed at producing positive change in behavior is broader than the packet’s evidence, which only says coaching can develop new habits, attitudes, and work practices and that behavioral outcomes were more affected than other outcome types.; The packet discusses *executive coaching* outcomes, not a distinct definition of the term “behavioral coaching,” so the first sentence’s claim that “behavioral coaching is a coaching approach aimed at producing positive change in what people do” is not directly supported by the provided source text.; The packet discusses executive coaching and its behavioral outcomes, but it does not define the term "behavioral coaching" as a distinct coaching approach.; The statement generalizes from one meta-analysis of executive coaching to a broad definition of behavioral coaching without support from the source.

  Nicolau Andreea; Candel Octav Sorin; Constantin Ticu; Kleingeld Ad. The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1089797; article XML SHA-256 a1b696376d5f7b0203b424df66d61cf046e14299ddadf465543f328ba926a0dc. “The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1089797). · CC-BY-4.0

• behavioral deficit: The definition’s general characterization (“an impairment or disturbance in normal behavior”) is not explicitly supported by the packet text, which only describes “behavioral deficits” observed after prenatal LPS exposure.; The definition’s “learning” field connection is not supported: the packet discusses behavioral outcomes (depression/anxiety/schizophrenia-like changes) in mice, but does not describe learning-specific constructs or learning tasks.; The opening clause defines the term too broadly as a general impairment or disturbance in normal behavior; the packet only supports a specific research-context use describing adverse postnatal behavioral effects in mice after prenatal LPS exposure.; The wording ‘anxiety-, depression-, or schizophrenia-like changes’ is only supported as examples in the cited study context, not as a general dictionary sense of the term.; While the packet supports that the deficits include depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia-like outcomes and that they are studied as postnatal behavioral deficits in adult offspring after prenatal exposure, the broader first-sentence wording goes beyond what the packet states.

  Al-Amin Md. Mamun; Sultana Rabeya; Sultana Sharmin; Rahman Md. Mahbubur; Reza Hasan Mahmud. Astaxanthin ameliorates prenatal LPS-exposed behavioral deficits and oxidative stress in adult offspring. 2016; DOI 10.1186/s12868-016-0245-z; article XML SHA-256 ca224e20103d3aef7e9e358287af07e35e18dbd9f917aa7857dafc4af9a5ce83. “Astaxanthin ameliorates prenatal LPS-exposed behavioral deficits and oxidative stress in adult offspring” (10.1186/s12868-016-0245-z). · CC-BY-4.0

• behavioral group therapy: The definition’s framing (“as used in this packet, refers to cognitive-behavioral therapy provided in a group setting”) is therefore not directly supported by the packet’s wording, even though the packet does mention group CBT for depression in an outpatient clinic.; The field "learning" is not supported by the packet, which concerns clinical treatment for depression in psychiatric outpatient care rather than a learning topic.; The packet does not define the term “behavioral group therapy”; it discusses “cognitive-behavioral group therapy (group CBT)” rather than stating that “behavioral group therapy” is used to mean CBT in a group setting.; The packet supports cognitive-behavioral group therapy (group CBT), not the standalone term "behavioral group therapy," so the definition uses a broader or different sense than the source establishes.

  Thimm Jens C; Antonsen Liss. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy for depression in routine practice. 2014; DOI 10.1186/s12888-014-0292-x; article XML SHA-256 2cd914036f8553af1dfe89203c2336b7a997b5c35255285a59c12881497ab0cb. “Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy for depression in routine practice” (10.1186/s12888-014-0292-x). · CC-BY-4.0

• behavioral health care: It is not clearly supported in the packet that the term “behavioral health care” (as a general definition) is *specifically* confined to “outpatient or intensive outpatient services for youth.” The packet describes one example program (STAR Center) providing outpatient and intensive outpatient mental health treatment for suicidal youth, but it does not define “behavioral health care” in general as such.; The definition adds a broad generic gloss (“clinical care provided in mental health settings for problems involving thoughts, feelings, and behaviors”) that is not stated in the packet.; The definition is framed as an overall definition of “behavioral health care,” but the provided packet is primarily about measurement-based care (MBC) for suicidal youth rather than a standalone definition of the term itself.; The definition’s opening generalization—“problems involving thoughts, feelings, and behaviors”—is only partially supported. The packet explicitly discusses “suicidal thoughts and behaviors,” but it does not clearly support the inclusion of “feelings.”; The field label is not supported by the source packet; the packet is about clinical/implementation context, not an ethics term.; The packet supports a specific STAR Center context: outpatient and intensive outpatient mental health treatment for suicidal youth, not a general definition of the term.; The packet supports monitoring symptoms and suicide risk to inform treatment decisions, but not the broader wording that this is the meaning of “behavioral health care” in general.

  Victor Sarah E; Salk Rachel H; Porta Giovanna; Hamilton Edward; Bero Kelsey; Poling Kim; Brent David A; Goldstein Tina R. Measurement-based care for suicidal youth: Outcomes and recommendations from the Services for Teens At Risk (STAR) Center. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0284073; article XML SHA-256 420da72170cfdbfe247a95a2203666cd21c53ff5897cc90c9391ccf843c42772. “Measurement-based care for suicidal youth: Outcomes and recommendations from the Services for Teens At Risk (STAR) Center” (10.1371/journal.pone.0284073). · CC-BY-4.0

• behavioral homeostasis: The definition adds unsupported glosses such as “healthy pattern of behavior” and “despite stress or other challenges,” which are not stated in the packet.; The first sentence (“maintenance of a stable, healthy pattern of behavior despite stress…”) is a general behavioral-psychology gloss that is not supported by the packet text provided.; The packet supports only that microglia play an important role in the maintenance of brain and behavioral homeostasis; it does not define the term as “brain processes” or specifically as microglial activity.; The packet text supports that microglia are involved in “brain and behavioral homeostasis,” but it does not provide the specific definition components in the prompt (e.g., “stable, healthy pattern of behavior” and “despite stress or other challenges”) in those terms.; The provided definition treats “behavioral homeostasis” as a concept applicable to “diagnosis,” but the packet does not use it as a diagnostic concept or diagnostic criterion; it is discussed in research context related to stress and psychiatric disorders.; The requested sense is too expansive and partly reinterprets the term rather than defining the packet-supported meaning.

  Yan Ling; Xuan Fang-Ling; Chen Song; Gou Mengzhuang; Chen Wenjin; Li Yanli; Wang Zhiren; Wang Leilei; Xie Ting; Fan Fengmei; Zharkovsky Alexander; Tan Yunlong; Tian Li. Replenished microglia partially rescue schizophrenia-related stress response. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fncel.2023.1254923; article XML SHA-256 2c73b7623f935e935a65db98a0d512adf3750bd0c218fd38a47c19c1287ba10f. “Replenished microglia partially rescue schizophrenia-related stress response” (10.3389/fncel.2023.1254923). · CC-BY-4.0

• behavioral mimicry: The packet does not support the claim that behavioral mimicry is part of a developing set of social behaviors used to coordinate with others; it only says early development of implicit social behaviors remains uncertain and mentions coordination in a broader discussion of interaction behaviors.; The packet does not support the specific characterization that behavioral mimicry is “mirroring another person’s behavior during interaction.” It only states that it is an “implicit behavior thought to develop during early childhood” and discusses interaction behaviors broadly (including imitation/coordination tasks) without defining behavioral mimicry as mirroring.; The packet mentions early childhood development, but it does not describe mimicry as “part of the developing set of social behaviors used to coordinate with others.” It notes that roles in early social interactions remain unknown and does not assert that mimicry coordinates with others.; The packet supports that behavioral mimicry is an implicit behavior thought to develop during early childhood, but it does not explicitly support the added gloss that it means mirroring another person's behavior during interaction.

  van Schaik Johanna E; Hunnius Sabine. Modulating mimicry: Exploring the roles of inhibitory control and social understanding in 5-year-olds' behavioral mimicry. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0194102; article XML SHA-256 d486a4553ed3c67f855ac59a7a23d7ab5ee912c82dfc34031773174a3f4806e0. “Modulating mimicry: Exploring the roles of inhibitory control and social understanding in 5-year-olds' behavioral mimicry” (10.1371/journal.pone.0194102). · CC-BY-4.0

• belief in a just world: The definition claims BJW is “a relatively stable personal trait,” but the provided packet describes BJW as an “individual trait” with “adaptive functions” and a “foundation for coping strategies,” without stating that it is relatively stable.; The definition slightly overstates the packet’s wording by generalizing from study context to a broad psychology definition without enough support from the source text.; The packet supports BJW as a personal trait that aids coping and is associated with well-being and lower distress, but it does not clearly support the claim that it is a "relatively stable" trait in general.

  Li Jia; Bai Junqing; Ouyang Lixia; Lin He. How belief in a just world shapes academic engagement among Chinese college art majors: A cross-level moderated mediation model. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0317583; article XML SHA-256 a4ce2f1b352b2e7b3e6221fcd06ce1dc74863796348fef3f0e327c316c67197e. “How belief in a just world shapes academic engagement among Chinese college art majors: A cross-level moderated mediation model” (10.1371/journal.pone.0317583). · CC-BY-4.0

• benzodiazepine agonist: The provided definition describes a *treatment/management approach* (how to manage benzodiazepine dependence), not a diagnostic category or diagnosis in the sense implied by the requested field (“diagnosis”).; The requested field is not defensible here: the packet supports a treatment/intervention sense (“benzodiazepine agonist treatment”), not a diagnosis sense.; While the packet discusses benzodiazepine “stabilizing agonist treatment” as a proposed option and contrasts it with tapering/discontinuation, it does so in the context of a study protocol rather than defining a diagnostic construct.

  Chalabianloo Fatemeh; Fadnes Lars Thore; Assmus Jörg; Mordal Jon; Solli Kristin K.; Dale Kjetil S.; Andersen Christina D.; Zavenova Silvia; Rønning Beathe H.; Blomkvist Andreas W.; Ryssdal Martin; Butt Wasifa S. J.; Marciuch Anne; Ørmen Anne G.; Ohldieck Christian; Løberg Else-Marie; Johansson Kjell Arne; for the BMX-BAR and NORCATS study group http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1242-1972 Chalabianloo Fatemeh Fatemeh.Chalabianloo@helse-bergen.no 1 2 Fadnes Lars Thore 1 2 Assmus Jörg 3 Mordal Jon 1 4 Solli Kristin K. 4 5 6 Dale Kjetil S. 7 Andersen Christina D. 1 Zavenova Silvia 1 Rønning Beathe H. 1 Blomkvist Andreas W. 8 9 Ryssdal Martin 8 Butt Wasifa S. J. 10 Marciuch Anne 10 Ørmen Anne G. 11 Ohldieck Christian 1 Løberg Else-Marie 12 13 Johansson Kjell Arne 1 2 Mellingen Svanhild Olsvold Maria K. Nordbotn Mette H. Trettenes Beate H. Berger Tine U. Sannerud Kristin Sundal Christine Pierron Marianne Moe Henriette Alibhai Zainab Helgøy Karoline N. Vedaa Susanne Holtan Line Kristiansen Heidi F. Haugen Britt K. Karlsen Jeanine T.H. Kaspersen Richard Digranes Linn C.W.. Benzodiazepine agonist treatment for patients with benzodiazepine dependence undergoing opioid agonist treatment: a study protocol for the randomized controlled trial BMX-BAR. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s13063-024-08692-8; article XML SHA-256 dc3840175b99240e0ba17ec92db06261c5b8c482d99b0d3f7947ad046f29bf5a. “Benzodiazepine agonist treatment for patients with benzodiazepine dependence undergoing opioid agonist treatment: a study protocol for the randomized controlled trial BMX-BAR” (10.1186/s13063-024-08692-8). · CC-BY-4.0

• best frequency: The claim that the “best frequency” is used specifically to “test how it responded to timing differences and modulation” is not directly stated. The packet says timing sensitivity (ITDs) and modulation frequencies were tested, but it does not explicitly connect that testing to choosing the best frequency beyond the fact of presentation at it.; The packet does not define what “best frequency” means (e.g., as the frequency eliciting the strongest or most sensitive response). It only states that stimuli were “presented at the best-frequency of the unit,” without explaining that term’s meaning.; The packet uses the term but does not define “best frequency” as the frequency that elicits a unit’s strongest or most sensitive response, so the core definition is unsupported.; The second sentence adds procedural context about why tones were presented at the best frequency, but the packet only shows that tones were presented at the best frequency in the study; it does not support the broader explanatory phrasing.

  Hartley Douglas E. H.; Isaiah Amal. Envelope Enhancement Increases Cortical Sensitivity to Interaural Envelope Delays with Acoustic and Electric Hearing. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0104097; article XML SHA-256 786a2a739e620b01871b26e7fdb7cd64d25d5ab8e080ec6cfaa53c15c303027e. “Envelope Enhancement Increases Cortical Sensitivity to Interaural Envelope Delays with Acoustic and Electric Hearing” (10.1371/journal.pone.0104097). · CC-BY-4.0

• BEST: The definition adds Parkinson’s disease treatment details beyond what is explicitly supported by the source packet.; The definition’s additional framing about serving as the “usual treatment approach” for judging “neuropsychological and other outcomes” is not stated in the packet.; The packet does not define “BEST” as an acronym or explicitly state that it means “best medical treatment.”; The packet does not support the characterization of BEST as the “usual treatment approach” beyond noting comparisons and gaps in evidence.; The packet says studies compare DBS with best medical treatment, but it does not state that BEST is the general “usual treatment approach” used to judge outcomes.; The packet supports BEST as “best medical treatment,” but it does not define it as a specific standard of non-surgical, medication-based care.; While the packet mentions “DBS with best medical treatment” as a comparison, it does not support that this refers specifically to “standard non-surgical medication-based care.”

  Ning Jing; Lv Xiujuan; You Jianyu; Zhou Xingyu; An Chengfei; Zhou Zhigang. Neuropsychological outcomes comparing deep brain stimulation and best medical treatment for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1865587; article XML SHA-256 af971fb6a9b037c466d05ee91fa126e1c1ba634efe2ff3d6a458939cb778efd1. “Neuropsychological outcomes comparing deep brain stimulation and best medical treatment for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1865587). · CC-BY-4.0

• beta coefficient: The only support in the packet is an example value (“standardized beta coefficient = −0.09”) with a stated outcome association; the definition’s general description of beta coefficients is not supported.; The packet does not define what a “beta coefficient” is (e.g., that it is used to describe strength of association and direction).; The packet supports a specific standardized beta coefficient result in the cited study, but it does not define beta coefficient generally as a statistical number describing the strength and direction of association between variables.; The second sentence is supported in substance, but the definition should not add an unsupported general explanation beyond the packet.

  Dejakaisaya Hattapark; Mahikul Wiriya; Na-ek Nat; Hirunpattarasilp Chanawee. Television watching and cognitive outcomes in adults and older adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0323863; article XML SHA-256 a6d70f9dc72d01d6179cecc3c0f6a15ddd6775f5493fced87a83e53fa1da0471. “Television watching and cognitive outcomes in adults and older adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies” (10.1371/journal.pone.0323863). · CC-BY-4.0

• betrayal: The definition should stay within the packet’s wording; the packet supports a general “act of violation of trust or confidence of a moral standard,” but not the broader explanatory framing.; The definition’s “expected moral commitment” phrasing is not explicitly supported beyond the packet’s general reference to a “moral standard, etc.”; The packet only states that betrayal is an act of violation of trust or confidence of a moral standard (etc.). It does not support the added claim that, “In psychology, it can refer to a perceived breach of trust that affects how a person thinks about relationships and safety.”; The second sentence adds an unsupported psychological interpretation (“in psychology, it can refer to a perceived breach of trust that affects how a person thinks about relationships and safety”) that is not present in the source packet.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Betrayal” (D000081722). · public-domain-US-government

• between-subjects variance: The claim that low between-subjects variance can make it harder to distinguish separate traits or factors is not supported by the packet.; The claim that low between-subjects variance means subjects differ less from one another is an inference not stated in the packet.; The definition includes interpretation about distinguishing traits/factors that is not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet does not explicitly define “between-subjects variance” as “the amount of variation across different individuals in a study.”; The packet mentions “low amount of between-subjects variance” as a possible reason for prior findings, but it does not state that low between-subjects variance “means the subjects differ less from one another” or that this “can make it harder to distinguish separate traits or factors.”; The packet uses the term only in a specific study context and does not define it as a general measure of variation across different individuals in studies.

  Weiss Alexander; Yokoyama Chihiro; Hayashi Takuya; Inoue-Murayama Miho. Personality, subjective well-being, and the serotonin 1a receptor gene in common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ). 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0238663; article XML SHA-256 20e76c534755ffa379c4bea53797f297218317d83dd445ed65aa090e633c36b6. “Personality, subjective well-being, and the serotonin 1a receptor gene in common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus )” (10.1371/journal.pone.0238663). · CC-BY-4.0

• beyond reasonable doubt: The claim that the source uses the phrase to mean a claim scientists may regard as settled for practical purposes is not supported by the packet text.; The definition’s claim that, in this source, the term is used to mean “settled for practical purposes” is not supported by the packet; no such explanation appears in the provided text.; The definition’s claims about “any remaining doubt would not be considered reasonable” are not stated or supported anywhere in the packet.; The packet does not define or explain the idiom as a general level of certainty; it only uses the phrase in a survey statement about COVID-19.; The packet does not provide a definition of “beyond reasonable doubt”; it only includes one instance of the phrase in a statement (“Science has put it beyond reasonable doubt…”).

  Vickers Peter; Adamo Ludovica; Alfano Mark; Clark Cory; Cresto Eleonora; Cui He; Dang Haixin; Dellsén Finnur; Dupin Nathalie; Gradowski Laura; Graf Simon; Guevara Aline; Hallap Mark; Hamilton Jesse; Hardey Mariann; Helm Paula; Landrum Asheley; Levy Neil; Machery Edouard; Mills Sarah; Muller Seán; Sheppard Joanne; N. K. Shinod; Slater Matthew; Stegenga Jacob; Strandin Henning; Stuart Michael T.; Sweet David; Tasdan Ufuk; Taylor Henry; Towler Owen; Tulodziecki Dana; Tworek Heidi; Wallbank Rebecca; Wiltsche Harald; Mitchell Finnigan Samantha. Development of a novel methodology for ascertaining scientific opinion and extent of agreement. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0313541; article XML SHA-256 ce6fba2752a4ca770fa4483558ce6a209e3513dc7bdfc7c8fed5dcaea4d505ed. “Development of a novel methodology for ascertaining scientific opinion and extent of agreement” (10.1371/journal.pone.0313541). · CC-BY-4.0

• BF: The opening claim that BF stands for “brief form” is not supported as the term’s defined sense in the packet; only the compound acronym NMAS-BF is described.; The packet does not explicitly state that “BF” stands for “brief form” or that it means a “shortened version of an assessment”; it only shows that the instrument name includes “Brief Form” (NMAS-BF) without defining the abbreviation or its meaning.; The packet supports NMAS-BF as a brief form measure, but it does not establish BF alone as a standalone term or acronym in this source.

  Özel İrem. Turkish adaptation and psychometric validation of the Normative Male Alexithymia Scale–Brief Form (NMAS-BF) among male university students. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1851206; article XML SHA-256 a55c573dd24bdb39d392ef8b3a8cd1f5b8fe6752ec855c5c4bfba095946786d9. “Turkish adaptation and psychometric validation of the Normative Male Alexithymia Scale–Brief Form (NMAS-BF) among male university students” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1851206). · CC-BY-4.0

• bilingual education: The packet discusses children’s bilingual education and second-language pronunciation in communicative contexts, but it does not support a general dictionary definition of bilingual education as an educational setting where children learn and communicate in two languages.; The packet does not define “bilingual education” as an educational setting where children learn and communicate in two languages, nor does it explicitly state that the two languages are “typically their first language and a second language.”; The phrase “typically their first language and a second language” is not established by the packet as a defining feature of bilingual education; the packet focuses on L1/L2 pronunciation and communication, not a full definition of the term.; While the packet supports that children’s L2 pronunciation patterns that differ from L1 speakers can affect communication effectiveness in bilingual education, the requested definition includes additional claims (the general definition/structure of bilingual education) that are not supported by the packet.

  Lin Youran; Li Fangfang; MacLeod Andrea A. N.; Pollock Karen E.. A conceptual model of second language pronunciation in communicative contexts: Implications for children’s bilingual education. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1125157; article XML SHA-256 4df262898cff7636d7ca47b3785f91152e23d4fbc30976984a47b5dd67e713a8. “A conceptual model of second language pronunciation in communicative contexts: Implications for children’s bilingual education” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1125157). · CC-BY-4.0

• binaural cue: Because the specific meaning of ITD is not supported by the packet’s wording, the requested sense of the term is not fully defensible from the supplied source.; The definition’s second sentence explains that interaural time difference (ITD) “means small differences in when a sound reaches each ear,” but the provided packet text does not explicitly define ITD in those terms.; The first sentence adds a general definition (“information the brain gets by comparing what arrives at the two ears”) that is not stated in the packet; the packet only supports that binaural cues are used for sound localization.; The packet supports interaural time difference (ITD) as the binaural cue discussed, but the definition blurs the term with one specific cue without making clear that ITD is only the example studied here.

  Peng Z. Ellen; Kan Alan; Litovsky Ruth Y.. Development of Binaural Sensitivity: Eye Gaze as a Measure of Real-time Processing. 2020; DOI 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00039; article XML SHA-256 c38bcb792d5b5bb68e1ccdacd7b725c2d4c980963546cf105a34b5715f4427b5. “Development of Binaural Sensitivity: Eye Gaze as a Measure of Real-time Processing” (10.3389/fnsys.2020.00039). · CC-BY-4.0

• binocular: The definition adds an unsupported generalization by stating that binocular vision means both eyes “working together”; the packet only refers to binocular vision dysfunction and a vergence task, not a direct definition of binocular.; The definition’s opening claim that “binocular refers to vision that involves both eyes working together” is not explicitly supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The final clause about problems in this system being described as binocular vision dysfunction is only partly supported; the packet names non-strabismic binocular vision dysfunction as a condition, but does not define it as the general label for all binocular-system problems.; The phrase “coordinated eye use during viewing tasks such as vergence” is not explicitly supported by the packet and goes beyond the provided source.

  Lu Zhili; Zuo Xin; Zhang Qixuan; Liu Yue; Ma Xiang; Zhang Chi. Feasibility of EEG-based machine learning for the objective assessment of non-Strabismic binocular vision dysfunction. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1780742; article XML SHA-256 1b2847b26ee6717fb3835befad740475f9beb3e084090bb9d1ff96789fa1e218. “Feasibility of EEG-based machine learning for the objective assessment of non-Strabismic binocular vision dysfunction” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1780742). · CC-BY-4.0

• biological marker: Because the packet does not provide the general definition of “biological marker,” the definition’s scope and wording cannot be considered fully supported by the supplied source.; The definition adds a broader framing about psychiatric conditions and adverse childhood experiences; the packet only says telomere length has been linked to these and does not support a general definition of the term from that example alone.; The first sentence (“A biological marker is a measurable feature of the body that is used as an indicator of a biological process or state.”) is not stated in the provided packet; the packet only refers to telomere length as a biological marker for cellular senescence.; The general definitional claim that a biological marker is a measurable feature of the body used as an indicator is not stated in the packet; the packet only says telomere length is a biological marker for cellular senescence.

  Vrettou Maria; Lager Susanne; Toffoletto Simone; Iliadis Stavros I; Kallak Theodora Kunovac; Agnafors Sara; Nieratschker Vanessa; Skalkidou Alkistis; Comasco Erika. Peripartum depression symptom trajectories, telomere length and genotype, and adverse childhood experiences. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12888-024-06115-1; article XML SHA-256 bfccb9c663a810b043490143da7cd384a2cb1ab676c16be2229626dec6c44625. “Peripartum depression symptom trajectories, telomere length and genotype, and adverse childhood experiences” (10.1186/s12888-024-06115-1). · CC-BY-4.0

• biological motion: The packet does not explicitly state that biological motion is “often studied using moving point-light displays”; it only mentions assessment through “biological light spots,” without clearly equating this to point-light displays.; The packet supports that biological motion perception involves judging motion characteristics and gender, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that it is a visual pattern produced by a living being or that the displays represent the body.; The packet supports “judging motion characteristics and gender” and that it is “typically assessed through biological light spots,” but it does not explicitly define biological motion as “the visual pattern of movement produced by a living being.”; “Moving point-light displays” is not stated in the packet; it refers instead to “biological light spots,” so the definition adds unsupported detail and an inferred synonym.

  Wang Jifu; Shi Fang; Yu Lin. Effects of acute stress on biological motion perception. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0310502; article XML SHA-256 367c51231194034b6e490d2d7658280ab8ad3cd1d80242373d43fa4aa69d23f7. “Effects of acute stress on biological motion perception” (10.1371/journal.pone.0310502). · CC-BY-4.0

• biotransport: The definition’s first sentence gives a broad, general meaning (“movement and distribution of a biological substance within the body”) that is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text, which instead frames the topic specifically as modeling nitric oxide (NO) transport/biotransport in the brain.; The first sentence generalizes biotransport as the movement and distribution of a biological substance within the whole body, but the packet only supports a brain NO transport model, not a general body-wide definition.; The packet supports the NO-related specifics (production in neurons and mechanotransduction in endothelial cells, diffusion/anomalous diffusion in the brain, and loss/reduction via reactions with superoxide and interaction with hemoglobin), but it does not substantiate the general biological-substance distribution phrasing as the source’s meaning.; The phrase "through brain tissue and blood vessel cells" is not stated in the packet; the source mentions diffusion in the brain and NO production in neurons and endothelial cells, but not transport through blood vessel cells as such.

  Tamis Andrew; Drapaca Corina S.. Modeling NO Biotransport in Brain Using a Space-Fractional Reaction-Diffusion Equation. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fphys.2021.644149; article XML SHA-256 cc3a296f839dcafc96522226abc076ebd03d6d9a2e30ece710b00f67e2bce1d5. “Modeling NO Biotransport in Brain Using a Space-Fractional Reaction-Diffusion Equation” (10.3389/fphys.2021.644149). · CC-BY-4.0

• bipolar stimulation: Only the second sentence (that, in this source, it refers to stimulating the primary motor cortex to produce motor evoked potentials) is supported by the provided text.; The definition adds a broader clinical/general sense that is not established by the source packet, which gives only one study-specific use in rats.; The packet does not state that “bipolar stimulation” uses “two poles or contacts”; it only mentions “bipolar stimulation of the primary motor cortex” without defining the two-pole/contacts mechanism.; The packet supports only that MEPs were produced by bipolar stimulation of the primary motor cortex; it does not define bipolar stimulation as a general method of electrically stimulating a nervous system area using two poles or contacts.

  Eguibar Jose R.; Cortes Carmen; Hernandez Victor H.; Lopez-Juarez Alejandra; Piazza Valeria; Carmona Diego; Kleinert-Altamirano Anke; Morales-Campos Blanca; Salceda Emilio; Roncagliolo Manuel. 4-aminopyridine improves evoked potentials and ambulation in the taiep rat: A model of hypomyelination with atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebellum. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0298208; article XML SHA-256 dcdae05b860874659444f75f2d1eeae816d6deb0107cb1af9a993937807a5442. “4-aminopyridine improves evoked potentials and ambulation in the taiep rat: A model of hypomyelination with atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebellum” (10.1371/journal.pone.0298208). · CC-BY-4.0

• birth cohort: The definition’s phrase “related family factors” is not explicitly supported by the packet; the packet mentions paternal depression and child behavior, but does not characterize this as “family factors” in that way.; The packet does not explicitly state that cohort members are “born around the same time.” It only describes a “national birth cohort study” and later follow-up ages (1 year after birth, and age 5).; The packet shows a national birth cohort study with measurements at later ages, but it does not explicitly support the claim that this packet “refers to children … tracked from birth” in the way stated.; The second sentence adds unsupported detail: the packet mentions child behavior and paternal depression, but not “related family factors” as a broader study focus.

  Schmitz Kristine; Jimenez Manuel E.; Corman Hope; Noonan Kelly; Reichman Nancy E.. Paternal depression in the postpartum year and children’s behaviors at age 5 in an urban U.S. birth cohort. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0300018; article XML SHA-256 ac099ddd58ed281262be99545b145edeebd5a6b7c4fa0366777b771289b1aa9b. “Paternal depression in the postpartum year and children’s behaviors at age 5 in an urban U.S. birth cohort” (10.1371/journal.pone.0300018). · CC-BY-4.0

• birth trauma: The field label is not well supported by the packet, which defines a neonatal physical injury rather than a mental-health concept.; The first sentence is substantially supported, but the second sentence adds an unsupported generalization: the source says birth trauma is a significant source of jeopardy for neonates and families and raises concern for healthcare providers, not that it is a major source of distress for families.; The packet supports that birth trauma is a structural/functional impairment due to mechanical forces during labor, delivery, or neonatal resuscitation, and that it is a significant source of jeopardy for neonates and the family with concerns for healthcare providers, but it does not explicitly support the phrasing that it is a “major source of distress” for families (it instead uses “jeopardy”).

  Woldegeorgis Beshada Zerfu; Gebrekidan Amanuel Yosef; Kassie Gizachew Ambaw; Azeze Gedion Asnake; Asgedom Yordanos Sisay; Alemu Henok Berhanu; Obsa Mohammed Suleiman. Neonatal birth trauma and associated factors in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0298519; article XML SHA-256 3338ddfd1bb1d0a5e68ccd81edacb67a53492a86aa1f566a4e5d466f26fa6cf5. “Neonatal birth trauma and associated factors in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0298519). · CC-BY-4.0

• bisection: The definition’s first sentence claims that bisection is the division of something “into two equal parts,” but the provided packet only mentions “successive bisection of a line” and does not explicitly define bisection as dividing into two equal parts.; The first sentence generalizes beyond the historical passage by presenting a general dictionary definition rather than the sense established in the source context.; The packet supports bisection only in the specific phrase “successive bisection of a line” and its role in Zeno-style arguments; it does not explicitly support the broader definition “the division of something, such as a line, into two equal parts.”; While the packet supports the historical point that successive bisection “never gives an absolute unit” (and that this implies we cannot assign a number), the definition also frames this as “continued division does not yield a final absolute unit,” which is broadly consistent but partially rests on interpretation beyond the packet’s explicit wording.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-1911000-1923000). · public-domain-US

• bladder reflex: The definition’s phrase “automatic nerve-controlled activity” is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet discusses bladder reflexes and their suppression/modulation via nerve stimulation but does not define them as “automatic nerve-controlled activity.”; The phrase “automatic nerve-controlled activity” is a generalization not stated in the packet; the source only supports spontaneous bladder reflexes/contractions.; The remaining elements (spontaneous bladder contractions varying from regular to chaotic patterns, and suppression/stabilization by sacral intraspinal microstimulation targeting S2 dorsal horn) are supported by the packet.; The source supports suppression/stabilization of bladder reflex dynamics by that specific stimulation, but not the definition’s broader formulation as a general property of the term.; “Sacral spinal stimulation” is broader than the packet’s specific intervention, sacral intraspinal microstimulation targeting the dorsal horn of the S2 spinal cord.

  Qasemi Amirhossein; Aminian Alireza; Erfanian Abbas. The inhibitory effect of intraspinal microstimulation of the sacral spinal cord on nonlinear bladder reflex dynamics in cats. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fnins.2025.1519377; article XML SHA-256 bdde36fc4522acab2eef2bc4ab9c2d2ef48f7c150e7f6f2de35d3493d97b7087. “The inhibitory effect of intraspinal microstimulation of the sacral spinal cord on nonlinear bladder reflex dynamics in cats” (10.3389/fnins.2025.1519377). · CC-BY-4.0

• block randomization: The packet does not support the claim that this “helps keep the numbers in each group balanced as the trial progresses.”; The packet only states that the trial used “fixed-sized block randomization of 3” and does not describe the mechanism as assigning participants “in small preset blocks rather than one by one.”; The packet only supports that the trial used fixed-sized block randomization of 3; it does not support the fuller explanatory claim that participants are assigned in “small preset blocks rather than one by one.”; The stated purpose/benefit that block randomization “helps keep the numbers in each group balanced as the trial progresses” is not supported by the packet text.

  Joineau Karel; Harroch Estelle; Boussac Mathilde; Fabbri Margherita; Leung Clémence; Ory-Magne Fabienne; Rousseau Vanessa; Peran Patrice; Brefel-Courbon Christine; Descamps Emeline. Effect of foot reflexology on chronic pain in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0327865; article XML SHA-256 a1812affdaa4965e1d2e0be2ce32d9ab80e5058ec730366c9b732f060b35072c. “Effect of foot reflexology on chronic pain in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0327865). · CC-BY-4.0

• blood oxygenation level-dependent: The definition adds a general mechanism-and-purpose explanation that is not stated in the packet, so the substantive sense is only partly supported.; The packet does not explicitly define “blood oxygenation level-dependent” as a “functional MRI signal” measuring “changes in blood oxygenation” in a region.; The packet does not state that the term is “often called the BOLD response” or “BOLD activation.”; The packet supports the abbreviation BOLD and the phrases “functional blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response” and “BOLD activation,” but it does not define blood oxygenation level-dependent as the fMRI signal used to detect brain activity or explain that it measures changes in blood oxygenation in a region.

  Harris Ashley D.; Puts Nicolaas A. J.; Anderson Brian A.; Yantis Steven; Pekar James J.; Barker Peter B.; Edden Richard A. E.. Multi-Regional Investigation of the Relationship between Functional MRI Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Activation and GABA Concentration. 2015; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0117531; article XML SHA-256 79a212168aa040cc266e0f017261778d2a1626ad2307e5a9f7973049c49af025. “Multi-Regional Investigation of the Relationship between Functional MRI Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Activation and GABA Concentration” (10.1371/journal.pone.0117531). · CC-BY-4.0

• body-image avoidance: The definition slightly broadens the source by saying it is a tendency to stay away from situations that trigger anxiety or discomfort; the packet specifically says it is refraining from situations that elicit worry about physical appearance.; The definition uses the term “चिंता” (anxiety) as the trigger, but the packet describes the trigger as “worry about physical appearance” and does not explicitly use “anxiety/चिंता.”; The packet supports an association with disordered eating and with body image disturbance, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that body-image avoidance is linked with body dissatisfaction.

  Marshall Rachel D.; Latner Janet D.; Masuda Akihiko. Internalized Weight Bias and Disordered Eating: The Mediating Role of Body Image Avoidance and Drive for Thinness. 2020; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02999; article XML SHA-256 7691a4026abb09a37418888ac2be8c0430007f83785da1d6e065220b7e237cc9. “Internalized Weight Bias and Disordered Eating: The Mediating Role of Body Image Avoidance and Drive for Thinness” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02999). · CC-BY-4.0

• body image: The definition uses broad wording (“emotional difficulties”) while the packet specifies “emotional disorders”; this is not an exact match to what is supported.; The packet does not explicitly support the definition’s first sentence (“Body image is how a person views and feels about their own body”); it only states that *negative body image* is prevalent among women and links it to other outcomes, without defining body image in those terms.; The packet supports only a claim about negative body image in women; it does not define body image as “how a person views and feels about their own body.”; The second sentence slightly overgeneralizes the packet’s wording by recasting “emotional disorders” as “emotional difficulties.”

  Luo Jianglin; Lyu Chen; Niu Jiayu; Lin Zhaocheng; Shi Yanhua; Ma Zhili. Effects of different exercise types on body image in females: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1942447; article XML SHA-256 2b57876bff420a9f4f01b919f4a8cd7087ebf7fb1c996559ab5a3951ecd7654f. “Effects of different exercise types on body image in females: a systematic review and network meta-analysis” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1942447). · CC-BY-4.0

• body positioning: Because the first sentence is unsupported by the packet, the overall definition cannot be considered fully defensible against the provided source.; The definition’s broad opening claim about body positioning in general is not directly supported by the source, which only discusses lateralized male-female mating positioning in Xenophallus umbratilis.; The packet does not provide or support the general definition “Body positioning is the way individuals place or orient their bodies relative to one another during an interaction.” It only discusses “male and female positioning” and “lateralized body positioning” in mating trials of *Xenophallus umbratilis*.; The supplied source is a biology article about fish mating behavior, so the requested field “learning” is not defensible from the packet.

  Nielsen Mary-Elise; Johnson Erik S; Johnson Jerald B. Does male gonopodial morphology affect male-female mating positioning in the livebearing fish Xenophallus umbratilis ?. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0281267; article XML SHA-256 c7451cf8c7d64f3a476214c6989bdf9c2cb448ab2a01242a0d830e6a4b0ca61a. “Does male gonopodial morphology affect male-female mating positioning in the livebearing fish Xenophallus umbratilis ?” (10.1371/journal.pone.0281267). · CC-BY-4.0

• borderline: The definition’s phrasing “major relationship distress” is broader than the packet’s “severe interpersonal distress”; the packet supports interpersonal distress but does not specifically frame it as “major relationship” distress.; The packet indicates emergency-department care is precipitated by crises and distress, but it does not explicitly state that episodes “can lead to crisis care,” so that phrasing is not directly supported.; The packet supports borderline personality disorder (BPD), but not the broader lexicographic claim that the standalone term “borderline” usually refers to BPD.; The packet supports suicidal behaviors and acute emotional crises, but it does not explicitly mention “other self-harming behavior,” so that part of the definition is not supported.; The wording adds a generalized clinical characterization (“major relationship distress,” “can lead to crisis care”) that is only partly supported and goes beyond the packet’s narrower emergency-department context.; “Other self-harming behavior” is not stated in the packet; it mentions suicidal behaviors, acute emotional crises, severe interpersonal distress, and elevated suicide risk only.

  Bouchard-Boivin Marissa; Hudon Alexandre; Godin Francis; Désilets Marie; Cailhol Lionel. Treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder in the emergency room? A scoping review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1820717; article XML SHA-256 1f899207786fa3bf2c17e994f0b9ca4971f28683fcf046564d26ac73f47335b8. “Treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder in the emergency room? A scoping review” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1820717). · CC-BY-4.0

• bottom-up processing: The definition presents “mode of information handling” as a characterization of bottom-up processing; the packet does not provide wording or an explicit basis for this framing beyond the frontal/parietal role contrast.; The definition’s claim that bottom-up processing “refers to processing that is driven more by incoming sensory or task information than by higher-level control” is not directly supported by the packet text, which only states that frontal regions relate to top-down processing and parietal areas relate to bottom-up processing without specifying this sensory-vs-control driving contrast.; The packet supports only the contrast that frontal regions are associated with top-down processing and parietal areas with bottom-up processing; it does not support the added general definition that bottom-up processing is driven more by incoming sensory or task information than by higher-level control.; The source is a single article background statement, so the definition should not present a broader general characterization as established consensus beyond what this packet explicitly says.

  Keshvari Fatemeh; Farsi Alireza; Abdoli Behrouz; Bahrami Alireza. The effect of targeting and interceptive timing tasks on the brain waves of elite and educated athletes. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0321539; article XML SHA-256 ec57b5ab23d981fa5cbd750f0a4a9e175aca9c2831a32e25849aca04988aa5f2. “The effect of targeting and interceptive timing tasks on the brain waves of elite and educated athletes” (10.1371/journal.pone.0321539). · CC-BY-4.0

• brain pathology: The claim that brain pathology “can alter its usual structure and function” is only indirectly suggested by mentions of “cortical reorganisation” and assumptions about structure-function relationships, but the exact phrasing about altering usual structure/function is not directly supported.; The definition asserts that imaging analyses become “more difficult and less reliable”; the packet supports that tractography analyses are difficult and that methods can fail or introduce confounds, but it does not explicitly support the word “less reliable.”; The definition’s characterization of brain pathology as “disease-related or injury-related abnormal changes” is not stated in the provided packet text.; The packet does not explicitly support the broader claim that brain pathology alters usual brain structure and function in general; it only notes that assumptions about structure-function relationships may not hold after cortical reorganisation in the study context.; The packet supports that brain pathology can make diffusion tractography analyses difficult and less reliable, but it does not define the term as disease-related or injury-related abnormal changes in the brain.

  Reid Lee B; Cunnington Ross; Boyd Roslyn N; Rose Stephen E. Surface-Based fMRI-Driven Diffusion Tractography in the Presence of Significant Brain Pathology: A Study Linking Structure and Function in Cerebral Palsy. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0159540; article XML SHA-256 86d182bc86768bbe54eee0bc3d334d139a30aa4ec005e4f2ed3986520ac707b7. “Surface-Based fMRI-Driven Diffusion Tractography in the Presence of Significant Brain Pathology: A Study Linking Structure and Function in Cerebral Palsy” (10.1371/journal.pone.0159540). · CC-BY-4.0

• brain potential: The definition’s first sentence (“A brain potential is a pattern of electrical activity from the brain recorded with electroencephalography (EEG)”) is a general characterization that is not explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The packet supports event-related brain potential markers (ERPs) recorded with EEG during task events, but it does not define the broader term "brain potential" as a general pattern of electrical activity from the brain.; The source does not explicitly support the claim that the term refers specifically to cues, go trials, or nogo trials as a definitional sense rather than as study-specific measurements.; While the packet clearly discusses EEG-recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reports ERP markers for cue/go/nogo trials during a flanked CPT, it does not define the term “brain potential” in the broad way claimed by the definition.

  Lau-Zhu Alex; Tye Charlotte; Rijsdijk Frühling; McLoughlin Grainne. No evidence of associations between ADHD and event-related brain potentials from a continuous performance task in a population-based sample of adolescent twins. 2019; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0223460; article XML SHA-256 b84e691bf81e346a0fbe32a15983f93731d860561a467b16f35e1e0e05de9c3d. “No evidence of associations between ADHD and event-related brain potentials from a continuous performance task in a population-based sample of adolescent twins” (10.1371/journal.pone.0223460). · CC-BY-4.0

• brain weight: Because that comparative-use/generalization is not explicitly supported by the supplied packet text, the requested sense of the term is not fully defensible from the provided source.; The packet does not explicitly state that brain weight is used as a “basic indicator” for comparing brain development or exposure effects between groups; it only reports that pup brain weight was measured and differed between treated and control mice.; The packet supports that brain weight was measured in a specific mouse study, but it does not establish the general definition “the measured mass of the brain.”; The second sentence generalizes beyond the packet: the article shows a single exposure experiment where pup brain weight differed between groups, but it does not support the broader claim that brain weight is generally used as a basic indicator for comparing brain development or exposures in biological research.

  J Bradley Adrienne; Mashburn-Warren Lauren; Blalock Lexie C; Scarpetti Francesca; Lauber Christian L. Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles alter cortical neurons and Tau phosphorylation in the embryonic mouse brain. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0310482; article XML SHA-256 4c95e88af7a9eb81f62e51336a5f4fa085f7ae6cc595fb6489e805a90553d5ac. “Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles alter cortical neurons and Tau phosphorylation in the embryonic mouse brain” (10.1371/journal.pone.0310482). · CC-BY-4.0

• branching: The definition goes beyond the source by presenting the article’s model as a definitional meaning rather than as an article-specific proposal tied to autism symptom development.; The packet does not explicitly support the characterization of “aberrant branching” as “unusually increased or misdirected” connection growth; it only states that offline over-activity would entail “aberrant branching between cortical columns.”; The packet supports a speculative claim about guided axon growth/new connections between cortical columns during sleep, but it does not establish a general dictionary sense for “branching” as a standard term meaning.; “Misdirected connection growth” is not supported by the source text; the packet only says “aberrant branching between cortical columns.”

  Béroule Dominique G. The irreplaceable role of sleep in building long-term memories: offline integration of free cortical units and its possible implication in autism. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1777687; article XML SHA-256 a9ca48e91948e03a91c124ff88bc9c9216b68c65f5a4ad33e88ee2916f9062e8. “The irreplaceable role of sleep in building long-term memories: offline integration of free cortical units and its possible implication in autism” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1777687). · CC-BY-4.0

• branding: The definition’s wording “often as a cultural practice” is not supported by the packet text, which does not indicate frequency (“often”).; The packet supports branding as body modification done as a cultural practice or expression of creativity or identity, but it does not support the added frequency claim "often."; The packet’s provided wording defines branding via “wounding … by branding … as a cultural practice or expression of creativity or identity,” but does not connect “branding” to the field labeled “cognition” in any way.; While the packet has the source label “Body Modification, Non-Therapeutic,” the packet excerpt itself does not explicitly say “non-therapeutic,” so that part of the definition is not directly supported by the provided text.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Body Modification, Non-Therapeutic” (D046289). · public-domain-US-government

• breakthrough: The assigned field “cognition” is not defensible from the packet, which is about seizure-related adverse events/finding criteria rather than cognition.; The definition asserts the packet meaning as “generalized seizures” occurring “despite medical intervention,” which is supported, but the requested field mapping (“cognition”) is not supported by the packet text.; The definition generalizes beyond the packet’s wording by treating the term as a broader symptom category instead of the narrower seizure phrase present in the source.; The packet supports the specific phrase “breakthrough generalized seizures despite medical intervention,” but not a standalone cognition sense for “breakthrough.”; The provided packet content for “breakthrough” explicitly refers to “breakthrough generalized seizures despite medical intervention,” which supports the seizure-based sense, but it does not support assigning this term to the field “cognition.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Grade 3 Tumor Lysis Syndrome, CTCAE 6.0” (C221303). · CC-BY-4.0

• breeding behavior: The field ‘learning’ is not defensible from the packet; the source is about amphibian breeding/vocalization and urbanization, not learning or psychology/counselling content.; The packet does not explicitly state that the described “calling patterns” are “linked to mating,” only that calling behavior is examined as part of reproductive/breeding behavior and can be influenced by habitat alteration and anthropogenic noise (and that higher temperature is among the changed environmental factors considered).; The packet does not support the general definition that “breeding behavior is the set of actions animals use in reproduction.” It only discusses that “calling behavior of anurans” is “unique and exclusive breeding behavior,” without defining breeding behavior as a broader set of actions.; The supplied packet supports frog/anuran vocal and calling behavior during breeding, but not the broader claim that breeding behavior is generally “the set of actions animals use in reproduction.”

  Lee Ji-A.; Rahman Md Mizanur; Cheon Seung-Ju; Borzée Amaël; Sung Ha-Cheol. The influences of urbanization on breeding behavior of American bullfrog ( Aquarana catesbeiana ) in South Korea. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0326201; article XML SHA-256 de7fdd35724612dc79eec4bb8e49d4c4442fd425ae1536f7eb35ad2f23756e76. “The influences of urbanization on breeding behavior of American bullfrog ( Aquarana catesbeiana ) in South Korea” (10.1371/journal.pone.0326201). · CC-BY-4.0

• Brief Visuospatial Memory Test: The definition claims it is “one of the tests used to measure cognitive outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis.” While the packet does say that cognitive evaluations in MS included tests including BVMT, it does not provide further support for the definition’s broader framing (e.g., evaluation of visuospatial memory).; The definition claims the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test “is a cognitive assessment used to evaluate visuospatial memory,” but the packet only lists BVMT as one of several cognitive evaluation tests and does not state what it evaluates.; The first sentence adds a definitional claim about the test’s purpose that is not supported by the supplied source.; The packet supports that Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (BVMT) was listed among cognitive tests used in studies of people with multiple sclerosis, but it does not state that the test evaluates visuospatial memory.

  Golabi Behnam; Razmaray Hadis; Seyedi-Sahebari Sepideh; Bandehagh Heliya; Hakimzadeh Zahra; Khosroshahi Ailin; Moghaddamziabari Seyedehyasmin; Aghaei Negar; Sanaie Sarvin; Talebi Mahnaz; Naseri Amirreza. Sleep and cognitive outcomes in multiple sclerosis; a systematic review. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12888-024-06103-5; article XML SHA-256 40ad529e9c4b68d3e080dcadb9791f517c833f56f3807a128b9c7dbdae3bf26b. “Sleep and cognitive outcomes in multiple sclerosis; a systematic review” (10.1186/s12888-024-06103-5). · CC-BY-4.0

• broken sleep: Because the definition’s key characterization of the term is not explicitly supported by the provided packet, the requested sense of the term is not defensible from the supplied source.; The definition adds a general gloss that is not supported by the packet; only the association with insomnia is directly supported.; The packet only lists “broken sleep” as a component of “Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) Insomnia” (with related symptoms), but it does not define “broken sleep” as “sleep that is interrupted rather than continuous through the night.”; The packet supports that “broken sleep” appears in a HAMA insomnia list, but it does not explicitly define broken sleep as sleep that is interrupted rather than continuous through the night.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “HAMA - Insomnia” (C102076). · CC-BY-4.0

• bufotenin: Field mismatch: the term refers to a hallucinogenic substance, not a diagnosis. The provided packet describes bufotenin as a serotonin analog used in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic, without presenting it as a diagnostic label.; The definition adds an unsupported framing of a “mental health context” as though this were a diagnostic concept, which the source packet does not establish.; The requested field is not defensible for this term: bufotenin is a substance/chemical agent, not a diagnosis-term entry.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Bufotenin” (D002027). · public-domain-US-government

• bulbar paralysis: The definition adds an inferred meaning that is not stated in the source; a citation to the headword entry alone is not enough to support that specific sense.; The packet does not explicitly define “bulbar paralysis” as “paralysis associated with the bulb”; it only states that “Bulb” is a synonym for the medulla oblongata and that the term is used in combination “as bulbar paralysis.”; The packet supports that “bulb” is a synonym for the medulla oblongata and that the expression “bulbar paralysis” occurs as a combination, but it does not define “bulbar paralysis” as paralysis associated with the bulb.; While the packet supports the link between “bulb” and the medulla oblongata, the specific phrasing that “bulbar paralysis” is a historical term for paralysis associated with the bulb is not directly supported.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Bulb” (Bulb). · public-domain-US

• burst: The packet does not explicitly describe “burst firing” as a “pattern of rapid neuronal activity.” It only states that burst firing in lateral habenula is enhanced under stress/depression and that ketamine blocks burst firing.; The packet supports burst firing in the lateral habenula, but it does not explicitly define it as “a pattern of rapid neuronal activity in lateral habenula cells.”; The rest of the description about increased burst firing under stress and depression and its possible role as a cellular mechanism and therapeutic target in depression is supported.

  Zhou Rong; Lu Jingjing; Ling Yunxiang; Wang Hong; Cui Lijun; Pan Yongliang; Chen Huanxin. NMDA receptors are not necessary for burst firing of lateral habenula neurons in mice. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1828920; article XML SHA-256 dad491fff0f58e421a866767a1aece5ea1f0401c5595e97465689d0dc3349eab. “NMDA receptors are not necessary for burst firing of lateral habenula neurons in mice” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1828920). · CC-BY-4.0

• calcitonin: The definition presents broad “may be mentioned because” rationale; while the packet discusses trialled uses and hypothesised mechanisms, it does not support the specific “psychology-related contexts” linkage.; The definition’s phrase “In psychology-related contexts” is not supported by the packet, which discusses biological/analgesic mechanisms (e.g., phantom limb pain) rather than explicitly framing calcitonin for psychology/cognition contexts.; The phrase “in psychology-related contexts” is unsupported by the packet; the source discusses adjunct analgesic trials and pain mechanisms, not a psychology/counselling usage of the term.; The supplied packet supports calcitonin as a 32-amino-acid polypeptide hormone with receptors in the brain and other tissues, but it does not support classifying this entry in the field of cognition or any psychology-specific sense.

  Vidyasagar Sneha; Jeyaraman Kanakamani; Zahir Syeda Farah; Varghese Paul. Calcitonin as an adjunct for phantom limb pain. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0351739; article XML SHA-256 56fa91bf4c220804f142b5c9162b3bc5bb5b05e18dd0af09a2426c2e68f189a9. “Calcitonin as an adjunct for phantom limb pain” (10.1371/journal.pone.0351739). · CC-BY-4.0

• cancellation test: The definition claims it is used “particularly in the assessment of attention-related difficulties,” but the packet does not link the cancellation test specifically to attention assessment (it only reports that attention-related symptoms were commonly self-reported and that overall neurocognitive alterations were relevant to attention/working memory, without attributing this to the cancellation test itself).; The definition goes beyond the packet by generalizing from one study to a generic test definition and by implying a specific clinical use that is not established here.; The definition’s explanation of the sense/meaning of “cancellation test” is not directly supported by the packet’s text.; The packet does not support the added characterization that the test is used particularly for attention-related difficulties; it only reports that some participants had persistent attention symptoms and that attention was among the domains of measurable change.; The packet only shows that the Multiple Feature Target Cancellation Test was one of several neuropsychological tests used in a post-COVID-19 study; it does not support the broader definitional claim that a cancellation test is generally a neuropsychological assessment task used to evaluate cognitive function.; The packet only states that the “Multiple Feature Target Cancellation Test” was used as one of several neuropsychological tests in an outpatient assessment; it does not define what a “cancellation test” is, what “target-cancellation measure” means, or the general purpose of cancellation tests.

  Lauria Alessandra; Carfì Angelo; Benvenuto Francesca; Bramato Giulia; Ciciarello Francesca; Rocchi Sara; Rota Elisabetta; Salerno Andrea; Stella Leonardo; Tritto Marcello; Di Paola Antonella; Pais Cristina; Tosato Matteo; Janiri Delfina; Sani Gabriele; Lo Monaco Rita; Pagano Francesco C.; Fantoni Massimo; Bernabei Roberto; Landi Francesco; Bizzarro Alessandra; Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-acute Care Group. Neuropsychological measures of post-COVID-19 cognitive status. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1136667; article XML SHA-256 a297ea954317be0796968e91442529c2d7681a9e769c654cddca49e1955bf3a0. “Neuropsychological measures of post-COVID-19 cognitive status” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1136667). · CC-BY-4.0

• cancer: The definition says distress “may be accompanied by pain,” but the packet frames pain as the context (“cancer-related pain is frequently accompanied by psychological distress”).; The packet only supports statements about “cancer-related pain” being accompanied by psychological distress; it does not support the claim that “cancer is a physical illness” in a mental health context.; The packet supports cancer-related pain being accompanied by psychological distress, which may worsen symptom burden and impair quality of life, but it does not explicitly support defining cancer here as a physical illness.; The packet supports that distress “may worsen symptom burden and impair quality of life,” but the definition also broadens this to cancer generally rather than specifically cancer-related pain; this generalization is not supported by the provided text.; The wording ‘may be accompanied by pain’ is broader than the packet, which specifically discusses cancer-related pain rather than cancer itself.

  Hu Yue; Liu Hai-Xiao; Wang Ling-Yun; Li Chang-Lin; Li Dong-Tao; Meng Ling-Han; Zheng Guang-Da; Bao Yan-Ju. Efficacy of psychological interventions versus standard care for cancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1811605; article XML SHA-256 66ecdebae1b3d05433a23849a016b0c4fb8e8ee78dfbb4a01d9213e1c740cbf4. “Efficacy of psychological interventions versus standard care for cancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1811605). · CC-BY-4.0

• card-sorting test: The definition generalizes from the specific Berg Card Sorting Test to a generic card-sorting test without support that this sense is the intended entry scope.; The definition states that cards/card-like images are sorted “according to changing rules,” but the provided packet does not explicitly describe changing rules as part of the Berg Card Sorting Test procedure (it only notes that the BCST is like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and is administered based on Berg’s procedures, without stating the changing-rule mechanism in the supplied text).; The packet supports a Berg Card Sorting Test as a neurobehavioral test of executive function, but it does not explicitly state that cards are sorted according to changing rules.

  Fox Christopher J.; Mueller Shane T.; Gray Hilary M.; Raber Jacob; Piper Brian J.. Evaluation of a Short-Form of the Berg Card Sorting Test. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0063885; article XML SHA-256 796c589459fb961af52d715e176483ba2f17a775a608a94e8ea05a3ed159f87e. “Evaluation of a Short-Form of the Berg Card Sorting Test” (10.1371/journal.pone.0063885). · CC-BY-4.0

• cardiovascular reactivity: The added explanation about heart-and-circulation responses during a task relating to cognitive performance goes beyond the packet’s wording and is an unsupported generalization.; The definition’s phrase “heart-and-circulation responses” is not supported by any explicit wording in the provided packet.; The packet does not describe cardiovascular reactivity as “how bodily heart-and-circulation responses during a task may relate to cognitive performance,” beyond the general association tested in the study.; The packet only states that the study tested whether “cardiovascular reactivity to a task” is associated with cognitive improvement, but it does not define “cardiovascular reactivity” or specify “the degree to which cardiovascular activity changes.”; The packet supports only that cardiovascular reactivity to a task was examined as being associated with cognitive improvement; it does not define the term as the degree of change in cardiovascular activity in response to a task or other demand.

  Ong Lai Teik Derek; Lee Xiao Shiang; Lim Chu Jian; Low Chia Mei; Muslima Mariyam; Aquili Luca. Ginseng and Ginkgo Biloba Effects on Cognition as Modulated by Cardiovascular Reactivity: A Randomised Trial. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0150447; article XML SHA-256 558d29350cb32762ea20f543a1843d645c075be0694d95f7cc2873c0b1d79d4e. “Ginseng and Ginkgo Biloba Effects on Cognition as Modulated by Cardiovascular Reactivity: A Randomised Trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0150447). · CC-BY-4.0

• carnal: The claim that carnal means “bodily or physical in a sexual sense” is not stated in the source; the text only says the sexual feeling is “imaginative and emotional rather than carnal.”; The definition turns a contrast in the source into a positive definition of carnal, which goes beyond what the historical text supports.; The packet (Baldwin 1901) only uses the term “carnal” in a contrast (“sexual feeling is imaginative and emotional rather than carnal”) and does not explicitly state that, in this usage, “carnal means bodily or physical in a sexual sense.”; The packet does not define the headword “carnal”; its source record is for “Erotomania or Eroticomania,” so the requested sense is not directly supported.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Erotomania or Eroticomania” (Erotomania). · public-domain-US

• carotid artery: The claim that the carotid artery is a ‘major blood vessel’ is not supported by the supplied source text.; The definition claims the internal carotid artery is “a major blood vessel,” but the provided packet does not support that description.; The definition presents the microcirculation effect as a settled fact; in the packet this is framed as a hypothesis and study aim, not as established current consensus.; The packet supports atherosclerotic stenosis of the internal carotid artery causing or being associated with disturbances in cerebral and retinal microcirculation, but it does not support defining the term itself as the internal carotid artery.

  Magyar-Stang Rita; István Lilla; Pál Hanga; Csányi Borbála; Gaál Anna; Mihály Zsuzsanna; Czinege Zsófia; Sótonyi Péter; Tamás Horváth; Koller Akos; Bereczki Dániel; Kovács Illés; Debreczeni Róbert. Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity correlates with reduced retinal vessel density in patients with carotid artery stenosis: Cross-sectional, single center study. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0291521; article XML SHA-256 b3773acc01d5c8c9683ff464515a79e1ef6ed0d730de6c64226d2114ad8b53fe. “Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity correlates with reduced retinal vessel density in patients with carotid artery stenosis: Cross-sectional, single center study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0291521). · CC-BY-4.0

• Cartesian coordinate system: The definition adds unsupported generalization by calling it a “standard x–y framework”; the packet only says the Cartesian coordinate system is the default framework used in traffic conflict research, not that it is standard in general.; The definition includes an additional example (“such as vehicle movement and conflict points”) that is not explicitly stated as such in the packet; the packet mentions conflict identification and vehicle trajectories, but not that these are the examples framing the term.; The packet does not support the claim that the Cartesian coordinate system is specifically a “standard x–y framework.” It only describes Cartesian as being predominantly adopted by default and uses “Cartesian framework/straight-line equations,” without stating an x–y form.; The packet supports that Cartesian methods are workable on straight segments but are complicated/less accurate on curved segments, yet the definition’s comparison phrasing (“does not capture curved trajectories and lane changes as accurately or simply as … Frenet”) is broader than the packet’s specific statements about boundary fitting complexity and applicability/reliability.; The requested field is not well supported by the packet: the source is about traffic-conflict identification on roads, not the learning field.; The statement about representing “positions and trajectories” is broader than the packet, which discusses determining vehicle trajectory points and traffic conflict locations in this specific context.

  Wu Jingan; Zhu Shunying; Jiang Ruoxi; He Taotao; Chen Jinquan. Traffic conflict identification method on curved road based on Frenet coordinate system. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0344023; article XML SHA-256 5e9afcfd8216184d844c7f6b39f5b5a6b8252779e03dc82263d7c7948ad03c75. “Traffic conflict identification method on curved road based on Frenet coordinate system” (10.1371/journal.pone.0344023). · CC-BY-4.0

• cata-: The definition gives the acronym CATA (‘check-all-that-apply’) rather than the supplied term cata-.; The packet does not state that participants indicate all attributes that fit the item, nor that this shows how they perceive/distinguish qualities; it only reports that CATA results identified discriminating attributes between wines.; The packet mentions the “Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) method” but does not define it as a “check-all-that-apply” method or as a “descriptive sensory test.”; The packet supports CATA only as a descriptive sensory test used in a wine perception study; it does not establish a dictionary sense for the term itself.; The wording broadens the method into a general explanation of how people perceive and distinguish qualities, which is not directly supported by the packet.

  Sánchez Elena; Oliveras Ingrid; Romero del Castillo Maria Roser; Salazar Angeles. Influence of the sociocultural perspective on the sensory perception of wine consumers in Mexico and Spain. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1171289; article XML SHA-256 64ba90cfdd89610972f57bddb63008592194bf725bc962f10a1b200317f4f3e3. “Influence of the sociocultural perspective on the sensory perception of wine consumers in Mexico and Spain” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1171289). · CC-BY-4.0

• catecholaminergic: The definition adds a general meaning for the term beyond the packet’s specific study context; the supported sense here is only that catecholaminergic inputs to CA1 were lesioned and were associated with reduced CA1 activity and impaired object-location memory.; The packet does not define catecholamines as “a group of chemical messengers in the nervous system,” so the first sentence’s characterization is unsupported by the provided source.; The packet supports catecholaminergic inputs to CA1, but it does not define catecholamines as “a group of chemical messengers in the nervous system.”; The packet supports that the study “lesioned the catecholaminergic inputs to CA1,” and that this affected c-Fos levels and impaired object location memory, but it does not support the full wording of the definition’s first sentence.

  Crestani Ana Paula; Teratani-Ota Yusuke; Wiltgen Brian Joseph. Object location memories recruit distal CA1 and catecholaminergic inputs to proximodistal CA1. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0337834; article XML SHA-256 0ade106e33931a9b8bf44d5714a94d6723e51991329f09590488619901a3f9ff. “Object location memories recruit distal CA1 and catecholaminergic inputs to proximodistal CA1” (10.1371/journal.pone.0337834). · CC-BY-4.0

• cell death: The definition mentions “injury-related death” as a biologically distinct form; the packet lists distinct types (e.g., apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy) and discusses programmed cell death, but it does not support the specific characterization “injury-related death.”; The definition slightly generalizes beyond the packet by presenting the forms of cell death as a broad, settled set in a way the source does not explicitly state.; The definition’s phrase “through several biologically distinct forms such as programmed self-destruction” is only partially supported: the packet supports programmed cell death and genetically regulated self-destruction, but the comparison to “injury-related death” is not supported.; The field requested is “diagnosis,” but the packet provides general biological context about cell death functions and disease associations, not any diagnostic-sense usage.; The phrase "injury-related death" is not supported by the packet; the source mentions distinct types such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, but does not characterize any of them as injury-related.

  Gao Yuanxiao; Zhao Xueyan; Li Caixia. The evolution of irreversible cell differentiation under cell death effect. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0315255; article XML SHA-256 7c22acba9d5720c6da4bfd9bb18671e7fd43262502b479abd33c8dee1bd3bc37. “The evolution of irreversible cell differentiation under cell death effect” (10.1371/journal.pone.0315255). · CC-BY-4.0

• center of gravity: Some additional implied framing (“improving the strength and stability of the septal L-strut design”) is directionally supported, but because the definition includes the unsupported “mass is balanced” characterization, the substantive claim is not defensible under the provided packet.; The definition’s first sentence is broader than the packet’s wording; the source does not define center of gravity as a general way of judging any structure’s mass balance under load, only in the context of this specific septal design analysis.; The definition’s phrase that center of gravity is “the point used in judging how a structure’s mass is balanced” is not explicitly supported by the packet text. The packet mentions using “principles of static equilibrium, such as the center of gravity” and relates a “lower center of gravity” to “strength and stability,” but it does not describe center of gravity as a “point used” for judging “mass balance.”; The packet supports an engineering/biomechanics sense of center of gravity in septal L-strut modeling, not a learning or psychology/counselling sense.

  Wongchadakul Patcharaporn; Lohasammakul Suphalerk; Rattanadecho Phadungsak; Chu-Ongsakul Sorawuth. The advanced concepts for septal l-strut re-designing in septorhinoplasty for better strength and stability by considering of center of gravity. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0288607; article XML SHA-256 711adc3425f03116e1f878051300e5341907139e79e502d327e2d0f7c0daccef. “The advanced concepts for septal l-strut re-designing in septorhinoplasty for better strength and stability by considering of center of gravity” (10.1371/journal.pone.0288607). · CC-BY-4.0

• centroid: The definition’s phrasing about “grouped data are organized” is not supported by the provided packet text.; The packet does not define what a “centroid” is (e.g., as a central representative point). It only mentions “centroid-based clustering” and that re-positioning is handled by “Neural Gas,” without explaining the centroid concept.; The packet supports only that Neural Gas is a centroid-based clustering algorithm used to re-position units; it does not define a centroid as a 'central representative point' or as a reference around which grouped data are organized.; The requested sense is not defensibly biological from the packet; the source is about clustering algorithms and data streams, not a biological concept definition.

  Migenda Nico; Möller Ralf; Schenck Wolfram. H-NGPCA: Hierarchical clustering of data streams with adaptive number of clusters and adaptive dimensionality. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0339171; article XML SHA-256 98b8d08c57914cdbfc0105f388b89d38bce461a52b192094ade1cda41efc9480. “H-NGPCA: Hierarchical clustering of data streams with adaptive number of clusters and adaptive dimensionality” (10.1371/journal.pone.0339171). · CC-BY-4.0

• cerebral hypoplasia: The definition is not fully supported as written because it mixes a general diagnostic definition with a source-specific description, rather than restricting itself to what the packet actually states.; The packet does not provide the definition that cerebral hypoplasia means the cerebrum is “smaller or has less volume than expected” on imaging; it only reports the term “Cerebral hypoplasia/atrophy” as a finding.; The source supports that cerebral hypoplasia/atrophy was observed in some children with Pallister-Killian syndrome, but it does not define cerebral hypoplasia as a general structural brain abnormality in which the cerebrum is smaller or has less volume than expected on imaging.; The wording ‘in this source, it is described as a neuroradiological finding … often discussed together with cerebral atrophy as part of cerebral volume loss’ goes beyond the packet’s wording; the packet reports ‘cerebral hypoplasia/atrophy’ and separately mentions literature findings of ‘cerebral brain volume loss up to cerebral atrophy,’ but it does not establish that cerebral hypoplasia is a distinct named entity or current consensus definition.; While the packet supports that “cerebral hypoplasia/atrophy” occurs in a subset of children with Pallister-Killian syndrome and that brain volume loss/cerebral atrophy are discussed, it does not explicitly state that cerebral hypoplasia is “often discussed together with cerebral atrophy as part of cerebral volume loss” in the definitional sense used in the provided definition.

  Fetta Anna; Toni Francesco; Pettenuzzo Ilaria; Ricci Emilia; Rocca Alessandro; Gambi Caterina; Soliani Luca; Di Pisa Veronica; Martini Silvia; Sperti Giacomo; Cagnazzo Valeria; Accorsi Patrizia; Bartolini Emanuele; Battaglia Domenica; Bernardo Pia; Canevini Maria Paola; Ferrari Anna Rita; Giordano Lucio; Locatelli Chiara; Mancardi Margherita; Orsini Alessandro; Pippucci Tommaso; Pruna Dario; Rosati Anna; Suppiej Agnese; Tagliani Sara; Vaisfeld Alessandro; Vignoli Aglaia; Izumi Kosuke; Krantz Ian; Cordelli Duccio Maria. Structural brain abnormalities in Pallister-Killian syndrome: a neuroimaging study of 31 children. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s13023-024-03065-5; article XML SHA-256 835f0e0b06a353964dc514da12b55e5c80089943dac51630aba02be1582874c6. “Structural brain abnormalities in Pallister-Killian syndrome: a neuroimaging study of 31 children” (10.1186/s13023-024-03065-5). · CC-BY-4.0

• cerebral palsy: The definition says it is a “group of lifelong movement disorders,” while the packet describes it as “nonprogressive motor disorders” and does not explicitly state “lifelong.”; The definition states that cerebral palsy is caused by “brain injury or abnormal brain development,” but the packet only describes it as caused by “chronic brain injuries” (originating prenatal/perinatal/first few years) and does not mention abnormal brain development.; The packet supports a nonprogressive motor disorder caused by chronic brain injuries originating in the prenatal, perinatal, or first few years of life, but it does not support the added claim that cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development.; The wording "lifelong" is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Cerebral Palsy” (D002547). · public-domain-US-government

• cerebral vascular disease: The definition adds a general characterization of the term that is not directly supported by the supplied source text.; The definition characterizes the term as “a disease category,” but the packet does not describe it in those categorical terms.; The definition claims the disease is related to the “brain’s vascular system,” which is not explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The packet does not define or discuss “cerebral vascular disease” as a standalone brain vascular disease category; it only mentions “cardio-cerebral vascular disease” in the context of prevention.; The packet specifically mentions “cardio-cerebral vascular disease,” but the definition does not account for this and instead refers more generally to “cerebral vascular disease.”

  Qin Guangming; Luo Laisheng; Lv Lihong; Xiao Yufei; Tu Jiangfeng; Tao Lisha; Wu Jiaqi; Tang Xiaoxiao; Pan Wensheng. Decision Tree Analysis of Traditional Risk Factors of Carotid Atherosclerosis and a Cutpoint-Based Prevention Strategy. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0111769; article XML SHA-256 28ca096ad72b0d1307cc06e7d73cb5d5e83396b464622a7227adcbd3c238c602. “Decision Tree Analysis of Traditional Risk Factors of Carotid Atherosclerosis and a Cutpoint-Based Prevention Strategy” (10.1371/journal.pone.0111769). · CC-BY-4.0

• cerebro-: The definition adds an interpretive gloss about what the word part “refers to” that is not directly supported by the packet and goes beyond the supplied source.; The packet does not support the claim that “cerebro-” is specifically described as a “biological word part.” It only provides usage of the term in “cerebro-spinal” in the context of cerebrospinal fluid flow.; The packet supports use in the compound “cerebro-spinal” and mentions cerebrospinal fluid flow, but it does not support the broader phrase “cerebrospinal system.”; While the packet supports references to “cerebro-spinal” / “cerebro spinal fluid flow pattern,” it does not explicitly state that “cerebro-” refers to the cerebrospinal system or its fluid flow as the requested standalone meaning of the prefix.

  Leblond Lugdivine; Sudres Patrice; Evin Morgane. Cerebro-spinal flow pattern in the cervical subarachnoid space of healthy volunteers: Influence of the spinal cord morphology. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0290927; article XML SHA-256 7c1a5b62015a3f7890466c5fcb56c6990d74a4ab0a609f5f2a62935a1ee2db50. “Cerebro-spinal flow pattern in the cervical subarachnoid space of healthy volunteers: Influence of the spinal cord morphology” (10.1371/journal.pone.0290927). · CC-BY-4.0

• cerebrospinal fluid: The definition adds that cerebrospinal fluid is "clear"; the packet supports only that it is a watery fluid.; The definition states cerebrospinal fluid is “clear,” but the provided packet only describes it as a “watery fluid” and does not mention clarity/being clear.; The rest of the definition is supported, but the added unsupported property makes it fail under the source-only rule.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Cerebrospinal Fluid” (D002555). · public-domain-US-government

• cerebrum: The definition claims the cerebrum is “the largest part of the brain,” but the provided packet text does not state that the cerebrum is the largest part.; The remainder of the description (right/left hemispheres, outer cerebral cortex and subcortical basal ganglia, inclusion of all parts within the skull except medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum, and functions including sensorimotor/emotional/intellectual activities) is supported by the packet.; “Largest part of the brain” is not stated in the packet.; “Supports movement and sensation” is an interpretation of “sensorimotor” rather than a direct supported phrasing.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Cerebrum” (D054022). · public-domain-US-government

• cervical ganglion: The first sentence generalizes beyond the packet: it defines “cervical ganglion” broadly as a sympathetic nerve-cell cluster in the neck and part of the autonomic nervous system, but the packet only discusses the superior cervical ganglion in a rat study and does not define the general term.; The packet mentions sympathetic ganglia and measures synaptic plasticity (LTP) in the superior cervical ganglion, but it does not explicitly state that the SCG/cervical ganglion is located in the neck or that it is a “sympathetic nerve-cell cluster” in the way the definition claims.; The packet only discusses the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in rats and does not explicitly define what a “cervical ganglion” is (e.g., as a sympathetic nerve-cell cluster in the neck) in general terms.; The packet supports the superior cervical ganglion as a site of altered synaptic transmission and plasticity in sympathetic activity, but not as a basis for a full generic definition of “cervical ganglion.”

  Elinos Diana; Veladiz-Gracia Fernanda; González-Sierra Constanza; Rubio-Galicia Angel; Cifuentes Fredy; Morales Miguel A.. Long-term potentiation and neurotransmitters expression and segregation are altered in the Metabolic Syndrome-associated dysautonomia. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0335728; article XML SHA-256 544f48297f1f76c1a51eb0f263ca70c5f09b4e6c4fb6838e10e136ed2cf1b54a. “Long-term potentiation and neurotransmitters expression and segregation are altered in the Metabolic Syndrome-associated dysautonomia” (10.1371/journal.pone.0335728). · CC-BY-4.0

• charlatan: The definition adds a broad general sense (“using showy or misleading claims and tricks to seem more skilled or effective”) that is not stated in the packet; the source only shows a pejorative label applied to Dr. Willis as “a bit of a charlatan” and “not always above the arts of that character.”; The definition adds an “especially in medical practice” framing that is not stated as part of a definition in the packet; the packet shows medical-related controversy but does not present that as the definitional sense of the word.; The packet does not define “charlatan” in general terms (e.g., “showy or misleading claims and tricks”); it only uses the term to criticize Dr. Willis (“a bit of a charlatan”) and references “the arts of that character.”; The packet’s support is limited to a historical critical context about Willis’s conduct (e.g., ridicule of medical assertions); it does not explicitly support the definition’s specific phrasing about “showy or misleading claims and tricks” or the generalization about “medical practice.”; The phrase “especially in medical practice” is broader than the source warrants. The packet gives a single historical medical example, but does not support a general medical-specific sense as part of the term’s definition.; The second sentence is acceptable as contextual commentary, but the overall entry should not present an unsupported generalized definition from one historical passage as if it were established by the source alone.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-136500-148500). · public-domain-US

• chemoreceptor trigger zone: The packet does not explicitly define “chemoreceptor trigger zone” as referring to the “area postrema.”; The packet identifies the structure as the area postrema, but it does not state that this is the chemoreceptor trigger zone, so the term-to-structure mapping is unsupported by the supplied source.; The packet states that the area postrema lies outside the blood-brain barrier and acts as an emetic chemoreceptor, but it does not specifically claim that it “can detect substances in the body.”; While the packet supports “acting as an emetic chemoreceptor” (related to vomiting), the definition’s phrasing “contribute to the vomiting response” is not directly stated in the packet.; “Can detect substances in the body” goes beyond the packet’s wording; the packet only says the area postrema lies outside the blood-brain barrier and acts as an emetic chemoreceptor.; “Contribute to the vomiting response” is not stated in the packet in that form; the packet says its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Area Postrema” (D031608). · public-domain-US-government

• chi-square: The definition is otherwise close to the source, but it adds a usage claim that goes beyond the supplied text.; The packet does not support the claim that chi-square tests are “commonly used” in research.; While the packet supports that chi-square tests (the oldest of these tests) are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ, the definition’s broader wording (“commonly used to examine whether two or more population distributions differ”) is not explicitly supported as stated.; “Commonly used” is not supported by the packet; the packet says only that the oldest chi-square tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Chi-Square Distribution” (D016009). · public-domain-US-government

• child care facilities: The claim that these settings can affect children’s and parents’ “adjustment” is not supported by the packet; the source discusses distress/stress after reopening, not adjustment as such.; The definition claims child care facilities “can affect both children’s and parents’ stress and adjustment,” but the packet supports stress/distress after reopening and does not mention “adjustment.”; The definition describes child care facilities as “places children leave and later return to,” which is only specifically evidenced in the packet’s COVID-19 closure/reopening context, not as a general defining feature of child care facilities.; The definition is slightly broader than the packet’s wording by generalizing from child care centers/center-based child care to “child care facilities” without support for that broader equivalence in the source.

  de Vet Sanne M.; Vrijhof Claudia I.; van der Veek Shelley M. C.; Pieplenbosch Jane M.; van Bakel Hedwig J. A.; Vermeer Harriet J.. Child Care in Times of COVID-19: Predictors of Distress in Dutch Children and Parents When Re-entering Center-Based Child Care After a 2-Month Lockdown. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718898; article XML SHA-256 495166e218ddcd14f7c9e8a828c1e7766a70c04b6f3690c61ee95eae8397ed64. “Child Care in Times of COVID-19: Predictors of Distress in Dutch Children and Parents When Re-entering Center-Based Child Care After a 2-Month Lockdown” (10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718898). · CC-BY-4.0

• child care: The claim that child care includes the physical settings and features that shape behavior is an inference from the article’s discussion of environmental play features and affordances, not a stated definition of the term.; The packet does not define child care as care provided in early learning and child care centres; it only discusses those centres as settings for children’s outdoor play.; The packet focuses on outdoor play spaces and features (e.g., gardening areas, climbing structures, tricycle paths) and their association with play behaviour; it does not directly support the broader wording that physical settings/features “shape how children behave” in general beyond outdoor play engagement.; The packet supports that early learning and child care centres support children’s regular, repeated, quality time in outdoor play, and that environmental play features are associated with children’s outdoor play behaviour; however, it does not explicitly support the claim that these centres/environments are “designed to support their development” (development is not stated in the provided text).; The wording adds developmental/supportive and repeated-time details that are broader than the source support for this term.

  Ramsden Rachel; Pike Ian; Thorne Sally; Brussoni Mariana. Children’s outdoor play at early learning and child care centres: Examining the impact of environmental play features on children’s play behaviour. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0318538; article XML SHA-256 0843125a369e92aa1490cb4627f003f6f4dc83dfb50de3c9416c953bc2c0cad9. “Children’s outdoor play at early learning and child care centres: Examining the impact of environmental play features on children’s play behaviour” (10.1371/journal.pone.0318538). · CC-BY-4.0

• child guidance: The definition adds “early support” as a specific emphasis; the packet supports prevention/prophylactic measures but does not explicitly mention “early support.”; The definition includes “care” (in addition to study), while the packet specifically describes “study and treatment”; “care” is not explicitly supported in the provided source text.; “Care” is broader than the source’s wording of “study and treatment” and is not directly supported as a definitional substitute.; “Early support” is not supported by the source text, which only states emphasis on preventive or prophylactic measures.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Child Guidance” (D002660). · public-domain-US-government

• child visitation: Field mismatch: the packet content concerns family visits/support for parent-child contact during psychiatric inpatient admission (relationship/visitation), not cognition as such.; Some wording (“important part of supporting the parent-child relationship during admission”) is more interpretive than directly stated; the packet only identifies improved provision as a mechanism to improve parent-child connection.; The definition slightly overstates a precise definition that is not given in the packet; the source only says that provision for child/family visitation is inadequate and that improved provision may improve parent-child connection, rather than explicitly defining child visitation as the stated opportunity and role.; The requested field is not supported: the source is about psychiatric inpatient family visitation, not cognition.

  Dunn Abby; Elsby-Pearson Chloe; Kalus Luise; Oliver Mark; Ratcliffe Eleanor; Cartwright-Hatton Sam. Mixed methods investigation into provision of family rooms and support for parents admitted to psychiatric inpatient units and their children: Study protocol. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0355693; article XML SHA-256 10696aa5bfc65fe9ce9222e255b27946453d7f5a423bfc5b0e7a84d663444dd6. “Mixed methods investigation into provision of family rooms and support for parents admitted to psychiatric inpatient units and their children: Study protocol” (10.1371/journal.pone.0355693). · CC-BY-4.0

• CHINS: The definition describes an anatomical structure of the mandible (chin/mentum) rather than anything related to the requested field of cognition.; The field is stated as cognition, but the definition is purely anatomical; the packet’s field eligibility note does not make this a supported cognition sense.; The packet content supports only the anatomical description (chin/mentum, fusion line, mental protuberance, mental foramen); there is no support linking it to cognition.; The term “CHINS” is treated as if it were the word “chin,” but the definition provides no support that this is the intended sense of the term “CHINS” in the packet.; Wrong sense/term pairing: the packet supports the anatomical term “Chin,” not the acronym or plural form “CHINS.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Chin” (D002680). · public-domain-US-government

• choreiform: Because the definition contains substantial elements (the chorea-like movement description) not supported by the packet, the requested sense is not fully defensible from the supplied source.; The added etymological gloss “resembling chorea” is not stated in the supplied passage, so the definition goes beyond the packet’s support.; The definition states that “choreiform means resembling chorea: involving irregular, involuntary, restless movements,” but the provided packet does not define “choreiform” in those terms (it only uses “choreiform movements” without describing irregular/involuntary/restless qualities).; The definition’s phrasing that, “in this historical passage, it refers to such movements occurring instead of a full epileptic fit,” is only partially supported: the packet says “choreiform movements or psychical equivalents may take the place of the true fit,” which supports substitution for a fit, but it does not explicitly characterize it as a “full epileptic fit.”; The packet supports only that “choreiform movements” may take the place of the true epileptic fit; it does not define the term as involving irregular, involuntary, restless movements.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-2656500-2668500). · public-domain-US

• chronic brain disorder: Because the definition includes an unsupported general characterization (long-lasting condition affecting the brain), the overall definition does not meet the support requirement.; The definition adds a broad generic gloss that goes beyond the packet’s wording and scope, instead of staying tightly anchored to the source’s specific use of the phrase in relation to epilepsy.; The first sentence (“A chronic brain disorder is a long-lasting condition affecting the brain.”) is not supported by the packet text, which only states that epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder and describes it as involving recurring seizures often after an earlier neuronal insult.; The source supports only the statement that epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder; it does not define the term ‘chronic brain disorder’ as a general category of any long-lasting condition affecting the brain.

  Machnes Ziv M.; Huang Tony C. T.; Chang Philip K. Y.; Gill Raminder; Reist Nicholas; Dezsi Gabriella; Ozturk Ezgi; Charron Francois; O’Brien Terence J.; Jones Nigel C.; McKinney R. Anne; Szyf Moshe. DNA Methylation Mediates Persistent Epileptiform Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0076299; article XML SHA-256 88fe31009cc667e8b98088e323466795fdb045002976e460212588816e60c0fa. “DNA Methylation Mediates Persistent Epileptiform Activity In Vitro and In Vivo” (10.1371/journal.pone.0076299). · CC-BY-4.0

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The definition claims COPD “can reduce … physical functioning,” but the packet only explicitly mentions reduced exercise capacity (and discusses physical wellbeing/quality of life in the context of pulmonary rehabilitation). It does not directly support the specific wording about “physical functioning.”; “physical functioning” is not supported by the source packet’s definition of COPD; the packet supports reduced exercise capacity but does not define COPD as reducing physical functioning.

  Farley Christopher; Phillips Stuart M.; Smith-Turchyn Jenna; Brooks Dina. Measurement properties of the sit-to-stand test in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis using the COSMIN guidelines. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0316451; article XML SHA-256 6944411fc1fe3969153e195fa0eb11460b99960b729ae2b819479aa4317b30bb. “Measurement properties of the sit-to-stand test in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis using the COSMIN guidelines” (10.1371/journal.pone.0316451). · CC-BY-4.0

• chronic psychosis: The definition includes elements (“impaired theory of mind and poor functioning may continue beyond general neurocognitive problems”) that are only partially supported: the packet discusses ToM deficits not being fully accounted for by general neurocognitive deficits and ToM impairment affecting functioning, but it does not support the claim that this “continues beyond” neurocognitive problems as stated.; The packet does not define chronic psychosis as a long-standing or later-stage form of psychosis, so that sense is unsupported.; The packet does not define “chronic psychosis” as a long-standing or later-stage form rather than an early-stage episode; it only mentions “chronic patients” in passing.; The packet supports discussion of theory of mind (ToM) deficits and their relation to functioning in chronic patients, but it does not substantiate the definition’s broader framing about “persistent stage of psychosis” continuing beyond “general neurocognitive problems.”; The statement that this is a persistent stage in which impaired theory of mind and poor functioning continue beyond general neurocognitive problems overstates the source; the article only says these deficits and their effects are noted in chronic patients and are not fully accounted for by other neurocognitive deficits.

  Langdon Robyn; Connors Michael H; Still Megan; Ward Philip B; Catts Stanley. Theory of mind and neurocognition in early psychosis: a quasi-experimental study. 2014; DOI 10.1186/s12888-014-0316-6; article XML SHA-256 7687abc22fc2a905f8c0d7adfc64c6594ae02dabe80e434a41e2b7974d8ed598. “Theory of mind and neurocognition in early psychosis: a quasi-experimental study” (10.1186/s12888-014-0316-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• chronically suicidal: The definition’s claim that it is “discussed alongside self-harm behaviour as a long-standing clinical problem” is only partially supported: the packet pairs “chronically suicidal and/or self-harm behaviour,” but it does not explicitly describe either as “long-standing” or provide time-based wording for the term itself.; The packet supports only that the phrase appears in a discussion of DBT as a treatment for “chronically suicidal and/or self-harm behaviour” in patients with borderline personality disorder; it does not define the term as persistent or recurring suicidal behaviour over time.; The packet uses the phrase “chronically suicidal” but does not define it (e.g., it does not explicitly state that it means persistent or recurring over time rather than a brief/isolated episode).; The statement that it is “discussed alongside self-harm behaviour as a long-standing clinical problem” adds an unsupported generalization not present in the source.

  Huntjens Anne; van den Bosch L. M. C. Wies; Sizoo Bram; Kerkhof Ad; Huibers Marcus J. H.; van der Gaag Mark. The effect of dialectical behaviour therapy in autism spectrum patients with suicidality and/ or self-destructive behaviour (DIASS): study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. 2020; DOI 10.1186/s12888-020-02531-1; article XML SHA-256 426ee99c7ed28da7f820705e173da4e9a0f4ef0f6c6958682842e816417d2586. “The effect of dialectical behaviour therapy in autism spectrum patients with suicidality and/ or self-destructive behaviour (DIASS): study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial” (10.1186/s12888-020-02531-1). · CC-BY-4.0

• chrono-: The added explanation about “circadian rhythms” is broader than what is directly supported by the packet, which mentions chronotype and circadian misalignment but does not define chrono- in those terms.; The definition’s specific phrasing about “time-based patterns such as when eating happens and how behavior aligns with circadian rhythms” is only indirectly supported (eating timing and circadian misalignment are mentioned), but the core claim about what the prefix “chrono-” means is not supported by the packet.; The packet does not define “chrono-” as a prefix or provide evidence for its general meaning (e.g., “used for things related to time or timing”).; The packet does not explicitly define chrono- as a prefix meaning “time” or “timing”; it only uses related compound terms such as “chrono-nutrition” and “chrono-related behaviours.”; The packet only discusses terms in context—“chrono-nutrition,” “chronotype,” and “social jetlag (circadian misalignment)”—rather than establishing the requested “prefix” definition.

  Rodrigues Joana; Magalhães Vânia; Santos Maria Paula; Reis Cátia; Pichel Fernando; Soares Paulo; Santos Jorge; Vilela Sofia. Weight loss in patients with severe obesity after bariatric surgery–the potential role of the chrono-nutrition, chronotype and the circadian misalignment: A study protocol of the ChronoWise prospective cohort. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0313096; article XML SHA-256 f03ebc1bdcf5243b00e0e3576705f0016aed688c9afd30ef14c9c229ba470def. “Weight loss in patients with severe obesity after bariatric surgery–the potential role of the chrono-nutrition, chronotype and the circadian misalignment: A study protocol of the ChronoWise prospective cohort” (10.1371/journal.pone.0313096). · CC-BY-4.0

• clarification: "Reducing uncertainty through added information or analysis" is an unsupported generalization beyond what the source text states.; The definition’s claims about “reducing uncertainty through added information or analysis” are not supported anywhere in the supplied packet text.; The packet only uses "clarification" in the research phrase "need for clarification using national data"; it does not support the full abstract definition given.; The provided packet does not define “clarification” or describe it as a general cognitive process; it only mentions a “need for clarification using national data” without stating what clarification means.; The source is a study background sentence, not a definitional or cognition-specific source for this term.

  Bae Yujin; Song Ye-Seul; Park Eun Hee; Hong Hyun Ju; Kim Hyewon. Associations of weight change with perceived stress and depression: a nationwide population-based study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1941947; article XML SHA-256 a496d6144e19d2d4b9c9c5dcc88b93b5d98dda5bd83763e4bd348abc94d739c2. “Associations of weight change with perceived stress and depression: a nationwide population-based study” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1941947). · CC-BY-4.0

• CLES: The packet refers to the instrument as the “Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher (CLES+T) scale.” The definition drops the “+T” and states only “CLES,” so the requested term-sense mapping is not fully supported as written.; The packet supports the CLES+T scale, not CLES alone; the definition uses the wrong acronym/sense.; The source only says CLE factors were measured via the CLES+T scale in one study context; it does not establish this as a general measure for assessing clinical learning environments.

  Bsharat Nihad; Aqtam Ibrahim; Al-Modallal Hanan; Dreidi Mutaz; Shouli Mustafa. Clinical learning environments and experiences of nursing students in West Bank Universities: A mixed-methods study. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0327506; article XML SHA-256 ed087a112da2a3f921d57be003ee2ea48690c7563da0f1fab34cb2ce95b2892f. “Clinical learning environments and experiences of nursing students in West Bank Universities: A mixed-methods study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0327506). · CC-BY-4.0

• client: The definition adds unsupported generalization: the packet only shows clients participating in counselling sessions and being analyzed at the session/client level, not that their experiences, behaviors, or outcomes are generally the focus of counselling work.; The packet does not explicitly define “client” as “the person who takes part in counselling sessions”; it only refers to “clients” as units in a study dataset (e.g., “159 sessions nested among 26 clients”).; The packet does not support the claim that clients’ “experiences, behaviors, or outcomes are the focus of the work”; the text specifically examines relationships between “client laughter” and “session outcomes,” not a general definition of counseling focus.; The research sense is only partly supported: the packet supports a client-level or between-clients comparison in a multilevel analysis, but not the broader phrasing about comparing differences between people receiving counselling.; The research-related part (“individual level when comparing differences between people receiving counselling”) is only partially supported: the packet describes a multilevel analysis separating “session-level (between-sessions) and client-level (between-clients),” but does not explicitly state that this is about “comparing differences” between people receiving counselling.

  Kang Jieun; Baek Woo Hyun; Jeong Yeon Bin; Yang Hyerin; Lee Seongchan; Lee Sang Min. Relationship between client laughter and session outcomes in metaverse counseling. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s40359-024-02260-0; article XML SHA-256 bea4f7b12601f42ef4553731b8496a60e6719466ae6b0aeeb77958e82a4e9923. “Relationship between client laughter and session outcomes in metaverse counseling” (10.1186/s40359-024-02260-0). · CC-BY-4.0

• clinical counseling: The contrast with everyday, non-invasive supports is supported, but the wording generalizes beyond the source by turning that comparison into a broader definition of the term.; The contrast with “everyday, non-invasive supports” is only indirectly supported via the packet’s discussion of “non-invasive, routine…built-environment interventions,” but the packet does not characterize those specifically as “everyday, non-invasive supports.”; The packet does not explicitly define clinical counseling as a “traditional form of psychological help” or as occurring in a “formal clinical-style setting”; it only mentions that traditional psychological interventions are often confined to “clinical counseling and questionnaire screenings.”; The packet supports that traditional psychological interventions are often confined to clinical counseling, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that clinical counseling is provided in a formal clinical-style setting.; While the packet supports the idea that clinical counseling/questionnaire screenings can “induce a sense of stigma and pathological labeling,” the definition’s additional framing (traditional/clinical-style and everyday/non-invasive) is not directly supported by the provided text.

  Chen Yu; Chen Kai; Lyu Yanxia; Qian Ruicheng. Alleviating academic stress and enhancing interdisciplinary self-efficacy in university libraries: an exploratory mixed-methods study on restorative built-environment interventions. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1904029; article XML SHA-256 13793e067bcc4dd74a9e1108ca4a426e827680c42f65f988e24154273245f4c2. “Alleviating academic stress and enhancing interdisciplinary self-efficacy in university libraries: an exploratory mixed-methods study on restorative built-environment interventions” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1904029). · CC-BY-4.0

• clinical efficacy: The definition ties “clinical efficacy” specifically to “Guided Imagery and Music” and “beneficial effects across mood disorder groups and symptom areas,” while the packet only states the aim to evaluate clinical efficacy (not that such beneficial effects have been established or that “clinical efficacy” is defined in these terms).; The definition’s core wording (“how well a clinical intervention works in improving symptoms or related outcomes”) is a generic conception of efficacy that is not explicitly supported by the provided packet text.; The first sentence gives a broad, generic definition of clinical efficacy that is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source.; The packet mentions that the review will “Evaluate clinical efficacy and transdiagnostic potential across diverse mood disorder populations and symptom domains,” but it does not substantiate the specific framing in the definition as the requested meaning of the term itself.; The packet supports a review of GIM’s clinical efficacy and transdiagnostic potential in mood disorders, but it does not support the broader claim about effectiveness “in the people or disorders it is intended to help.”

  Wang Tianyi; Zhao Xin; Wang Han; Li Ying; Jiang Qitong; Feng Yuan; Wang Gang; Du Jing. Guided Imagery and Music modulates neural circuits in mood disorders: a systematic review of mechanisms and clinical efficacy. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1739840; article XML SHA-256 b8a5db3c8b49cf0030b420880e95f90dd7e8848b4e7c1ad0550f7fd0f311e969. “Guided Imagery and Music modulates neural circuits in mood disorders: a systematic review of mechanisms and clinical efficacy” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1739840). · CC-BY-4.0

• clinical evidence: Because the packet does not support the broader wording about patient outcomes in practice and the general-purpose meaning of clinical evidence, the definition contains unsupported generalization beyond the provided text.; The definition adds an unsupported functional claim that clinical evidence is information “used to judge how an intervention relates to patient outcomes in practice”; the packet only says the review synthesized “clinical evidence” alongside mechanistic and neurophysiological evidence.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “clinical evidence” as “information from clinical studies and observations … to judge how an intervention relates to patient outcomes in practice.” It only states the review’s aim to provide a clinically oriented synthesis including “mechanistic, neurophysiological, and clinical evidence” for taVNS in disorders of consciousness.; The packet supports that the article considered clinically oriented findings together with mechanistic and neurophysiological research, but it does not support the broader explanatory wording in the first sentence as a definition of the term.; The “mechanistic and neurophysiological” part is consistent with the packet, but the overall definition includes substantively unsupported claims, so the definition cannot be accepted as 1–3 concise sentences supported by the packet.

  Mei Shutong; Fu Guan; Gao Ruixue; Li Wei. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for disorders of consciousness: a narrative review of neurophysiological mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future directions. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1837913; article XML SHA-256 2bc921701e82b7b3548a233c55c52b1ce08dceca58b641436a373c2078f42365. “Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for disorders of consciousness: a narrative review of neurophysiological mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future directions” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1837913). · CC-BY-4.0

• clinical neurology: The definition does not match the supplied term: the packet is for acromegaly, not clinical neurology.; The definition is acceptable only as a description of acromegaly; it is not a definition of the requested term.; The packet content is explicitly for “Acromegaly” (source_label: Acromegaly) and does not support that the term “clinical neurology” should be defined using this text.; The provided definition describes **Acromegaly**, not “clinical neurology.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Acromegaly” (D000172). · public-domain-US-government

• clinical significance: The definition claims “practical importance … in real-world care” and “how it may affect understanding of the problem,” neither of which are explicitly stated in the packet.; The first sentence adds an unsupported general gloss (“especially for how it may affect understanding of the problem”), which is not stated in the packet.; The packet discusses that clinical significance and treatment implications “may also differ between active MDD and residual insomnia symptoms during partial remission,” but it does not provide enough support for the broader framing about real-world care and understanding.; The packet supports that clinical significance and treatment implications may differ between active MDD and residual insomnia during partial remission, but it does not support the broader claim that clinical significance generally means the practical importance of a symptom in real-world care.

  Zhang Yiwei; Zhang Hua; Tang Jingkai; Wang Yibing; Wu Liang. Pharmacological modulation of hyperarousal in insomnia associated with major depressive disorder: a narrative review of sedating antidepressants and orexin receptor antagonists. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1928430; article XML SHA-256 1c9fa748e0466c86cb60f6a1ac5339b98270f43f15021da67707e7a5ec042cc2. “Pharmacological modulation of hyperarousal in insomnia associated with major depressive disorder: a narrative review of sedating antidepressants and orexin receptor antagonists” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1928430). · CC-BY-4.0

• closed head injury: Although the packet uses a “closed-head injury model” and studies acute effects of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) with behavioral (e.g., sensorimotor deficits, increased anxiety-like behavior) and biomarker/histological findings, the definition’s first sentence contains unsupported content beyond what the packet provides.; The packet does not define “closed head injury” as an impact to the head “without an open skull wound,” so that substantive part of the definition is unsupported.; The packet supports a closed-head injury model in rats used for repetitive mild traumatic brain injury, but it does not state the general definitional claim that closed head injury is trauma to the head without an open skull wound.; “Short-term neurobehavioral changes” is only partly supported: the packet reports acute sensorimotor deficits and increased anxiety-like behavior, but not the broader generalization in the definition.; “Signs of brain injury” is too broad for the packet; it reports specific acute findings such as elevated plasma neurofilament light and microglial activation, not a general definition of the term.

  Giesler Lauren P.; O’Brien William T.; Bain Jesse; Spitz Gershon; Jaehne Emily J.; van den Buuse Maarten; Shultz Sandy R.; Mychasiuk Richelle; McDonald Stuart J.. Investigating the role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury outcomes in rats. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s12993-025-00270-5; article XML SHA-256 a4536e2b1b92575330b095b267dd140fb43ba6c46218f0b8255ac4e359e401cc. “Investigating the role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury outcomes in rats” (10.1186/s12993-025-00270-5). · CC-BY-4.0

• cluster sampling: The definition’s claim that “A two-stage form is used when complete information about the whole population is not available” is only partially supported: the packet says two-stage cluster sampling is often employed when complete population information is not available, but it does not explicitly frame this as the defining rationale for a two-stage form within cluster sampling.; The packet does not mention anything about “complete information about the whole population” in the more specific way used in the second sentence (i.e., as a general condition for using a two-stage cluster design), beyond the brief statement about when it is employed.; The packet does not state the core definition that cluster sampling “selects groups, or clusters, rather than sampling every individual directly.” It only mentions “two-stage cluster sampling” in the context of estimation. ; The packet supports two-stage cluster sampling, but it does not explicitly define cluster sampling in general as selecting groups or clusters instead of individuals.; The phrase "rather than sampling every individual directly" is not supported by the packet.; The statement about sampling being carried out within chosen clusters is only supported for the two-stage cluster-sampling setting, not as a general definition of cluster sampling.

  Minhas Kanwal Shafiq; Semary Hatem E.; Jabeen Riffat; Zaka Azam. Multiscale study of memory type simple ratio estimators in two stage sampling under exponentially weighted moving averages. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0335586; article XML SHA-256 d391b486280e96c3b1af2e3c2cd6891d7d6d39d780cb86af1502f8bfe4a95dd6. “Multiscale study of memory type simple ratio estimators in two stage sampling under exponentially weighted moving averages” (10.1371/journal.pone.0335586). · CC-BY-4.0

• CNS: The packet defines CNS specifically as “the organ system of the mouse,” but the provided definition does not limit CNS to the mouse, so the omission is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s scope.; The packet defines a mouse organ system, but the definition generalizes this to CNS as an organ system without the mouse limitation; that broader claim is not supported by the source text.; The source text does not explicitly establish that the term is the central nervous system rather than the narrower source wording alone.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “CNS” (C22605). · CC-BY-4.0

• cocoa: The phrase “could contribute to brain health” is not explicitly supported in the supplied packet (the packet discusses cognition enhancement, neuroprotective effects, improved blood flow, and decreased pro-inflammatory molecules, but does not describe “brain health”).; The phrase “could contribute to brain health” is not supported by the packet; the source mentions cognition-enhancing, neuroprotective, vasodilating, and anti-inflammatory activities, but not brain health as such.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Cocoa Extract” (C121851). · CC-BY-4.0

• coefficient of determination: The claim that higher values mean the model matches the data more closely is supported only in the specific context of model goodness of fit; the definition broadens this into a general rule for the coefficient of determination without packet support.; The packet discusses the “adjusted coefficient of determination” specifically, but the definition refers to the “coefficient of determination” generally without support in the provided text.; The packet supports the adjusted coefficient of determination, not the unadjusted coefficient of determination named in the definition.; While the packet notes that “adjusted coefficient of determination values … are generally high, indicating that the models fit the data well overall,” it does not explicitly support the definition’s phrasing that “higher adjusted coefficient of determination values mean the model matches the data more closely” as a general description of the measure’s meaning.

  Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh Navid. Application of alternative nonlinear models to predict growth curve in partridges. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0321680; article XML SHA-256 6aefd54a3368fbe8b199480e977cb702cc0e8d80528407385f2f2e7a9f02e758. “Application of alternative nonlinear models to predict growth curve in partridges” (10.1371/journal.pone.0321680). · CC-BY-4.0

• coefficient of multiple determination: The definition is placed in the field “cognition,” but the packet content concerns markerless motion capture and biomechanical analysis in pole vault (not cognition).; The definition narrows the term to a general measure for matching two continuous series across a waveform or trajectory; the packet supports its use here for continuous waveform agreement, but not as a cognition dictionary entry.; The definition’s claim that “Higher values indicate stronger overall agreement” is not explicitly supported in the packet; the packet only reports that certain values exceeded thresholds for waveform agreement.; The definition’s examples (“movement displacement, velocity, or joint-angle patterns”) are only indirectly referenced via variables reported in the packet, but the core definitional relationship (how the coefficient functions) remains unsupported.; The provided packet does not define what the “coefficient of multiple determination” measures (e.g., it does not state that it is an index of agreement between two continuous measurement sets across a waveform/trajectory).; The supplied source is a biomechanics/sport-science article, not a cognition source, so the requested field is not defensible from the packet.

  Bissas Athanassios; Cronin Neil J.. Evaluating markerless biomechanical analysis in a real-world pole vault competition setting. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0329987; article XML SHA-256 6b75b73152353eba0aa44588d2aed11a02899fd83585013c6384ffeb7d56bc8f. “Evaluating markerless biomechanical analysis in a real-world pole vault competition setting” (10.1371/journal.pone.0329987). · CC-BY-4.0

• coefficient of variation: The definition’s content is mostly supported, but the overall field assignment (“cognition”) is not supported by the packet.; The provided field is "cognition", but the packet describes the coefficient of variation as a statistical measure and discusses estimation/inference under censoring schemes in life-testing experiments; it does not support relating CV to cognition.; The supplied source supports the term as a statistical measure, not as a cognition-specific concept; the requested field is therefore not defensible from the packet.

  Aljohani Hassan M; Alharthi Amirah Saeed; Almohri Wafa Ali J; Aljeddani Sadiah M A; Alsubaie Nahaa Eid; El-Sharkawy Walaa A. Simulation-based approach with an adaptive Type-II hybrid progressive censoring scheme to study the coefficient of variation of the weighted exponential distribution. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0337982; article XML SHA-256 b087e3ebd20538b57279bc1b57fe9b6b68ba8303d58df10010a795f545cc965a. “Simulation-based approach with an adaptive Type-II hybrid progressive censoring scheme to study the coefficient of variation of the weighted exponential distribution” (10.1371/journal.pone.0337982). · CC-BY-4.0

• coercion: The packet does not define coercion as “external pressure or influence that interferes with a person’s free choice”; it only discusses “coercion-resistance” as a security property preventing “external influence.”; The packet does not provide examples like “pushing or inducing someone to cast a particular vote.”; The packet supports coercion as external influence in e-voting, but it does not support the added claim that coercion “includes situations that enable vote-selling rather than an independent decision.”; The vote-selling language in the packet appears only as part of the description of coercion-resistance, not as a definition of coercion itself.; While the packet mentions “vote-selling” as a concern addressed by “coercion-resistance,” it does not explicitly frame this as “situations that enable vote-selling rather than an independent decision,” so that part is not supported by the packet.

  Kho Yun-Xing; Heng Swee-Huay; Tan Syh-Yuan; Chin Ji-Jian. A provably secure coercion-resistant e-voting scheme with confidentiality, anonymity, unforgeability, and CAI verifiability. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0324182; article XML SHA-256 55ce1c978fb3bd29f7cf93a818c28e4f57b158fb692add70865975a3a5faaeb1. “A provably secure coercion-resistant e-voting scheme with confidentiality, anonymity, unforgeability, and CAI verifiability” (10.1371/journal.pone.0324182). · CC-BY-4.0

• cogito ergo sum: The definition adds an interpretive claim about “early philosophical expression of mental unity” that is broader than the packet’s wording and not directly stated there.; The packet does not state (or summarize) that “cogito ergo sum” names Descartes’ claim that thinking establishes the thinker’s existence; it only mentions Descartes’ phrase in connection with Kant’s “ich denke” and the “transcendental unity of apperception.”; The packet links Descartes’ “cogito ergo sum” to Kant’s “ich denke” and the “transcendental unity of apperception,” but it does not support the gloss that the phrase means the act of thinking establishes the thinker’s existence.; The packet mentions “Des cartes' ‘cogito ergo sum’ is followed by Kant's ‘ich denke,’ a principle of the ‘transcendental unity of apperception,’” but it does not explicitly frame this as a “later paralleled” unifying “I think” claim in the way the definition describes.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Mental Unity” (Mental Unity). · public-domain-US

• Cognex: The definition adds a drug-name/sense distinction that is not established by the source text, which only describes the substance’s properties and mechanisms.; The packet describes tacrine hydrochloride (a salt form of tacrine) and its properties/mechanisms, but it does not state that “Cognex” is a brand name for tacrine hydrochloride, so that substantive claim is unsupported by the packet.; The packet identifies the entry as tacrine hydrochloride, not as the brand name Cognex; the brand-name claim is unsupported.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Tacrine Hydrochloride” (C47742). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive behavioral group therapy: The claim that cognitive behavioral group therapy uses standard CBT elements such as exposure to feared situations is not directly supported for CBGT in the packet; the exposure example is stated for internet-based CBT, not CBGT.; The definition claims that the in-person form “uses standard CBT elements such as exposure to feared situations,” but the packet only explicitly describes this “exposure to feared situations” component in the context of the Internet-based CBT (ICBT) having the same components as conventional CBT—not specifically for CBGT.; The definition relies on a source-specific effectiveness claim (“well-established and effective”) that is historical study language and should not be presented as current clinical consensus without qualification.; The wording is partly meta-referential (“In the source packet”) rather than a standalone dictionary definition.

  Hedman Erik; Andersson Gerhard; Ljótsson Brjánn; Andersson Erik; Rück Christian; Mörtberg Ewa; Lindefors Nils. Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy vs. Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Non-inferiority Trial. 2011; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0018001; article XML SHA-256 07542cb3960ca0250f87117d9612985511f8f646833fd41eb11158275749c694. “Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy vs. Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Non-inferiority Trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0018001). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive consistency theory: Because the core theoretical premise in the first sentence is unsupported, the overall definition cannot be fully supported by the packet even though the latter workplace/green spillover elements partially align with the packet’s description (in-role green behavior leading to psychological changes such as reflective moral attentiveness and person–organization fit, which induce extra-role green behavior).; The added explanation about employees adjusting views of morality or organizational fit is only partially supported by the packet’s specific mediators (reflective moral attentiveness and person-organization fit) and should not be presented as the theory’s general meaning.; The definition goes beyond the packet by turning a study-specific spillover result into a broad definition of the term.; The definition’s first sentence (“people tend to want their actions and psychological reactions to fit together”) is a general characterization that is not stated in the provided packet.; The packet uses cognitive consistency theory as a framing device but does not define it as a general principle that people want their actions and psychological reactions to fit together.

  Wang Xinnan; Jin Jiafei; Xu Jialiang; Khan Mehedi Hasan. Are women more likely to engage in extra green behaviors in the workplace? Gender differences in the spillover effect from employee in-role to extra-role green behavior. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1516658; article XML SHA-256 0ce100db187645d6ac31076ba97b9ab266b829987a30d6b6633a4a6c9c76fbfb. “Are women more likely to engage in extra green behaviors in the workplace? Gender differences in the spillover effect from employee in-role to extra-role green behavior” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1516658). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive distortion: "Can shape how a person interprets situations and relationships" is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet.; The definition’s first sentence (“maladaptive pattern of thinking” and that it “can shape how a person interprets situations and relationships”) is not explicitly supported in the packet text.; The mention of "avoidance and other coping problems" overreaches the packet, which only suggests avoidance of social discomfort, digital reassurance seeking, and problematic smartphone use/nomophobia.; The packet discusses *interpersonal cognitive distortions (ICDs)* and identifies dimensions including “interpersonal rejection” and “unrealistic relationship expectations,” but it does not provide enough support for the general framing in the first sentence.; The packet supports interpersonal cognitive distortions, not a general definition of "cognitive distortion" as such; the broader opening claim is unsupported by the source.

  Javed Sarah; Parveen Heena; Kaneez Salma; Lone Ayoob; Alwadani Fahad; Al Khashram Nawaf. Interpersonal cognitive distortions as mediators of the relationship between psychological distress and nomophobia in adolescents: a cross-sectional mediation analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1810935; article XML SHA-256 9b4f2fb6f2de316525bcad5c2704a2458742ed954da06e45d3ed3ef44449ae79. “Interpersonal cognitive distortions as mediators of the relationship between psychological distress and nomophobia in adolescents: a cross-sectional mediation analysis” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1810935). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive evaluation theory: Although the packet supports using it to classify discrete emotions, the definition’s first sentence contains a substantive, mechanism-level claim not explicitly supported by the provided text.; The definition adds an explanatory account that is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supported use in this source.; The packet does not define cognitive evaluation theory as a general theory that explains emotions through people mentally assessing or interpreting experience; it only says the study used the OCC model of psychological emotional cognitive evaluation theory as the basis for emotion classification.; The packet does not state that cognitive evaluation theory “explains emotions through how people mentally assess or interpret experience.” It only names the OCC model of “psychological emotional cognitive evaluation theory” as the basis for emotion classification, without describing mental assessment/interpretation as the mechanism.

  Li-na Liu; Jia-yin Qi; Sheng-feng Wang; Zhen-ping Zhang; Qi-xing Qu. Is the expression of different discrete emotions related to time? Evidence from online Chinese reviews using sentiment analysis and human behavior dynamics. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1321582; article XML SHA-256 f73b0314619c43398541916d4fe1d6ff70c45d49537987b802019a311c0aa69f. “Is the expression of different discrete emotions related to time? Evidence from online Chinese reviews using sentiment analysis and human behavior dynamics” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1321582). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive model: No information in the packet substantiates the specific phrasing that “Its quality is judged by how well it fits the data” (as a general rule) or that misfit relates to “showing how to improve it” in the exact way stated.; The definition goes beyond the packet by generalizing the scope of the term to a full description of cognitive diagnosis modeling rather than the limited revision/misfit context provided.; The packet does not support the definition’s core characterization that a “cognitive model” is “used in cognitive diagnosis research” to “represent cognitive processes or structure” and be compared with “observed data.”; The packet supports only parts about revision difficulty/bias (qualitative revision prone to subjective bias) and that quantitative methods may indicate model–data misfit without offering specific revision guidance; the broader claims about judging quality by fit and revising difficulty are not fully supported beyond these excerpts.; The packet supports only that qualitative revision of the cognitive model can be biased and that quantitative methods may show model-data misfit without specific revision guidance; it does not support the added claim that the model represents cognitive processes or structure in a way that is compared with observed data.; The statement that a model’s quality is judged by how well it fits the data is broader than the packet’s wording and is not directly supported as written.

  Lin Shiwei; Zhang Xiaolong; Chen Guoxu; Sun Lingchen; Wang Xinyu; Ma Yongshuang. Revise the cognitive model using structural equation modeling. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1758968; article XML SHA-256 504b0fb3da31d7c678180e3f910ac4e57d82009e646c48f8b32dbb1791bfea6a. “Revise the cognitive model using structural equation modeling” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1758968). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive overload: The answer also shifts from the source’s second-language acquisition context to a general learning claim without support.; The definition adds a general cognitive definition that is not established by the supplied source; the source only discusses its role as a barrier in language learning.; The definition states that cognitive overload is “a condition in which the mental demands of a task become too great, making learning harder,” but the provided packet does not define cognitive overload in these terms.; The packet supports that cognitive overload is a major barrier to second-language acquisition, especially in EFL and ESL contexts, but it does not support the broader definitional claim that it is a condition in which task demands become too great and make learning harder.; While the packet supports that “Cognitive overload … are major barriers to second language acquisition, particularly in … EFL and ESL contexts,” the definition’s causal/definitional statement about task mental demands and learning difficulty is not supported by the packet.

  Qi Yan. Cognitive overload in multimedia language learning: a review of attention limits and instructional design strategies. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850074; article XML SHA-256 e21747a817283e99b6673308874a690753f95978aba7e90f6f4847305d826f2c. “Cognitive overload in multimedia language learning: a review of attention limits and instructional design strategies” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850074). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive penetrability: The definition adds unsupported examples of higher-level mental states (“beliefs” and “expectations”); the packet only explicitly supports attention and memory, plus unspecified top-down factors.; The definition includes examples of “higher-level mental states” such as “beliefs” and “expectations,” but the packet only explicitly discusses “attention” and “memory” (and mentions other unspecified “high-level factors”) rather than beliefs or expectations.; The phrasing “can shape what a person actually perceives” is acceptable in the broad/narrow distinction, but the definition blurs the source’s stricter narrow sense, which requires flexible top-down factors causing a clear first-person illusion and is described as lacking strong evidence.

  Lammers Nikki A.; de Haan Edward H.; Pinto Yair. No Evidence of Narrowly Defined Cognitive Penetrability in Unambiguous Vision. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00852; article XML SHA-256 16d499eb2250cc8b1d754f296d28bca1856d2f9807dabeb25e6af3896a4d9020. “No Evidence of Narrowly Defined Cognitive Penetrability in Unambiguous Vision” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00852). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive process: Some parts of the definition (“handling knowledge-related information” as a general description, and “mental activity involved in…”) are not stated in the packet in that form; the packet instead frames the cognitive process in terms of epistemic trust linked to adaptation to complex social environments.; The claim that the process is shaped by “features of incoming information” is broader than the packet’s wording, which only says it can be influenced by cognitive biases and external traits such as a stranger’s voice.; The packet does not explicitly support the wording that the cognitive process enables a person to “understand” (it mentions adaptation to complex social environments, but not “understand”).; The packet supports a link between epistemic trust and a cognitive process involving information with knowledge and adaptation to complex social environments, but it does not define a cognitive process as a general mental activity.; “Understand” is not supported by the packet; the source only mentions adaptation to complex social environments.

  Zhu Cui; Zhang Yiran; Liu Zan; Xie Dongjie; Yang Cheng; Su Yanjie. Influence of strangers' vocal attractiveness on adolescents' epistemic trust: moderation effect of analytical thinking. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1700278; article XML SHA-256 3a2c4990798487ded02c8ca055bb310bc00d990ad3a0d6e583633db0064028d3. “Influence of strangers' vocal attractiveness on adolescents' epistemic trust: moderation effect of analytical thinking” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1700278). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive rehearsal: The definition states that people “prepare and mentally or verbally rehearse responses” and that these are used in “expected conflict situations,” but the packet only says nurses can “respond to related conflicts using previously rehearsed methods” and does not explicitly describe mental/verbal rehearsal or “expected” conflict situations.; The packet supports cognitive rehearsal as an intervention approach used with nurses in workplace-bullying/conflict contexts, but it does not state that people “mentally or verbally rehearse” responses or define it as a general practice method.; The wording generalizes beyond the source by presenting a broader definition than the packet supports; the source gives a specific workplace-bullying intervention context, not a general concept definition.; While the second sentence is broadly consistent with the packet (increasing nurses’ knowledge/awareness of workplace bullying and enabling responses using rehearsed methods), the first sentence contains substantive details not supported by the provided text.

  Jeong Yulliana; Jung Hye Sun; Baek Eun Mi. Effectiveness of cognitive rehearsal programs for the prevention of workplace bullying among hospital nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12889-024-18969-x; article XML SHA-256 9c70f21fe7eb7ab9faa16ae9559d15378698e515c72365225585f5966ef9323e. “Effectiveness of cognitive rehearsal programs for the prevention of workplace bullying among hospital nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis” (10.1186/s12889-024-18969-x). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive stage: The definition claims the later higher-level stage is contrasted with “earlier, basic processing,” but the packet does not describe any earlier/baseline processing stage or such a contrast; it only mentions that the dissociation was observed at a “high-order cognitive stage.”; The definition’s wording “especially to a later, higher-level phase in which…” is only partially supported; the packet refers to a “high-order cognitive stage” but does not substantiate that this is specifically “later” in the time course beyond the ERP components named (P200/P300).; The packet does not define a general term “cognitive stage” as a time course phase of mental processing; it only says the dissociation was observed at a “high-order cognitive stage.”; The source only supports a specific contextual usage tied to self-concept and high-order processing, not the broader definitional wording used here.; “Earlier, basic processing” is not stated in the source and is an added interpretation.

  Xia Ruixue; Jin Ruijie; Yong Lin; Li Shaodong; Li Shifeng; Zhou Aibao. Temporal Features of the Differentiation between Self-Name and Religious Leader Name among Christians: An ERP Study. 2018; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02114; article XML SHA-256 103990c7385d860babe39df99fc3406af8efb8e5389d1309fad72a47cf3c9a52. “Temporal Features of the Differentiation between Self-Name and Religious Leader Name among Christians: An ERP Study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02114). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitive strategy: The definition includes a specific reference to “spatial thinking and navigation,” but the packet only provides “spatial” in the context of navigation research and “spatial cognitive strategy structures,” without clearly defining the term in that exact way.; The packet does not support the general definition that “A cognitive strategy is a person's characteristic way of using mental processes or components to carry out a task.”; The packet supports a specific focus on self-reported spatial cognitive strategies in navigation, but it does not support the broader general definition of a cognitive strategy as a person's characteristic way of using mental processes or components to carry out a task.; The term sense is too generalized for the source: the packet only indicates self-reported spatial cognitive strategy structures, not a general cognition definition applicable to all tasks.; While the packet mentions “self-reported spatial cognitive strategy structures” and compares airline pilots vs non-pilots, it does not explicitly state that the term “cognitive strategy” (in this source) specifically refers to “self-reported strategies used for spatial thinking and navigation.”

  Zhou Yuan; Long Ying; Yao Shuqi; Zhang Jing; Chen Yuxuan; Wang Ruida; Chang Ming. A psychological network analysis of self-reported spatial cognitive strategies in commercial airline pilots and non-pilots. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1844920; article XML SHA-256 a0db7101c1f027bba00912ff90d63ba29d7af7738c0ff57379c58133c82a0dde. “A psychological network analysis of self-reported spatial cognitive strategies in commercial airline pilots and non-pilots” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1844920). · CC-BY-4.0

• cognitivist: Although the packet contrasts “post-cognitivist” with “current foundations of neurodiversity” and mentions a brain-body-environment continuum, it does not explicitly set up or define a corresponding “cognitivist vs post-cognitivist” contrast in the way the provided definition specifies.; The contrast with post-cognitivist views is not presented as a definition of cognitivist in the source, so the requested sense is only indirectly, not directly, supported.; The packet does not define “cognitivist” or state that it explains people mainly through cognition or brain functioning; it only discusses neurodiversity, post-cognitivist perspectives, and the brain-body-environment continuum.; The packet supports post-cognitivist and 3E/brain-body-environment language, but it does not define or clearly use cognitivist as an approach that explains people mainly through cognition or brain functioning.; The sentence about “continuous relationship among brain, body, and environment” is supported in spirit for the post-cognitivist part, but the definition’s overall framing depends on an unverified characterization of the “cognitivist” side.

  Videla Ronnie; Aros May Britt; Parada Francisco; Kausel Leonie; Sandoval-Obando Eduardo; Jorquera Daniela; Ibacache David; Maluenda Sebastián; Rodríguez-Herrero Pablo; Cerpa Carola; González María Jesús; Chávez Marcelo; Ramírez Paola. Neurodiversity: post-cognitivist foundations of the 3E approach for educational inclusion of autistic students with technology. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1493863; article XML SHA-256 474c873480006c18d2644e9ea87e2fefa6965d7c3238e2ef0cdcb5bbcad97d97. “Neurodiversity: post-cognitivist foundations of the 3E approach for educational inclusion of autistic students with technology” (10.3389/fnhum.2024.1493863). · CC-BY-4.0

• cohort analysis: The definition goes beyond the packet by generalizing cohort analysis as a broad method ‘to examine how outcomes develop within that group’; the packet only supports a retrospective cohort analysis in one study context, not a general dictionary sense.; The definition’s mention of comparing “incidence” and “related risk factors” is only partially supported: the packet mentions “age-specific cumulative incidence,” “leading causes of death,” and assessing an effect of “degree of consanguinity,” but it does not clearly support the broader framing of “risk factors” as a general defining element of cohort analysis.; The packet does not explicitly define cohort analysis as “the study of a defined group of people over time” or “examining how outcomes develop within that group”; it only describes a specific retrospective cohort study.; The packet mentions “accounting for temporal trends and socioeconomic covariates,” which supports that part, but the rest of the definition includes general methodological wording that is not stated in the provided packet.; The requested field is not defensible: cohort analysis is a study design/epidemiologic method, not a diagnosis concept in the supplied packet.

  Ali Naif Taleb; H Mehdi Mansour Abdulnabia; Abdullah Radfan Saleh. Survival disparities and competing mortality risks in offspring of consanguineous marriages in Yemen: A 26-year retrospective cohort analysis. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0349764; article XML SHA-256 3527a00b0cca9a52a64664432a973732948e02628c2a8f634eeb2168d308e3ca. “Survival disparities and competing mortality risks in offspring of consanguineous marriages in Yemen: A 26-year retrospective cohort analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0349764). · CC-BY-4.0

• collaborative learning: The packet discusses **Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL)**, not collaborative learning in general; the definition presents it without the CSCL scope.; The packet discusses computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) and collaboration scripts, not a general definition of collaborative learning, so the term’s sense is broader than the source supports.; The packet supports **cognitive, social, and affective** development, but the definition says **emotional** development, which is not the same wording/support in the packet.; The phrase 'cognitive, social, and emotional development' is not stated that way in the packet; it says 'cognitive, social, and affective development.'

  Jiao Fangju; Bian Jiasheng; Zhang Rui; Zhou Tong. Collaboration scripts in computer-supported collaborative learning: a systematic review from 2011 to 2024. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1717440; article XML SHA-256 4625d0c7dc4e0dc72141e5fbcdfcaf57169ff3611e5ca47370cf5f31d6185c98. “Collaboration scripts in computer-supported collaborative learning: a systematic review from 2011 to 2024” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1717440). · CC-BY-4.0

• collective memory: The definition’s first sentence (“Collective memory is the shared remembering of information by members of a group or society”) is not explicitly supported or directly stated in the provided packet text; the packet discusses Americans’ memory for presidents but does not define collective memory in that general way.; The packet supports a study of Americans’ memory for U.S. presidents, but it does not explicitly define collective memory as the general “shared remembering of information by members of a group or society.”; The source supports the narrower claim that these collective memories include more than verbal information (names and faces), but not the broader definitional phrasing used here.; While the packet supports the idea that Americans’ recognition includes both names and faces (and that face recognition is lower than name recognition), the definition’s first sentence adds an ungrounded, general characterization beyond what the packet provides.

  Putnam Adam L.; Drake Sarah Madison; Wang Serene Y.; DeSoto K. Andrew. Collective memory for American leaders: Measuring recognition for the names and faces of the US presidents. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0255209; article XML SHA-256 cd8f07a6410921c72458e7862746a61738dc7e293c60c76e8c49e4f2e19e14c6. “Collective memory for American leaders: Measuring recognition for the names and faces of the US presidents” (10.1371/journal.pone.0255209). · CC-BY-4.0

• collective self-esteem: The definition’s first sentence therefore contains an unsupported substantive claim relative to the supplied packet.; The packet does not define “collective self-esteem” as “a person’s sense of worth tied to their social group or group identity”; it only discusses outcomes associated with impaired collective self-esteem without giving that conceptual definition.; The packet supports consequences of impaired collective self-esteem (social disconnection, social withdrawal, internalizing external devaluation as self-stigma), but it does not explicitly support the definitional claim that collective self-esteem is a person’s sense of worth tied to their social group or group identity.; The response adds a general definition that is not established by the supplied source text alone; a citation is not enough support under the review rules.

  Wang Xiaoyi; Li Wanlu; Liu Rong; Zhang Xue; Meng Weijie. Perceived societal meritocratic climate and self-stigma among adolescents in conflict with the law: the mediating role of collective self-esteem and social disconnection. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1852343; article XML SHA-256 c571a88d04a185fefe5128576887082d15c71822ada5102695bcf4a5f2a148fa. “Perceived societal meritocratic climate and self-stigma among adolescents in conflict with the law: the mediating role of collective self-esteem and social disconnection” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1852343). · CC-BY-4.0

• collusion: The definition adds a contrast with involuntary muscular cues alone that is about muscle reading generally, not a documented definition of collusion.; The packet does not define "collusion" as secret cooperation; it only says feats involving collusion or fraud are not considered in the muscle-reading discussion.; The packet does not define “collusion”; it only states parenthetically that “feats involving collusion or fraud are not considered in this connection,” without explaining what collusion entails (e.g., secret cooperation, deception by working together).; The packet does not support the specific sense of collusion as working together to make an apparent mind-reading or muscle-reading feat seem genuine.; The specific wording in the definition about “secret cooperation” and “deception by working together” is not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; While the packet does support a contrast between performances explained by involuntary muscular contractions and excluded cases involving “collusion or fraud,” the requested sense/meaning of “collusion” is not supported.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Muscle Reading” (Muscle Reading). · public-domain-US

• colonial species: The added explanation about colony living shaping competition, dominance, and young ending up in neighboring nests goes beyond what is directly supported as a general sense; the packet only discusses sibling aggression, dominance, and adoption in this particular species.; The claim that “colony living can shape social interactions such as competition, dominance” is only indirectly suggested in the study context (siblicidal aggression/adoption) and is not stated as a general property of colonial species in the packet.; The example about “chance that young may end up in neighboring nests” is only supported specifically by this kittiwake adoption scenario (ejected chicks falling into other nests), not as a general feature of colonial species as defined.; The packet does not provide an explicit definition of “colonial species” as living/breeding in groups or colonies in close proximity; it only uses the phrase “cliff-nesting colonial species” in context.; The packet supports that the black-legged kittiwake is described as a cliff-nesting colonial species, but it does not establish a general definition of “colonial species” as members that live or breed in close-proximity groups rather than separately.

  Müller Martina S.; Roelofs Yvonne; Erikstad Kjell Einar; Groothuis Ton G. G.. Maternal Androgens Increase Sibling Aggression, Dominance, and Competitive Ability in the Siblicidal Black-Legged Kittiwake ( Rissa tridactyla ). 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0047763; article XML SHA-256 19e3026d86a9d471542d804f4f43a3f2fbb63f95b78b57331b191d69c6336777. “Maternal Androgens Increase Sibling Aggression, Dominance, and Competitive Ability in the Siblicidal Black-Legged Kittiwake ( Rissa tridactyla )” (10.1371/journal.pone.0047763). · CC-BY-4.0

• color system: Because the field does not match what the packet supports, the definition cannot be judged as defensible for the requested field, even though the term usage itself (urban/website color system and local cultural attributes) is supported.; The assigned field is not defensible from the packet: the source is about visual design/web design and color matching, not biology.; The first sentence adds unsupported generalization about a color system being a scheme used to represent a desired style or identity; the packet only supports a city portal website color system and color matching for portal design.; The provided field is labeled "biological," but the packet describes a visual design/urban portal website color decision model (no biological scope is supported).; The wording should stay closer to the source’s specific sense of an urban color system for portal websites rather than a broader visual-design concept.

  Wang Lin; Zhang Yi. The visual design of urban multimedia portals. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0282712; article XML SHA-256 7497b7c229520c73d7ca2d19cd1d31a5636001d9b295c18a2ba170d194fa1523. “The visual design of urban multimedia portals” (10.1371/journal.pone.0282712). · CC-BY-4.0

• commitment: The definition broadens the scope beyond the packet by describing a general “legal handling” of persons with psychiatric disorders; the source only explicitly states that commitment is included among the legal aspects of psychiatry.; The definition states that commitment is “understood as a psychiatry-related legal matter rather than a clinical diagnosis itself,” but the provided packet does not explicitly support a contrast against clinical diagnosis; it only describes “Psychiatry in its legal aspects” and lists related topics (including commitment of persons with psychiatric disorders).; The packet supports commitment as a topic within psychiatry in its legal aspects, including commitment of persons with psychiatric disorders, but it does not support the added contrast that this is “rather than a clinical diagnosis itself.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Forensic Psychiatry” (D005555). · public-domain-US-government

• communal nursing: Field mismatch: the packet describes an ethological observation in mice (communal nursing) rather than a psychological/clinical diagnosis.; Only partially supported wording: “shared social setting” is implied by “communal nursing,” but the packet does not explicitly describe a “shared social setting” in those terms.; The definition is framed as a diagnostic/clinical concept, but the source term is a rodent behavioral observation, so the field sense is not defensible here.; The packet supports that mice display communal nursing in wild and laboratory environments, but it does not support the added claim that this is described as a normal mother-young behavior.; Unsupported characterization: the definition claims this is “normal mother-young behavior”; the packet only states that mice “display … communal nursing in wild and laboratory environments” and does not explicitly frame it as “normal” or “mother-young behavior.”

  Stroobants Stijn; Creemers John; Bosmans Guy; D’Hooge Rudi. Post-weaning infant-to-mother bonding in nutritionally independent female mice. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0227034; article XML SHA-256 fa3e53f7b295eabd4a41f79033ada8bc5075d6e0e8e5ea5bff3b9b087843def7. “Post-weaning infant-to-mother bonding in nutritionally independent female mice” (10.1371/journal.pone.0227034). · CC-BY-4.0

• compensatory mechanism: Field mismatch: the provided packet is biomedical (obstructive sleep apnea, myocardium, cardiomyocytes, FOXM1/miR-320b, cell viability/apoptosis), not mental health psychology/counselling.; The definition adds a broad claim about “the body or its cells” that is not appropriate for the requested mental-health field, even though the packet supports a cellular/biological compensatory response.; The definition is framed as a general “protective response” to “stress” by changing how the body/cells function, but the packet specifically describes an early myocardial/FOXM1 compensatory response in a mouse model (biphasic expression at 4 vs 12 weeks) and associated cell findings, not a broadly stated mental-health mechanism in the requested field.; The definition’s phrasing (“may later be overwhelmed as the condition continues”) is broadly consistent with the packet’s timeline, but the definition does not restrict itself to the specific context (early myocardial injury/CIH progression) that the packet actually supports.; The source is about cardiomyocytes, myocardial injury, and obstructive sleep apnea; it does not support a mental-health sense of the term.; The wording “short-term adjustment” and “reduces damage at first, but may later be overwhelmed” is supported in substance, but the overall entry is mismatched to the field requested.

  Wang Wan-yu; Chen Zhi-jia; Lai Ya-juan; Guo Lin-lin; Xiong Ao; Huang Zhen-yong; Yao Xiang-yang; Zeng Yi-ming. Exosomal miR-320b regulates cardiomyocyte FOXM1 expression and may serve as an early-stage compensatory mechanism in obstructive sleep apnea. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0332862; article XML SHA-256 b91fc90979e54d2509a1a14680e34ccf7b3f7118ca06e55ec3e11756d916dd38. “Exosomal miR-320b regulates cardiomyocyte FOXM1 expression and may serve as an early-stage compensatory mechanism in obstructive sleep apnea” (10.1371/journal.pone.0332862). · CC-BY-4.0

• competence: The definition broadens the term beyond the packet: the source only supports mathematics competence in this study, not a general definition of competence as a person’s level of capability in any domain.; The first sentence adds unsupported wording about being 'shown through patterns of performance on different kinds of content and thinking tasks'; the packet only says students may show different performance patterns across mathematical content and cognitive domains.; The packet text only states that mathematics competence is multidimensional and that students may show different performance patterns across mathematical content and cognitive domains; it does not support the broader definition of “competence” as a person’s level of capability in a domain shown through “patterns of performance on different kinds of content and thinking tasks.”; The phrase “different kinds of content and thinking tasks” is not explicitly supported in the provided packet; the packet refers to “mathematical content and cognitive domains” without mentioning “thinking tasks” as such.; The second sentence is supported, but the definition as a whole is not fully supported by the source packet.

  Aziku Millicent; Tahri Dahman; Djekourmane Denis. Uncovering heterogeneity in South African students’ mathematics competence: latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850152; article XML SHA-256 33f75286137a43236a811c09ad85172bf98a6411eed2340b862b723355296f1d. “Uncovering heterogeneity in South African students’ mathematics competence: latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850152). · CC-BY-4.0

• competition tolerance: The definition adds an explanatory framing (“established competitor,” “shared nutrients,” “alternative to moving away or switching to different resources”) that is not a psychology/mental health definition and is tied to the packet’s bacterial competition context rather than the requested field.; The packet supports a microbiology/ecology sense of the term, not a mental health or counselling sense, so the field is wrong.; The provided packet defines “competition tolerance” in a microbial/ecological context (biofilms, antibiotic sensing, nutrient stress on an invader). Nothing in the packet supports treating this concept as belonging to the mental health field, so the requested field assignment is not supported.

  Hashem Ihab; Van Impe Jan F.M.. A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Dual Function of Antibiotics. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2021.812788; article XML SHA-256 f8a6eb0d5538fe6241d11f666902771b76f992a2ff97f01fa187175e955b38b2. “A Game Theoretic Analysis of the Dual Function of Antibiotics” (10.3389/fmicb.2021.812788). · CC-BY-4.0

• complementary and alternative medicine: The definition claims CAM is “widely used alongside or instead of conventional medicine,” but the supplied packet does not explicitly state that CAM is used alongside or instead of conventional medicine (it reports worldwide increases in CAM use and discusses factors for popularity, but not this “alongside or instead” framing).; The packet supports CAM as diverse nutritional products and physical/physiological practices, but it does not explicitly support the claim that these approaches are used “alongside or instead of conventional medicine.”; The packet supports reasons such as dissatisfaction with conventional medicine, belief that CAM is natural or safe, and a desire to take an active role in healthcare decisions, but the definition adds broader framing (“broad set of nonconventional health approaches”) that is not directly established in the packet.

  Naja Farah; Ahmad Maiss; Shatila Hibeh; Abu Shihab Katia Hazim N; Naalbandian Sally; Saqan Roba; Alzubaidi Hamzah; Hijazi Mohamad Ali. Role of community pharmacists in the safe and effective use of complementary and alternative medicine in the Middle East: A scoping review. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0332932; article XML SHA-256 3c98c7b20c97bebc4d02e0c2698cdbb922094c1d7708c1428dbbb5b7ede7ff2c. “Role of community pharmacists in the safe and effective use of complementary and alternative medicine in the Middle East: A scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0332932). · CC-BY-4.0

• complex reaction time: Several parts of the definition are presented as general meaning of the term (e.g., “refers to performance on a response task used to assess cognitive function”), while the packet only provides limited, context-specific evidence (EPO effects on cognitive performance during experimental hypoglycemia).; The comparison with a simple reaction task and the claim that it reflects response under “more mentally demanding conditions” are not supported by the packet.; The definition goes beyond the packet by generalizing from one study context to a broader description of what the task measures.; The packet supports that a “complex reaction time task” was used and that it assessed sustained attention/working memory in a specific trial context, but it does not support the claim that this task reflects responding under “more mentally demanding conditions than a simple reaction task.”

  Kristensen Peter Lommer; Pedersen-Bjergaard Ulrik; Kjær Troels Wesenberg; Olsen Niels Vidiendal; Dela Flemming; Holst Jens Juul; Faber Jens; Tarnow Lise; Thorsteinsson Birger. Influence of Erythropoietin on Cognitive Performance during Experimental Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0059672; article XML SHA-256 fd9a607a2f35ea5376f573775219d4d871fa4a8f484e45a9a89ed5bcecd8d295. “Influence of Erythropoietin on Cognitive Performance during Experimental Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0059672). · CC-BY-4.0

• complex tone: No part of the supplied packet supports the specific contrast phrasing used in the definition (“single harmonic… perceived as separate when it is sufficiently mistuned”) as a definition of the term rather than a study topic.; The definition goes beyond the supplied text by presenting a fuller acoustic definition of the term rather than limiting itself to the supported contrast with a mistuned harmonic.; The packet does not provide a definition of “complex tone” as “a sound made up of multiple harmonic frequency components heard together as one auditory pattern.”; The packet mentions “mistuning” and “harmonic separation thresholds,” but it does not explicitly state that a “complex tone” is contrasted with a “single harmonic” that may be perceived separately when mistuned.; The packet supports only that a harmonic can be perceived as distinct from a complex tone when sufficiently mistuned; it does not support the added definitional claim that a complex tone is a sound made of multiple harmonic frequency components heard together as one auditory pattern.

  Azar Christel; Whittom Alexis; Chauvette Loonan; Couture Florence; Nadeau Claudelle; Bacon Benoit-Antoine; Champoux François; Sharp Andréanne. Effect of fundamental frequency removal on mistuned harmonic separation thresholds. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1814083; article XML SHA-256 f58cf7f74d2ac8507f6ba7af16850dd9b9847b85ee6b7bd49a2f10eb4abfa65a. “Effect of fundamental frequency removal on mistuned harmonic separation thresholds” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1814083). · CC-BY-4.0

• composite reliability: The definition adds unsupported generalization by saying composite reliability is used in psychological assessment models to evaluate how reliably a factor or scale performs; the packet only shows it as a coefficient expected for the model’s factors.; The definition’s claim that composite reliability is “a coefficient used… to evaluate how reliably a factor or scale performs” is not explicitly supported by the provided text.; The definition’s claim that it is “considered alongside internal consistency” is only indirectly supported (the packet mentions both in the same expectation), but the substantive description of the role/meaning is not supported.; The packet only states that “satisfactory coefficients for both composite reliability and internal consistency” are expected for model factors; it does not define what composite reliability is or what it evaluates.; The source supports only that composite reliability is considered alongside internal consistency as a psychometric quality indicator, not the broader evaluative description given.

  Schwarzer Nicola-Hans; Behringer Noëlle; Dees Paula; Gingelmaier Stephan; Henter Melanie; Kirsch Holger; Kreuzer Tillmann; Langnickel Robert; Link Pierre-Carl; Müller Sascha; Turner Agnes; Nolte Tobias. Replicability or revision? Further evidence on the psychometric quality of the German version of the epistemic trust, mistrust and credulity questionnaire. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s40359-026-04810-0; article XML SHA-256 577056bedf57e85b7e86b26a366093394d02eaf3afdc2f979b35305d6ae57253. “Replicability or revision? Further evidence on the psychometric quality of the German version of the epistemic trust, mistrust and credulity questionnaire” (10.1186/s40359-026-04810-0). · CC-BY-4.0

• compound action potential: The field is not defensible for this term here: the packet is about spinal cord stimulation and evoked compound action potentials, not cognition or psychology.; The provided field is “cognition,” but the packet content concerns spinal cord stimulation, sensory fibers, and pain—there is no support in the packet that the term is being used in a cognition context.; The second sentence narrows the term to spinal cord stimulation as if that were part of the general definition; the packet only supports that this study calculated ECAPs in that specific SCS context.; While the core description matches the packet (evoked compound action potential generated by activated nerve fibers and recorded/calculated at recording contacts), the definition’s assigned field (“cognition”) is not supported by the packet.

  Wu Zhen; Wu Nianshuang; Wang Penghao; Zhang Cheng; Wu Changzhe; Huo Xiaolin; Zhang Guanghao. Directional leads applied to spinal cord stimulation: A computational modelling study. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0345287; article XML SHA-256 6d441dd1ca787df3b46b199e38f3342b9c4531d71da57877f4655e05c39e3b5f. “Directional leads applied to spinal cord stimulation: A computational modelling study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0345287). · CC-BY-4.0

• conative: The definition adds broader interpretive wording (“impulse in mental life,” “more broadly than bodily appetite alone”) that is not explicitly supported by the provided excerpt.; The gloss “action-oriented wants or urges” goes beyond the packet’s wording and adds an interpretive characterization not stated in the source.; The packet does not directly define “conative” as “tendencies of striving or impulse”; it only says that “Appetite” is “applied to conative tendencies of all sorts,” and that for these “appetence (or appetency) and impulse are better.”; The packet does not support the claim that the phrase “conative tendencies” in this source means “action-oriented wants or urges more broadly than bodily appetite alone.” The text contrasts “appetite” with “impulse” and discusses appetite as an organic need, but it does not spell out “action-oriented wants/urges” as the meaning of “conative.”; “Striving” is not supported by the packet; the source only says “conative tendencies of all sorts” and recommends the terms “appetence” or “impulse” instead.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Appetite” (Appetite). · public-domain-US

• concept acquisition: Because the key defining characterization in the first sentence is not explicitly supported by the packet, the definition as a whole does not meet the requirement that every substantive claim be supported by the provided source text.; The claim that the source identifies a process of learning words and concepts is broader than the packet’s scope; the text focuses on explanatory factors (input frequency, concreteness/imageability, external modalities, interoceptive features, and social interaction) rather than a definition of concept acquisition itself.; The definition compresses multiple claims into one sentence and reads like a synthesized gloss rather than a source-grounded definition tied to the packet’s specific sense.; The definition’s first sentence claims that “concept acquisition is the process through which words and concepts are learned and come to have meaning in cognitive development.” The packet does not define concept acquisition in these terms; it discusses age of acquisition (AoA), concept grounding/groundability, and meaning acquisition via the symbol grounding problem, but not a definition of concept acquisition as “learning words and coming to have meaning.”; The packet supports discussion of factors affecting age of acquisition and concept groundability, but it does not define concept acquisition as the general process through which words and concepts are learned and come to have meaning in cognitive development.

  Thill Serge; Twomey Katherine E.. What's on the Inside Counts: A Grounded Account of Concept Acquisition and Development. 2016; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00402; article XML SHA-256 fc9aa5657b62006a7a2c7ce780d870ddbcb6227b223ae9efe4b7841d1ee9411e. “What's on the Inside Counts: A Grounded Account of Concept Acquisition and Development” (10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00402). · CC-BY-4.0

• conceptual complexity: The definition claims conceptual complexity broadly refers to “how complicated a concept is in the mind” and “features that can make it harder to process or distinguish,” but the packet only mentions specific example components (“how confusable a concept is with other, similar concepts” and “the diversity of the contexts in which a concept appears”) rather than defining complexity in terms of mind-complication or processing/distinguishability.; The definition’s second sentence is only partially supported: the packet supports the ideas of confusability and diversity of contexts, but it does not explicitly frame these as “factors” capturing complexity beyond that illustrative list (the definition treats them as the core reflection of conceptual complexity).; The packet does not define “conceptual complexity” as a general property of how complicated a concept is in the mind; it only mentions it as a category of variables and gives examples such as confusability with similar concepts and diversity of contexts.; The wording broadens the source beyond what is supported by the packet, which specifically treats these as related variables rather than a full definition of the term.

  Davis Charles P; Yee Eiling. Is time an embodied property of concepts?. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0290997; article XML SHA-256 aef9b2522eb68618071d445d180baa10f1b592332530cca4dc45239a0101d73e. “Is time an embodied property of concepts?” (10.1371/journal.pone.0290997). · CC-BY-4.0

• conciliation: Because the key descriptive elements of the definition (calming/persuading/competition of cooperation; gentle vs force) are not explicitly present in the supplied passage, the requested sense is not defensibly supported.; The definition adds interpretive details (‘gentle handling rather than force’) that are not directly stated in the passage, so it goes beyond the supplied historical evidence.; The definition’s claim that conciliation is contrasted with “coercive or punitive measures” is only partially supported: the text contrasts conciliation failing with “torment” methods (hunger, chains, flogging), but it does not clearly establish conciliation as non-coercive or “gentle.”; The packet does not define “conciliation” as “trying to calm, persuade, or win the patient’s cooperation” or as “gentle handling rather than force.” It only states that “Should conciliation fail, patients must be cured by some sort of torment,” without describing what conciliation consists of in those terms.; The packet only supports that conciliation was something attempted before harsher measures; it does not explicitly support the fuller gloss ‘trying to calm, persuade, or win the patient’s cooperation by gentle handling.’

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-94500-106500). · public-domain-US

• conditional discrimination: Because the “condition or cue determines correctness rather than one stimulus always being correct” phrasing is not directly stated in the supplied packet, that substantive part of the definition is unsupported by the source.; The definition adds general explanatory wording that is not established by the supplied source text; the packet only shows the term used for a weight-based task, not a standalone definition of the concept.; The packet supports that conditional discriminations are contrasted with simple discriminations and described as more cognitively demanding, but it does not explicitly support the fuller definitional claim that the correct response depends on a particular condition or cue rather than on one stimulus always being correct.; The packet supports that the study contrasts conditional discrimination with simple discrimination and suggests conditional discriminations are more cognitively demanding, but it does not explicitly define conditional discrimination as one where “the correct response depends on a particular condition or cue.”

  Lambert Poppy J; Rippel-Rachle Antonia; Auersperg Alice M I. Testing weight-based conditional discrimination in Goffin’s cockatoos, Cacatua goffiniana. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0338604; article XML SHA-256 ac76bc9b38bc386daa42df6df012b1ff431fdf85207a14b0f20fb817458473f8. “Testing weight-based conditional discrimination in Goffin’s cockatoos, Cacatua goffiniana” (10.1371/journal.pone.0338604). · CC-BY-4.0

• conditioned aversion: Because the core definitional claims (unpleasantness/avoidance after conditioning) are not supported in the supplied packet text, the definition is not defensible from the provided source.; The definition’s clause “In this packet, it refers specifically to learning-related aversion to sodium” is only partially supported: the packet text references “sodium conditioned aversion,” but does not explicitly state that the term refers specifically to “learning-related aversion to sodium.”; The packet does not provide a general, field-definitional description of “conditioned aversion” as a learned shift toward finding a stimulus unpleasant or avoiding it; it only mentions “sodium conditioned aversion” in passing.; The packet supports sodium conditioned aversion and salt chemotaxis learning, but it does not define conditioned aversion as a general learned shift toward finding a stimulus unpleasant or avoiding it after conditioning.; The specific sense is narrowed to sodium in the source; the broader first sentence generalizes beyond what the packet states.

  Dao Joseph; Lee Aileen; Drecksel Dana K.; Bittlingmaier Nicole M.; Nelson Theodore M.. Characterization of TMC-1 in C. elegans sodium chemotaxis and sodium conditioned aversion. 2020; DOI 10.1186/s12863-020-00844-4; article XML SHA-256 b78b0f7af666a09df6963b614943185a8b729ae3a880dfc7260a5de6e01a672a. “Characterization of TMC-1 in C. elegans sodium chemotaxis and sodium conditioned aversion” (10.1186/s12863-020-00844-4). · CC-BY-4.0

• conditioned stimulus: The packet does not explicitly state that the person/object/situation (e.g., the dentist/dental-related stimuli) is “previously neutral” before learning.; The packet supports a dentist and/or dental-related stimuli becoming a conditioned stimulus after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, but it does not support the broader “previously neutral person, object, or situation” generalization.; The packet supports an emotional response specifically described as “fear,” but it does not support the broader claim that the emotional or behavioral response can be “emotional or behavioral.”; The packet supports fear as the conditioned response, but not the broader claim of an “emotional or behavioral response.”

  Geers Andrew L; Seligman Laura D; Pituch Keenan A; Colagiuri Ben; Marusak Hilary A; Rabinak Christine A; Al-Ado Sena L; Turner Natalie; Nedley Michael. A test of pre-exposure spacing and multiple context pre-exposure on the mechanisms of latent inhibition of dental fear: A study protocol. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s40359-024-01580-5; article XML SHA-256 1b34d67f93baa5c3fa262f3c5935d4a9418ce612ac6e1e3bcd8c2bf99b4dec40. “A test of pre-exposure spacing and multiple context pre-exposure on the mechanisms of latent inhibition of dental fear: A study protocol” (10.1186/s40359-024-01580-5). · CC-BY-4.0

• confidence level: The claim that confidence level can shape how someone experiences “stress” is not supported; the packet mentions anxiety, arousal, and performance outcomes, not stress.; The definition adds a broad psychology/general-use sense that is not established by the packet, which is limited to pre-competitive self-confidence in athletes.; The packet does not explicitly define “confidence level” as a “degree of confidence a person has in themselves in a given situation”; it mentions “self-confidence” and “confidence level” as psychological factors but does not provide a definitional meaning for the term.; The packet supports self-confidence/confidence level as a factor in athletic performance, but it does not define the term as a general “degree of confidence a person has in themselves” or “how strongly someone feels sure of their own ability.”; The packet supports that effects depend on interpretation of arousal and that satisfaction is an outcome, but it does not explicitly connect the term to “how strongly someone feels sure of their own ability” (as a general definitional statement) or to “stress” specifically beyond discussion of arousal interpretation.

  López-Hernández Alejandro; Simón-Piqueras Juan Ángel; González Ravé José María. Self-confidence and perceived fatigue as predictors of performance satisfaction in trained swimmers. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1755167; article XML SHA-256 f47f921f268a85cbe80b9e9eb816d3ab084bdd9cb38e20acb01cdb0e0d972cb6. “Self-confidence and perceived fatigue as predictors of performance satisfaction in trained swimmers” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1755167). · CC-BY-4.0

• confidentiality: The definition adds an ethical duty (“the duty to protect it”) that is not stated in the source packet, which defines confidentiality only as the privacy of information and its protection against unauthorized disclosure.; The definition adds the concept of a specific “duty” to protect information, but the packet text only states privacy and protection against unauthorized disclosure, without mentioning any duty/obligation.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Confidentiality” (D003219). · public-domain-US-government

• confrontation naming: The claim that confrontation naming is “often included in aphasia screening” is not directly supported; the packet only provides evidence for inclusion in one specific screening tool (SAST) rather than establishing frequency across screening generally.; The claim that it is "often included" in aphasia screening is too broad for the packet; it supports only this specific screening test and a general list of screening tests, not frequency or common inclusion across the field.; The definition adds functional detail about what the task measures and how it is used that is not explicitly supported by the supplied source text.; The packet mentions a subtest named “visual confrontation naming” within the Serbian Aphasia Screening Test, but it does not define “confrontation naming” as measuring naming ability when items are presented directly (e.g., through visual prompts).; The packet supports that visual confrontation naming is a subtest in an aphasia screening test, but it does not define confrontation naming as the task of naming items from direct visual prompts.; While the packet supports that the SAST is an aphasia screening assessment with multiple subtests evaluating language abilities, it does not explicitly state that confrontation naming is used specifically as “one part of evaluating language impairment” in the way the definition phrases it.

  Vuković Mile; Milovanović Tanja; Teovanović Predrag; Stojanovik Vesna. Evaluation of reliability and validity of the Serbian Aphasia Screening Test. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0304565; article XML SHA-256 78498dcd6603e75de01baebb8ea4c50808249381edfbaf40a61f8df1848e17e9. “Evaluation of reliability and validity of the Serbian Aphasia Screening Test” (10.1371/journal.pone.0304565). · CC-BY-4.0

• congenital visual impairment: Although the packet discusses that “abnormal visual experiences during early-life may adversely affect integration in congenitally visually impaired children,” it does not directly support the wording “altered visual integration” as stated in the definition.; The definition states that the condition is “reduced vision that is present from birth,” but the supplied packet does not explicitly define congenital visual impairment as reduced vision present from birth.; The packet does not directly support the gloss “reduced vision that is present from birth”; it refers to children with congenital visual impairment but does not define the term in those words.; The packet supports that children aged 4–17 with congenital visual impairment show “heightened intensity of Müller-Lyer illusion compared to visually normal counterparts,” but the overall definition includes additional elements (especially the birth/present-from-birth phrasing) that are not supported.; “Altered visual integration” is only indirectly suggested by the paper’s discussion that early-life abnormal visual experiences may adversely affect integration, not stated as a direct description of the condition.

  Lin Na; Chen Bichi; Yang Maoyuan; Lu Fan; Deng Ruzhi. Low vision aids and age are associated with Müller-Lyer illusion in congenital visually impaired children. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1278554; article XML SHA-256 33e947b103216eaf7c15b9c2597bd6c89c7e4f6114d027b5fa0a8878ab381199. “Low vision aids and age are associated with Müller-Lyer illusion in congenital visually impaired children” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1278554). · CC-BY-4.0

• conscious resistance: The definition adds a general account of ‘deliberate mental effort’ and ‘integrating scattered impressions or events to restore continuity’ that goes beyond the packet’s specific claim about conscious and resistant active efforts against digital fragmentation.; The definition frames the concept as pushing back to “reconnect” experience into a “more coherent whole”; while the packet points to reconstructing continuity and a “more complete… generative model,” the exact wording about “reconnected into a more coherent whole” is not directly supported as phrased.; The packet supports the idea that “conscious” and “resistant active efforts” are needed to respond to digital fragmentation and to reconstruct “experiential continuity,” but it does not explicitly define the process as “integrating scattered impressions or events,” so that specificity is not supported.; The packet uses the phrase to describe aesthetic experience in art education, not a developmental psychology concept, so the requested field is not well supported.; ‘Support fuller growth in experience’ is broader than the packet’s wording and is not stated as a supported definitional component.

  Zhang Fangting. “Art as Experience” revisited: Dewey’s aesthetic cognition theory in the age of fragmented perception. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1805282; article XML SHA-256 2516a472475482c12be0666037cdb89b3843ed92d798e9a7cfa82f8254d490e2. ““Art as Experience” revisited: Dewey’s aesthetic cognition theory in the age of fragmented perception” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1805282). · CC-BY-4.0

• consolidation period: The explanation that newly formed tissue hardens into stronger bone is only indirectly suggested by the study’s findings and goes beyond what the packet explicitly states.; The packet does not describe what the consolidation period is (e.g., a phase after bone separation) or what happens during it (e.g., tissue hardening/stronger bone).; The packet only explicitly supports that a “long consolidation period” is a major limitation in distraction osteogenesis, not the specific phase definition provided.; The packet supports that a long consolidation period is a major limitation in distraction osteogenesis, but it does not define the term as a specific post-separation phase or describe the sequence of bone separation followed by tissue hardening.

  Xu Jia; Sun Yuxin; Wu Tianyi; Wang Bin; Liu Yang; Zhang Jinfang; Lee Wayne Yukwai; Kang Qinglin; Chai Yimin; Li Gang. Porcine brain extract promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone consolidation in a rat distraction osteogenesis model. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0187362; article XML SHA-256 8f321d8c4384329112032ff9041447b601b92f1b899a34136349e95ca69c5f64. “Porcine brain extract promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone consolidation in a rat distraction osteogenesis model” (10.1371/journal.pone.0187362). · CC-BY-4.0

• consolidation: The mechanism claim is only weakly supported and narrower in the packet: it says one potential mechanism involves oscillatory neuronal activity in premotor and primary motor cortices and their interaction, not the broader phrasing about "rhythmic brain activity and communication".; The packet does not define consolidation as a general cognitive process by which a newly learned motor memory becomes more stable after practice; it only says motor memory consolidation may be influenced by offline non-invasive brain stimulation.; The packet does not state that consolidation is “the process by which a newly learned motor memory becomes more stable after practice,” so this core characterization of the term is unsupported by the supplied text.; The packet does not support the added timing claim that consolidation occurs "during offline periods after training" as part of the definition; it only mentions offline application of stimulation in relation to motor memory consolidation.; The packet mentions “offline application” of brain stimulation, but it does not explicitly support the broader phrasing “during offline periods after training.”; The packet supports that a potential mechanism involves “changes in oscillatory neuronal activity” in premotor and primary motor cortices and their interaction, but it does not specifically justify the wording “communication between premotor and primary motor areas.”

  Dabbagh Alhuda; Idaji Mina Jamshidi; Tzvi Elinor; Nikulin Vadim; Rumpf Jost-Julian; Classen Joseph. Absence of evidence for post-training tDCS effects on motor memory consolidation and premotor–primary motor cortex interaction: a resting-state EEG study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1698460; article XML SHA-256 a78a21a3ccd09be7466f10a3ba9026dc40c35651ae1d2018d77167b1ddb3f710. “Absence of evidence for post-training tDCS effects on motor memory consolidation and premotor–primary motor cortex interaction: a resting-state EEG study” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1698460). · CC-BY-4.0

• conspicuous consumption: The definition expands from “socially evaluative” / “identity-expressive” orientations to the more concrete mechanism “visibly express identity” and “concern about how one is seen,” which is not directly stated in the provided packet text.; The packet does not define conspicuous consumption itself; it only mentions “conspicuous consumption tendencies” and related “identity-expressive consumption orientations,” so the full definitional gloss is not supported by the supplied text.; The packet mentions “conspicuous consumption tendencies” alongside “social-face sensitivity” and frames related constructs as “socially evaluative sensitivity” and “identity-expressive consumption orientations,” but it does not explicitly support the definition’s specific wording that consumption is “visibly” expressive or that it is about “concern about how one is seen by others.”; “Visibly express identity” and “shaped by concern about how one is seen by others” go beyond the packet’s wording; the source only supports a general link to identity-expressive consumption and socially evaluative sensitivity in a study context.

  Jeong Kwon-Hyuk; You Jiung. A study on the differences in social-face sensitivity and conspicuous consumption tendency based on sports consumers’ impulse buying tendency: focusing on Generation Z. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1764875; article XML SHA-256 f769ec73cd00a345540f1d8b99b00b522fb8a7ab67080d3ba408b72431d338e7. “A study on the differences in social-face sensitivity and conspicuous consumption tendency based on sports consumers’ impulse buying tendency: focusing on Generation Z” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1764875). · CC-BY-4.0

• construal: The definition blends a general dictionary sense with a source-specific claim, but the packet provides only a narrow research-context description of construal level, not a full definition of construal.; The packet does not explicitly define “construal” as “the way a person mentally frames or represents a situation,” so that general characterization is not supported by the provided text.; The packet does not support the general definition of construal as “the way a person mentally frames or represents a situation.” It only discusses construal level theory in relation to food choices and attention to food type/quantity.; While the packet supports that “chronic and situational construal levels” exist and guide attention to “food type” and “food quantity,” the provided definition includes an additional, broader wording (“mentally frames or represents a situation”) that is not substantiated in the packet.; “Relatively enduring or momentary mindset” is not stated in the packet; the source only mentions chronic and situational construal levels.

  Kim Eunho; Kang Yoon-Hee. “Same Calories, Different Foods” – What do you choose? The role of construal level and age in shaping food choices. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1688277; article XML SHA-256 341063d048c73800af9f265b82574a2fe9ba4860ff298f3b00d2b35e5658e612. ““Same Calories, Different Foods” – What do you choose? The role of construal level and age in shaping food choices” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1688277). · CC-BY-4.0

• construct validity: The definition misstates construct validity as whether a test “appears” to measure something; that wording fits face validity more than construct validity.; The definition’s first sentence (“extent to which a test or assessment appears to measure the underlying ability or process it is intended to measure”) is not explicitly stated in the packet text provided.; The packet supports construct validity by reporting expected associations with established motor and cognitive measures, but the definition’s first sentence is not supported by the source and is misleading.; The packet supports construct validity only in the narrower, operational sense of demonstrating expected associations between SKILLCOURT outcomes and age-adjusted regression against established motor and seated PC-based cognitive measures; it does not support the broader “extent/underlying ability or process” phrasing.; The proposed support sentence (“scores on the new device relate in expected ways to established measures of similar motor and cognitive functions”) is only partially supported: the packet describes significant age-adjusted regression/prediction against specific established measures (e.g., TUG and PC-based cognitive tasks), but does not explicitly use the wording “similar” or “expected ways” as a general construct-validity criterion.

  Giesche Florian; Vogt Lutz; Groneberg David A; Hülsdünker Thorben. Reliability, construct validity, and usefulness of an assessment device for agility and motor-cognitive reactive stepping performance in community-dwelling older adults. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0351843; article XML SHA-256 aeaa1e2eaddd045aa411464ecdb62c37ceccfb720eb1ac95696250b9933fb1a4. “Reliability, construct validity, and usefulness of an assessment device for agility and motor-cognitive reactive stepping performance in community-dwelling older adults” (10.1371/journal.pone.0351843). · CC-BY-4.0

• constructivism: Because that “active role…rather than simply receiving information” contrast is not substantiated in the provided packet text, the definition includes an unsupported substantive element.; The packet supports constructivism as an instructional philosophy, but it does not explicitly support the general explanatory claim that it is a learning approach in which learners build understanding rather than receive information.; The packet supports social, cognitive, and critical constructivism and mentions autonomy, critical thinking, and problem-solving, but it does not support the broader phrasing about ‘active contribution to society’ as a general defining feature.; The packet supports that the study examines “social, cognitive, and critical constructivism” and links constructivism with autonomy, critical thinking, and problem-solving, and with learners “actively contribute[ing] to nation-building,” but it does not explicitly support the specific claim that constructivism “emphasizes learners’ active role in building understanding rather than simply receiving information.”

  Nyamekye Ernest; Asare-Danso Seth; Ofori Emmanuel Amo. Investigating the influence of language teachers’ constructivist self-efficacy on their practice of constructivism in Ghanaian language and culture instruction. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0320246; article XML SHA-256 f5a20fca0a9750640231ec1cc4ad7b4ba48f354d6141e1e1e5cc2df20aa4c388. “Investigating the influence of language teachers’ constructivist self-efficacy on their practice of constructivism in Ghanaian language and culture instruction” (10.1371/journal.pone.0320246). · CC-BY-4.0

• consumer behavior: The packet defines consumer behavior as “Behavior associated with the procurement of goods, services, or experiences,” but the provided definition adds an additional psychology-specific gloss (“how people act when they acquire what they want or need”) that is not stated or supported in the packet text.; The phrase “what they want or need” is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s wording about procurement of goods, services, or experiences.; The second sentence adds an unsupported psychology-specific gloss (“In psychology-related use...”) that is not stated in the packet.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Consumer Behavior” (D003258). · public-domain-US-government

• contact behavior: The definition’s first sentence gives a broad, general meaning (“pattern of how people come into contact with a relevant source in their environment”), but the packet only mentions a specific “water contact behavior of humans” in the context of schistosomiasis transmission; it does not support the generalized phrasing.; The opening, general definition (“the pattern of how people come into contact with a relevant source in their environment”) is broader than the packet supports; the packet only supports human water contact in the context of schistosomiasis transmission.; The packet does not support the abstract phrase “relevant source in their environment” or a general learning-field sense for the term beyond the specific epidemiological context given.

  Tamir Zemenu; Animut Abebe; Dugassa Sisay; Gebreselassie Araya; Tsegaye Aster; Kassa Tesfu; Eguale Tadesse; Kebede Tadesse; Negash Yohannes; Mekonnen Zeleke; Erko Berhanu. Intestinal helminthiasis survey with emphasis on schistosomiasis in Koga irrigation scheme environs, northwest Ethiopia. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0272560; article XML SHA-256 1fbd35062c4dd3e0f75b0baf235d186aec89265405ad536094127041f93a6f3e. “Intestinal helminthiasis survey with emphasis on schistosomiasis in Koga irrigation scheme environs, northwest Ethiopia” (10.1371/journal.pone.0272560). · CC-BY-4.0

• contact hypothesis: The definition states that contact “can … often reduce intergroup prejudice,” but the packet only says research “prioritized the role of positive, direct, face-to-face interactions in shaping intergroup prejudices” and that these had a “comparatively stronger relationship with prejudice,” without explicitly stating that the effect is to reduce prejudice.; The packet supports that the contact hypothesis has traditionally emphasized positive, direct face-to-face contact and has recently expanded to indirect/vicarious, negative, and online contact, but it does not explicitly support the claim that contact often reduces prejudice.; The wording broadens the source beyond what is stated by adding a general causal claim about reducing prejudice; the packet only reports associations and comparative relationships in two studies, not a general clinical or empirical consensus.

  Bond Julian; Dixon John; Tredoux Colin; Andreouli Eleni. The contact hypothesis and the virtual revolution: Does face-to-face interaction remain central to improving intergroup relations?. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0292831; article XML SHA-256 1d2ff4d07e81857dca45d89b8f7f7ac1646c5e5c4986200bdd95cb1a1984a22f. “The contact hypothesis and the virtual revolution: Does face-to-face interaction remain central to improving intergroup relations?” (10.1371/journal.pone.0292831). · CC-BY-4.0

• contagion: The claim that emotions are spread or shared 'through their interactions' is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source.; The definition’s claim that emotional contagion is “an important process” in group behavior/relationships is broadly consistent with the packet, but because the core definitional wording about “spread or sharing…through interactions” is not directly supported, the definition is not fully defensible.; The packet does not state that, in psychology, “contagion usually refers to emotional contagion.”; The packet mentions emotional contagion shaping “group dynamics, interpersonal relationships, and affective regulation,” but it does not explicitly define it as “the spread or sharing of feelings between people through their interactions.”; The packet supports emotional contagion as a topic, but it does not establish that psychological contagion usually refers to emotional contagion as a general definitional sense.; The wording 'important process in group behavior, relationships, and how emotions are regulated' is a paraphrase of the source's 'group dynamics, interpersonal relationships, and affective regulation,' but the definition adds broader generalization rather than staying tightly within the source-backed wording.

  Garzón-Alvarado Diego Alexander; Duque-Daza Carlos Alberto; Alexiadis Alessio; Tamayo Ricardo Mauricio. A dynamical systems model of emotional contagion: Oscillatory coupling in the circumplex of affect. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0334738; article XML SHA-256 262645e93eb99364a6288131c29bf968f3329757156164a4578e409ead93d451. “A dynamical systems model of emotional contagion: Oscillatory coupling in the circumplex of affect” (10.1371/journal.pone.0334738). · CC-BY-4.0

• contents of consciousness: The definition’s first sentence (“distinguishable mental items that make up conscious experience”) is not stated in the provided packet.; The definition’s second sentence adds that the contents are “kinds of contents that can become linked through experience” such that “the return of one tends to bring back another.” While a similar idea appears in the packet’s description of association (when one content recurs, the other tends to recur), the packet links this explicitly to “association of ideas,” not to a general definition of “contents of consciousness.”; The packet does not define the term “contents of consciousness.” It defines “Association (of ideas)” as a union between mental dispositions corresponding to “two or more distinguishable contents of consciousness,” but it does not give a standalone definition of what “contents of consciousness” are.; The phrase 'make up conscious experience' is an unsupported paraphrase not stated in the packet and is broader than the source text.; The source defines association between mental dispositions corresponding to distinguishable contents of consciousness; it does not define the contents themselves as the items that become linked through experience.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Association (of ideas)” (Association (of ideas)). · public-domain-US

• context-specific learning: The claim that it means “learning processes understood in relation to a particular setting or activity rather than as a general trait” is unsupported by the source text.; The definition introduces a specific interpretation (“meaning how actively students are engaged…”) that is not explicitly stated in the packet text beyond naming the construct as “context-specific learning engagement.”; The first sentence makes a general, conceptual claim (“learning processes … rather than as a general trait”) that is not supported by the provided packet text.; The packet does not define context-specific learning itself; it only mentions “context-specific learning engagement” as a study variable.; The packet supports only that the study modeled “context-specific learning engagement (LE)” as a factor related to students’ perceptions in “STEAM-integrated music education (SIM-E)” and as an indirect association via LE; it does not provide the broader definitional framing used in the definition.; The phrase “how actively students are engaged in learning within the specific context of STEAM-integrated music education” describes engagement in that study, not a general dictionary sense of the term.

  Wei Jianyun; Li Yun; Huo Weiyi. Perceived STEAM-integrated music education and students’ innovative competence: parallel indirect associations through creative self-efficacy and context-specific learning engagement. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1923767; article XML SHA-256 adddef5b5f6cb3fcbbebd63284d9c5ae602675bc039639f0b57943060b54f71a. “Perceived STEAM-integrated music education and students’ innovative competence: parallel indirect associations through creative self-efficacy and context-specific learning engagement” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1923767). · CC-BY-4.0

• continuance commitment: The definition adds an explanatory description of the construct that is not stated in the supplied source text; a citation or general background is not enough to support that sense here.; The definition claims that continuance commitment is “higher among public sector employees, likely reflecting greater security,” which is broadly supported by the packet (“Public sector employees demonstrated higher levels of continuance commitment, likely due to job security”), but the additional explanation about “mainly because leaving would feel too costly or risky” is not supported.; The definition states that continuance commitment involves staying because leaving would feel “too costly or risky,” but the provided packet does not define continuance commitment in those terms or describe it as “costly or risky.”; The packet supports that continuance commitment was higher among public sector employees and that this was likely due to job security, but it does not define continuance commitment as staying because leaving would feel too costly or risky.

  Todorović Dušan; Mitić Petar M.; Stojiljković Nenad; Olanescu Mihai; Suciu Adrian; Popa Danut. Organizational commitment in the private and public sectors: a regression analysis based on personality traits, subjective wellbeing, organizational orientations, and perceived employment uncertainty in Serbia. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1442990; article XML SHA-256 4ea4f0a29bd5ab48e66c450e3195186eded23bdcef6ebe72df6d206c2c886ec0. “Organizational commitment in the private and public sectors: a regression analysis based on personality traits, subjective wellbeing, organizational orientations, and perceived employment uncertainty in Serbia” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1442990). · CC-BY-4.0

• continuing care retirement community: The definition’s specifics (“residents live within the same institution,” “nearby units or wings”) are only partially supported: the packet mentions “sharing a wing” as geographic proximity, but it does not explicitly support the broader claims about residents living within the same institution or in nearby units/wings as a definitional feature.; The packet supports that geographic proximity within a retirement community matters for close ties, but it does not support the broader claim that residents live in the same institution or that they are often in nearby units or wings as a general definition of the term.; The packet text provided does not explicitly define “continuing care retirement community” as a “residential community for older adults,” nor does it state the term’s general meaning beyond discussing “older continuing care retirement community residents.”; “Residential community for older adults” is not stated in the packet as a definition of the term; the source only discusses older residents in continuing care retirement communities in the context of one study.

  Ayalon Liat; Yahav Inbal. Location, location, location: Close ties among older continuing care retirement community residents. 2019; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0225554; article XML SHA-256 8097c607480b7749d4e7c33429aebc6059fc80566ae8c6aca005348a0f6147f5. “Location, location, location: Close ties among older continuing care retirement community residents” (10.1371/journal.pone.0225554). · CC-BY-4.0

• continuous rating scale: The definition’s first sentence therefore contains an unsupported substantive claim beyond what is stated in the packet.; The first sentence adds an unverified general definition of the term rather than limiting itself to what the source supports.; The packet shows only that 30 healthy adults rated the quality of children’s sung productions on a continuous rating scale; it does not define the scale as a continuum-based alternative to fixed categories.; The packet supports that adults “rate the quality” on a “continuous rating scale,” but it does not provide support for the definition’s general explanation that a continuous rating scale is a method that scores “along a continuum rather than placing it into fixed categories.”

  Clément Sylvain; Planchou Clément; Béland Renée; Motte Jacques; Samson Séverine. Singing abilities in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). 2015; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00420; article XML SHA-256 e34d47584b8507acc1cb2fc99c325dc69ce2e0f368743f00b97ce6e2bcb0f9fc. “Singing abilities in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI)” (10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00420). · CC-BY-4.0

• continuous recognition task: The definition adds general behavioral details and a broad use claim that are not stated in the supplied source packet.; The definition’s claims about distinguishing previously seen versus new items and using it to study explicit memory are not explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The packet does not support the specific characterization that the task is used “often” to study explicit memory by comparing brain or performance responses to old versus new items; the packet only reports analyses (e.g., old/new effects) in a particular study context without giving a general definition.; The packet mentions that participants performed a “continuous recognition task” while EEG was recorded, but it does not define what the task involves (e.g., how items are presented, what participants must do, or how “old” vs “new” are distinguished).; The packet supports that the task was used in a study of explicit verbal memory, but it does not define the task as a memory test in which people respond to items as they appear or explicitly describe the old/new judgment procedure.

  Choi Jeong Woo; Jang Kyoung-Mi; Jung Ki-Young; Kim Myung-Sun; Kim Kyung Hwan. Reduced Theta-Band Power and Phase Synchrony during Explicit Verbal Memory Tasks in Female, Non-Clinical Individuals with Schizotypal Traits. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0148272; article XML SHA-256 ebfa320a4e1ab67c451ef73700f255fe4a066cb745f2749ab4d3d5d37da7bf61. “Reduced Theta-Band Power and Phase Synchrony during Explicit Verbal Memory Tasks in Female, Non-Clinical Individuals with Schizotypal Traits” (10.1371/journal.pone.0148272). · CC-BY-4.0

• contractility: The definition states that contractility refers to “measurable functional contractions of the lower-limb lymphatic system during lymph flow,” but the provided packet text only mentions that the study “established… functional contractility metrics of the lower limb lymphatic system” without describing contractility as an active contractile ability or specifying it as contractions “during lymph flow.”; The packet does not supply the requested general sense definition (“ability of tissue or a vessel to actively contract”); it only references the term in the context of study metrics, not as a definition.; The packet only supports a study-specific use of “functional contractility metrics” for the lower-limb lymphatic system; it does not support the general definition of contractility as the ability of tissue or a vessel to actively contract.; The source does not define contractility on its own, so the definition overstates what is established by the supplied text.; “During lymph flow” is not stated in the packet and adds an unsupported detail about the timing/context of the contractions.

  Kim Jihun; Bae Gyu-Seo; Kim Yujin; Yang Jiyoung; Jeon Eunsu; Seo Jincheol; Lee Youngjeon; Lee Sungin. Anatomical mapping and quantitative functional analysis of lower limb lymphatic flow in normal cynomolgus monkeys using indocyanine green lymphography. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0338516; article XML SHA-256 b488261b14376bf1886f2a98fa97d84e47bbebf07e4f51ce58fc8b5fba9bf706. “Anatomical mapping and quantitative functional analysis of lower limb lymphatic flow in normal cynomolgus monkeys using indocyanine green lymphography” (10.1371/journal.pone.0338516). · CC-BY-4.0

• contralateral eye: Because the definition’s first sentence is not directly supported by an explicit statement in the packet, the full requested sense cannot be considered defensibly supported.; The definition adds a broader contrastive statement about visual pathway input that is not explicitly supported by the source text.; The packet supports this term only in the context of retinotopic maps in the visual wulst, not as a general definition for any brain area or neural map.; The packet uses the terms “contralateral eye” and “ipsilateral eye” in experiments on the visual wulst, but it does not explicitly define “contralateral eye” as “the eye on the side opposite to the brain area or neural map being discussed.”

  Michael Neethu; Löwel Siegrid; Bischof Hans-Joachim. Features of the Retinotopic Representation in the Visual Wulst of a Laterally Eyed Bird, the Zebra Finch ( Taeniopygia guttata ). 2015; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0124917; article XML SHA-256 f1be19e54551ecc6ae2036629cee4779fd9ac52bce5dfc9df057a6cde23409d5. “Features of the Retinotopic Representation in the Visual Wulst of a Laterally Eyed Bird, the Zebra Finch ( Taeniopygia guttata )” (10.1371/journal.pone.0124917). · CC-BY-4.0

• control condition: Although the packet mentions “Glass's Δ SD pre measurement or control condition” and notes this is used when “experimental manipulation might affect the SD,” the packet does not define what a “control condition” is in general terms beyond that usage.; The definition’s first claim—“comparison group or situation in an independent-groups study … used as a reference for judging the effects of an experimental manipulation”—is not supported by the provided packet text.; The definition’s wording about using the control condition’s standard deviation as a reference is only partially supported (the packet supports the idea of using SD from the pre-measurement or control condition), but the full narrative framing is not explicitly stated in the packet.; The packet supports only a specific effect-size standardizer use of “control condition” in Glass’s Δ, not the broader general definition as a comparison group or situation used to judge an experimental manipulation.; The phrase “comparison group or situation in an independent-groups study” is not stated in the source passage and goes beyond what is supported there.

  Frontiers: Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science. 2013 volume 4; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863. “Calculating and reporting effect sizes” (9b939b04f5240b5c5c85). · CC-BY-4.0

• control processes: The contrast with affective reactivity is supported in general, but the definition adds unsupported detail about specific impulsivity facets and their meaning.; The definition claims that the term “refers to the more self-regulating side of behavior.” The packet discusses “regulatory facets of impulsivity” but does not explicitly frame cognitive control processes as “the more self-regulating side of behavior.”; The definition’s emphasis on “planning ahead” and “staying on task” is not explicitly stated in the packet. While related UPPS facets (e.g., premeditation, perseverance) are mentioned, the packet does not equate these with the general phrase used in the definition.; The packet does not define “control processes” as “cognitive regulatory functions involved in guiding behavior.” It only states that impulsivity reflects both “affective reactivity and cognitive control processes.”; The packet only says impulsivity reflects both affective reactivity and cognitive control processes; it does not define control processes as planning ahead, staying on task, or the self-regulating side of behavior.

  Barel Efrat; Cohen Ami; Mahagna Lila. Gonadal hormones and impulsivity facets: moderating roles of cortisol and anxiety. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1871253; article XML SHA-256 1ec56736999979f4f1fc036fde389605c43f8816701a80ca617e935f510476b9. “Gonadal hormones and impulsivity facets: moderating roles of cortisol and anxiety” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1871253). · CC-BY-4.0

• controlled attention: The definition relies on a broader conceptual gloss rather than a source-backed dictionary sense.; The definition’s first sentence gives a general characterization of “controlled attention” (executive control resources to direct focus according to current goals) that is not explicitly supported anywhere in the provided packet.; The phrase “according to current goals” is not supported by the packet.; The source supports that temporal orienting demands controlled attention and that rhythm-based temporal preparation does not require executive control resources, but it does not define “controlled attention” itself as attention that depends on executive control resources to direct focus according to current goals.

  de la Rosa María Dolores; Sanabria Daniel; Capizzi Mariagrazia; Correa Angel. Temporal Preparation Driven by Rhythms is Resistant to Working Memory Interference. 2012; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00308; article XML SHA-256 5eb6a8e404e6a50e1a419e5fc4130305853dc9fcc18df41b329646f3db277c6b. “Temporal Preparation Driven by Rhythms is Resistant to Working Memory Interference” (10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00308). · CC-BY-3.0

• contusion: The definition’s first sentence generalizes that contusion is an injury that “damages body tissue,” but the packet only describes tissue damage in the context of spinal cord injury models (“damaging the constituent tissues of the spinal cord”).; The definition’s requested scope mixes a general definition of “contusion” with a specific discussion of “contusion injury model” and spinal cord injury; the packet supports the animal SCI contusion model rationale, but it does not explicitly provide a general, stand-alone definition of “contusion” beyond that SCI context.; The field is not defensible here: the source is a biomedical article about spinal cord injury biomechanics, not an ethics or psychology/counselling definition.; The packet supports contusion only in the specific context of spinal cord injury and contusion injury models; it does not define contusion generally as any injury caused by external mechanical force damaging body tissue.

  Obaid Numaira; Zamora Dexter L.; Jimenez-Gonzalez Cesar; Sparrey Carolyn J.. Effect of morphology on the biomechanics of contusion models of non-human primate spinal cord injury: a finite element study in a digital population. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0337794; article XML SHA-256 5b3795a531dcc42482f8d171527b50e5e02a88ef6e00a13c29cb38d81ebb06fe. “Effect of morphology on the biomechanics of contusion models of non-human primate spinal cord injury: a finite element study in a digital population” (10.1371/journal.pone.0337794). · CC-BY-4.0

• convenience sampling: Because the substantive defining features in the provided definition are not stated in the packet, the definition includes unsupported claims.; The example about a readily accessible student group is not stated in the packet as a general feature of the term.; The packet does not explicitly support the definition’s examples (e.g., “readily accessible student group”) as the meaning of convenience sampling; it only reports that the sample consisted of Chilean university students.; The packet mentions that the study used a “non-probabilistic convenience sampling” approach, but it does not define convenience sampling as selecting participants based on ease of access/availability rather than random selection.; The packet supports that the study used non-probabilistic convenience sampling, but it does not define convenience sampling as selecting participants based on ease of access or availability rather than random selection.; The statement that, in psychology research, it means a sample is drawn from people who are convenient to recruit is a broader generalization not established by the packet.

  Troncoso-Tejada Gustavo; Gálvez-Nieto José; Norambuena-Paredes Ignacio; Casas David González. Psychometric study of the political violence support scale in a sample of Chilean university students. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s40359-026-04416-6; article XML SHA-256 8267328f8103e15e0d986543d4be95da438d2ffc377e1b2d7404fc7a1692eaaf. “Psychometric study of the political violence support scale in a sample of Chilean university students” (10.1186/s40359-026-04416-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• conversation: The claim that people “bring expectations and shared assumptions that shape how they understand each other” is not clearly supported by the packet’s wording; the packet references cognitive expectations and presuppositions in bilingual contexts but does not state the broader mechanism (“shape how they understand each other”).; The definition adds interpretive elements (“shared assumptions,” “shape how they understand each other”) that are not directly evidenced in the provided packet text.; The final sentence goes beyond the packet by asserting what “the packet only supports” and by generalizing the sense of the term rather than restricting the definition to the source-supported wording.; The packet does not explicitly define conversation as “spoken interaction.” It only mentions “conversation” and discusses “conversational presuppositions” and “cognitive expectations.”; The packet supports conversation in bilingual/literary contexts and mentions conversational presuppositions and cognitive expectations, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s added framing of “learning contexts” or the claim that conversation is “spoken interaction.”

  Ke Yuguo; Chen Liang; Zhou Xiaozhen. Trouble spots in literary conversation learning: managing bilinguals’ cognitive expectation problems using conversational presupposition theory. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s40359-025-03473-7; article XML SHA-256 b02b18265f35a10480d607af5fb4295fced75d95925498ac351333f26fcb4e0b. “Trouble spots in literary conversation learning: managing bilinguals’ cognitive expectation problems using conversational presupposition theory” (10.1186/s40359-025-03473-7). · CC-BY-4.0

• convoy model of social relations: Because the core explanatory description in the definition is not provided in the packet, the requested sense of the term is not defensibly supported by the supplied source text.; The claim that it is about people and social resources surrounding someone across different living situations goes beyond the packet’s wording, which only links social resources, living arrangements, and depression among older adults.; The packet does not define the convoy model itself; it only says the study’s results are consistent with it, so the definition’s explanation of the model is not directly supported.; The packet does not explicitly define what the “convoy model of social relations” is or how it conceptualizes “people and social resources surrounding someone” across living situations; it only states that the study’s results are “consistent with the convoy model of social relations.”; The packet does not support the specific claim that “stronger social support can help protect older adults from depression” as a direct implication of the convoy model (the packet reports associations between living arrangements and depressive symptoms, but does not tie that statement specifically to the convoy model).; The statement that stronger social support can protect older adults from depression is a study inference in this packet, not a supported general definition of the convoy model of social relations.

  Wangliu Yiqi; Chen Ji-Kang. Living arrangements, household registration status and depression among older adults in mainland China. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s12889-026-26765-y; article XML SHA-256 526158ae41d650b1030805f8850d311f8a225e2546d177fec3a94bbc84f4f9f0. “Living arrangements, household registration status and depression among older adults in mainland China” (10.1186/s12889-026-26765-y). · CC-BY-4.0

• convulsive disorder: The claim that this history “may increase the likelihood of later seizures” is only supported in the packet’s statement that patients with “a history of convulsive disorder … [are] more likely to have seizures,” but the definition’s wording (“diagnostic term” and “later seizures”) goes beyond what is explicitly stated.; The packet does not describe “convulsive disorder” as a diagnostic term or define it as such; it only refers to “history of convulsive disorder” as a covariate/risk factor.; The packet only shows “history of convulsive disorder” as a covariate and notes that such history has been reported to be associated with later seizures; it does not support defining the term itself as a diagnostic term for a condition involving convulsions or seizures.; The wording generalizes beyond the source by treating this as a settled diagnostic definition rather than a usage in one study’s background section.

  Hatano Masakazu; Yamada Kaho; Matsuzaki Haruna; Yokoi Rina; Saito Takeo; Yamada Shigeki. Analysis of clozapine-induced seizures using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0287122; article XML SHA-256 571e9ef4e0ab3794820ba0b26b2be87163791093e6240504f7109dd0a811a331. “Analysis of clozapine-induced seizures using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database” (10.1371/journal.pone.0287122). · CC-BY-4.0

• cooperating teacher: The definition adds that a cooperating teacher is an “experienced school teacher,” but the packet does not state that role or level of experience.; The definition’s wording (“ongoing interactions” shaping professional development and teacher identity) is partly supported by the packet’s focus on interactions and measured TI, but the packet does not provide enough support for the broader, generalized framing of the role as stated.; The packet does not explicitly define a “cooperating teacher” as an “experienced school teacher.”; The packet supports interaction during the teaching practicum and links those interactions to teacher identity development, but it does not directly define the term in the broader way the definition presents.; While the packet discusses how cooperating teacher–student teacher interactions relate to teacher identity and mentions elements like “shared activities,” it does not state that the cooperating teacher “helps shape the student teacher’s professional development and teacher identity” in the exact general terms used in the definition.

  Weng Fengyu; Zhuang Shiqi; Zhang Jiren; Qiao Wei. Exploring the relationship between Chinese physical education student teachers’ teacher identity and their interactions with cooperating teachers. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1746480; article XML SHA-256 970870c7608993ef6b350d6ad3e0350aa26759c2f93bfcab34a5d9481b13986e. “Exploring the relationship between Chinese physical education student teachers’ teacher identity and their interactions with cooperating teachers” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1746480). · CC-BY-4.0

• cooperative training: The definition frames the term as a general learning approach, but the packet only supports this sense in the narrow context of awake elephant echocardiography without anesthesia or restraint.; The definition states the animal is taught “to voluntarily take part in handling or examination procedures,” but the packet only describes cooperative training enabling echocardiography to be completed awake without anesthesia or restraint; it does not explicitly support the broader claim about voluntary handling participation.; The packet supports cooperative training “based on positive reinforcement” and cooperation with positioning/contact for TTE, but the definition’s wording generalizes beyond what is directly stated in the provided text.; The packet supports that the protocol was based on cooperative training and positive reinforcement, but it does not explicitly support the broader gloss that cooperative training means teaching an animal to voluntarily take part in handling or examination procedures.; “Positioning and contact” is an unsupported extrapolation from the article’s procedural details; the source only describes specific refinements for transthoracic echocardiography in elephants.

  Boutibou Antonin; Chetboul Valérie; Magnin Mathieu; Bureau Morgan; Baillon Coline; Chai Norin. Feasibility of Baseline cardIac investiGation in awake elepHants ( Elephas mAximus ) using tRansThoracic echocardiography: The BIG HEART study. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0333463; article XML SHA-256 6c9163a543acc1b5bfd0b01e02c4f7a8511aad2be9ec5f111b8f553d323d4546. “Feasibility of Baseline cardIac investiGation in awake elepHants ( Elephas mAximus ) using tRansThoracic echocardiography: The BIG HEART study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0333463). · CC-BY-4.0

• coordinative structure: The definition adds general explanatory phrasing (“organized way,” “pattern of interaction,” “varies over time”) that is broader than the packet’s supported wording about coordinative variability between segments or joints during movement.; The packet does not present a concept/definition of “coordinative structure” as a mental-health term; it uses “coordinative structure/structure of coordinative variability” within a movement biomechanics context.; The packet supports a biomechanics/movement sense of the term, not a mental health sense.; The supplied packet content is about biomechanical/dynamical-systems analysis of overuse injuries (e.g., patella-femoral pain syndrome), not mental-health constructs; therefore applying this definition in the “mental health” field is not supported by the packet.

  Hamill Joseph; Palmer Christopher; Van Emmerik Richard E A. Coordinative variability and overuse injury. 2012; DOI 10.1186/1758-2555-4-45; article XML SHA-256 875a0b3d10033436a92711a1ce392e9c217796143703806f9eb863c351f3a491. “Coordinative variability and overuse injury” (10.1186/1758-2555-4-45). · CC-BY-2.0

• coping strategy: The first sentence makes a broader definitional claim than the source provides; the article only discusses coping in the specific context of breakup-related music listening, not a general psychology definition.; The first sentence makes a general definitional claim (“a way a person tries to manage or control emotions…”) that is not explicitly defined in the provided packet; the packet only supports the specific notion of using music to “control emotions” in the context of romantic breakups.; The packet does not explicitly define “coping strategy” in general terms; support is limited to the study’s use of music-listening as (adaptive vs maladaptive) coping after romantic breakups.; The packet supports music-listening as a coping strategy after romantic breakups, but it does not define coping strategy in general as “a way a person tries to manage or control emotions in response to a stressful or upsetting experience.”

  He Hanwei; Chen Shu; Hua Cheng. Adaptive or maladaptive music-listening coping strategy: How does neuroticism use music after experiencing a romantic relationship breakup?. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0331373; article XML SHA-256 bd49f6acc35d84a1087721b13d8c96d759e8de7358ed9ce6f8d62540ff62c821. “Adaptive or maladaptive music-listening coping strategy: How does neuroticism use music after experiencing a romantic relationship breakup?” (10.1371/journal.pone.0331373). · CC-BY-4.0

• coping style: The definition’s first claim (“a person’s characteristic way of responding to stress or pressure”) is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text, which discusses coping styles via specific scales and mediation results but does not define coping style in those terms.; The packet does not define coping style as a person’s characteristic way of responding to stress or pressure; it only shows that the study examines positive and negative coping styles as mediators.; The sentence about coping patterns helping explain how academic self-efficacy is linked to students’ academic stress is supported, but the definition adds an unsupported general characterization that is not stated in the source.

  Sun Pu; Wang Lifang; Yan Ling. Mediation of coping style between academic self-efficacy and academic stress in middle school students. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1496528; article XML SHA-256 f92a50d76bb08f59ba020de4e42902d30618da4daea41396230f7e2f62141eb6. “Mediation of coping style between academic self-efficacy and academic stress in middle school students” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1496528). · CC-BY-4.0

• core knowledge: The claim that confidentiality “can restrict knowledge sharing and make open collaboration harder” is only indirectly supported (the packet says confidentiality hinders collaboration), but the first sentence is unsupported, so the overall definition cannot be accepted.; The field “ethics” is not defensible from the supplied source; the packet is about open innovation, reward mechanisms, and collaboration in product design, not ethics as a field.; The packet does not define “core knowledge” as “the central know-how or information a team relies on”; it only mentions that the competitive nature of design teams often “keeps core knowledge confidential.”; The packet supports a design-collaboration meaning of “core knowledge” as confidential knowledge in competitive teams, not the broader gloss “the central know-how or information a team relies on.”; The statement that confidentiality can “restrict knowledge sharing and make open collaboration harder” is only partly supported; the source says core knowledge is kept confidential, hindering collaboration, but does not make the broader generalization in the definition.

  Xu Boqun; Xu Kexin; Zhu Yuning; Zhou Yiting; Liu Xiaojian. Driving innovation: When design collaboration becomes open source, how do reward mechanisms and in-process feedback act as catalysts. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0327482; article XML SHA-256 6bd6a1abf5370b1cc2f9b9797e32005e8c9f4933257f56c11e906accd752104a. “Driving innovation: When design collaboration becomes open source, how do reward mechanisms and in-process feedback act as catalysts” (10.1371/journal.pone.0327482). · CC-BY-4.0

• Cornelia de Lange syndrome: The definition includes “learning … impairment,” but the packet does not mention learning (it mentions “mental retardation” and does not explicitly link this to learning impairment).; The packet supports behavioral problems, delayed growth, low birth weight, mental retardation, and distinctive facial appearance, but it does not support the added claim of “learning impairment.”; “Genetic syndrome” is not stated in the packet; the packet only supports a rare syndrome with gene mutations linked to the disorder.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Cornelia De Lange Syndrome” (C75016). · CC-BY-4.0

• corporeal: The packet does not explicitly support the wording “bodily or physical” as separate senses from “relating to the body.”; The packet only states “Pertaining to the BODY”; it does not explicitly support the added contrast “rather than nonbodily.”; The packet supports only “pertaining to the body”; it does not support the added gloss “physical rather than nonbodily.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Corporeal” (Corporeal). · public-domain-US

• correct detection: The added specificity about molecular testing recognizing virulent Bacillus anthracis is contextual and not supported as the term’s dictionary sense.; The definition narrows the term to Bacillus anthracis detection, which is not justified by the source packet.; The first sentence provides a general definition of “correct detection” (accurately finding/identifying an intended target; avoiding mistaking it for a closely related source; preventing false positives) that is not explicitly stated as a definition in the provided packet, which only describes problems/challenges with “correct detection and identification” in molecular methods.; The packet uses the phrase in a specific microbiology article context, but it does not define a general assessment term meaning “accurately finding and identifying the intended target when testing.”

  van Tongeren Sandra P.; Roest Hendrik I. J.; Degener John E.; Harmsen Hermie J. M.. Bacillus anthracis -Like Bacteria and Other B. cereus Group Members in a Microbial Community Within the International Space Station: A Challenge for Rapid and Easy Molecular Detection of Virulent B. anthracis. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0098871; article XML SHA-256 e53dc38504ff9e73dcca801ce832dbe86227ec17eaaacaaa68aa14ca302242d3. “Bacillus anthracis -Like Bacteria and Other B. cereus Group Members in a Microbial Community Within the International Space Station: A Challenge for Rapid and Easy Molecular Detection of Virulent B. anthracis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0098871). · CC-BY-4.0

• correlation: The definition’s claim that correlation “by itself show[s] that one causes the other” (i.e., does not establish causation) is not mentioned or supported in the packet.; The definition’s wording that “variables vary together” is not stated or supported in the packet.; The packet does not support the specific examples used in the definition (e.g., “personality traits and perceived stress”) as part of a general definitional statement; it only appears as the study context.; The packet shows correlation used as a relationship between selected personality traits and perceived stress, but it does not support the broader dictionary-style definition that correlation is generally an association between any two measured factors.; The packet supports only that the study assesses a “correlation between selected personality traits and the level of perceived stress.” It does not provide a general definition of correlation as a relationship between two measured factors.; The statement that correlation means variables vary together and does not by itself show causation is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source.

  Falenta Adrianna; Przytocka Natalia; Droździok Natalia; Florek Szymon; Suchodolski Alexander; Piegza Magdalena; Szulik Mariola; Kalarus Zbigniew; Gorczyca Piotr; Dębski Paweł. An analysis of the relationship of selected personality traits on perceived stress in patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1681576; article XML SHA-256 6435dd9fbf1b2bcc2a92f732ea84e39b6d4d76f3a0ec8a8146f258cf6de66b3d. “An analysis of the relationship of selected personality traits on perceived stress in patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1681576). · CC-BY-4.0

• cortical layers: The definition adds unsupported detail by stating that cortical layers include “neocortical gray matter regions”; the packet discusses cortical layers, cortical lamination, and neocortical gray and white matter, but does not define cortical layers as gray matter regions.; The definition’s first sentence (“distinct laminar subdivisions within the cerebral cortex… arranged in a layered pattern” and specifically “neocortical gray matter regions”) is not explicitly supported by the packet text, which discusses “cortical layers” in the context of imaging/measurement feasibility rather than providing a formal definition of what the layers are.; The phrasing “current clinically available MRI methods” is supportable in substance, but the definition slightly overstates the source by generalizing from one article’s limitation to the term itself rather than limiting the claim to what the article says about visualization of cortical layers.; While the packet supports the idea that current clinically available MRI at 3T lacks sufficient resolution/precision to study or visualize cortical lamination accurately, it does not provide support for the added anatomical framing in the first sentence.

  Jamárik Jakub; Vitouš Jiří; Jiřík Radovan; Schwarz Daniel; Koriťáková Eva. Limitations of multiexponential T 1 mapping of cortical myeloarchitecture. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0338035; article XML SHA-256 4394696e70773c81346ff0fb71bf56fecced789eec99ab1c297840a3e233c287. “Limitations of multiexponential T 1 mapping of cortical myeloarchitecture” (10.1371/journal.pone.0338035). · CC-BY-4.0

• cortico-: The definition adds a broader explanatory claim about what the morpheme means beyond the source text, which is not supported by the packet alone.; The packet does not describe the cortex as “the brain’s outer layer,” so that claim is unsupported by the provided text.; The packet mentions “cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical” loops between cognitive and affective circuits, but it does not explicitly state that these loops “include cortical pathways,” so that specific phrasing is not directly supported.; The packet supports the appearance of “cortico-” in “cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC)” loops, but it does not explicitly define the word part as meaning involvement of the cortex or as a general word part used in brain-circuit names.; The packet supports the presence of the term “cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops,” but it does not define “cortico-” as a word part or explicitly state that it indicates involvement of the cortex.; “the brain’s outer layer” is unsupported by the packet.

  Lauro Peter M; Palmer Charles F; Nambiar Marshall M; Muller Ully; Qiu Liming; Halpern Casey H; Scangos Katherine W. Circuit-based neuromodulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of prior and emerging methods. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1828620; article XML SHA-256 abb584ae7745ca91cf96bffdef1ddd58ed7cda26475f21993089cb87561fa676. “Circuit-based neuromodulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of prior and emerging methods” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1828620). · CC-BY-4.0

• corticospinal tract: Because the requested sense/meaning in the definition (descending motor output from the cortex) is not directly supported by the supplied packet text, the definition contains an unsupported substantive claim.; The definition adds an unsupported generalization that the corticospinal tract is a “central nervous system pathway”; the packet only supports discussion of corticospinal tract structure, corticospinal excitability, and descending motor output in the study context.; The packet excerpt does not explicitly define the corticospinal tract as a “central nervous system pathway involved in descending motor output from the cortex,” nor does it provide language matching that description; it only discusses corticospinal excitability, corticospinal tract volume, and associations with quadriceps strength.; The source supports the study context about corticospinal tract volume and excitability being explored in relation to quadriceps strength deficits, but not a general definitional claim about the tract itself.

  Kim HoWon; Geschwender Cole; Lepley Adam S. Corticospinal tract structure and descending motor output following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an exploratory multimodal neuroimaging assessment. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1888579; article XML SHA-256 a9aceb4e9aaa9d8025cfadb5c46e45ddd0f130a166d556c0808160ce039a3b16. “Corticospinal tract structure and descending motor output following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an exploratory multimodal neuroimaging assessment” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1888579). · CC-BY-4.0

• covariation: The definition’s core claim about conjoint variation is broadly supported, but the opening gloss is too generalized for the source and does not stay within the packet’s specific phrasing and scope.; The packet supports a *logical* meaning tied to the “method of concomitant variations” (induction), but it does not support the definition’s claim that this is also a “historical logical and psychological usage.”; The packet supports the historical logical term/concept of “concomitance,” not the term “covariation”; the requested sense is therefore mismatched to the source.; “Historical logical and psychological usage” is not supported by the packet: the relevant entry here is explicitly labeled logical, while the psychological material in the excerpt is about other terms.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Baldwin dictionary, 1901: C4defs.htm” (ffd1bbd428b354054301). · public-domain-US

• covert behavior: The definition’s claim that motor imagery is an example because a person mentally rehearses a movement “without actually making an overt movement” is supported by the packet, but the definition also embeds an unsupported general framing about “internal rather than observable action.”; The definition’s first sentence (“Covert behavior is behavior that happens internally rather than as observable action”) is not directly supported by the packet’s text, which does not provide a general definition of “covert behavior.”; The example of motor imagery is supported, but the broader first-sentence definition goes beyond the packet’s text and reads like an unsupported generalization.; The packet only uses the phrase “covert behavior of MI” and does not define covert behavior as a general class of internally occurring, non-observable behavior.; The packet uses the phrase “covert behavior” only in a speculative/supportive context (“revealing the covert behavior of MI…”) rather than establishing the term’s meaning in general learning/theoretical terms.

  Jongsma Marijtje L. A.; Meulenbroek Ruud G. J.; Okely Judith; Baas C. Marjolein; van der Lubbe Rob H. J.; Steenbergen Bert. Effects of Hand Orientation on Motor Imagery - Event Related Potentials Suggest Kinesthetic Motor Imagery to Solve the Hand Laterality Judgment Task. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0076515; article XML SHA-256 3e601b04aa4a73e14dd89122d6ef0010bed824329cf3b7fb7ffbd44812ebac26. “Effects of Hand Orientation on Motor Imagery - Event Related Potentials Suggest Kinesthetic Motor Imagery to Solve the Hand Laterality Judgment Task” (10.1371/journal.pone.0076515). · CC-BY-4.0

• CQT: The packet does not explicitly define Constant-Q Transform (CQT) as “an audio representation used to capture spectral features of sound,” nor does it provide the requested sense of CQT in those terms.; The packet supports CQT as Constant-Q Transform and its use with MFCC and raw waveform for spoof detection in ASV systems, but it does not support the broader characterization that it is an “audio representation used to capture spectral features of sound.”; While the packet does support that CQT is used alongside MFCC and raw waveform modalities for spoof detection in an ASV system (i.e., detecting spoofed audio generated by speech synthesis), the definition’s first sentence includes an unsupported characterization.

  Wang Xinwei; Tan Zhicheng; Li Guo. Spoof detection with dynamic learnable sparse attention and tri-modal fusion in resource-constrained audio systems. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0335240; article XML SHA-256 c0da39b309ba116934f5cac70cacbf66cd80eb8ba8473cc5b76f39eb31b8abaa. “Spoof detection with dynamic learnable sparse attention and tri-modal fusion in resource-constrained audio systems” (10.1371/journal.pone.0335240). · CC-BY-4.0

• Cramér’s V: Because the definition’s substantive description is not explicitly supported by the provided packet text, the field is not defensible under the given constraints.; The definition goes beyond the packet by explaining the purpose/interpretation of Cramér’s V in this study rather than limiting itself to what the article explicitly states.; The packet does not define what Cramér’s V measures (e.g., “strength of association” or “between groups/categorical variables”); it only states that chi-square tests used “Cramér’s V effect sizes.”; The packet does not support the specific claim that, “in this study,” Cramér’s V was used to describe effect size “beyond whether they were simply statistically significant.”; The packet supports that Cramér’s V was used with chi-square tests as an effect size, but it does not support the added claim that it was used here specifically to describe the size of group differences beyond statistical significance.

  Akkaya Meryem Hüsna; Yaprak Emre; Gündoğdu Ahmet Doğukan; Akansel Yasemin Turan; Alvur Tuncay Müge. Periodontal knowledge and clinical attitudes of family physicians in Turkey: a cross-sectional survey. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s12875-026-03324-3; article XML SHA-256 79a67d79cd521d50c0384494cbc2a1cd7d0e5b8c8e9829b6af524ede7b525747. “Periodontal knowledge and clinical attitudes of family physicians in Turkey: a cross-sectional survey” (10.1186/s12875-026-03324-3). · CC-BY-4.0

• CRH: Because the packet’s terminology is CRF (not CRH), the requested sense of the term “CRH” is not supported by the packet.; The definition states “CRH refers to corticotropin-releasing hormone,” but the provided packet defines and discusses “CRF” as “corticotropin releasing factor” and focuses on “CRF receptor expression” (CRFR1/CRFR2), not CRH specifically.; The packet supports corticotropin-releasing factor signaling, not the definition’s full expansion of CRH as “corticotropin-releasing hormone or factor”; the hormone sense is not supported here.; The source is about CRF/CRH-related signaling in a rat study, so the definition should not present the acronym as established generally beyond what the packet directly supports.

  Burman Michael A.; Zuke Jared T.. The effects of early life pain and juvenile fear conditioning on CRF-receptor expression in the amygdala and hypothalamus of the juvenile rat. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0326300; article XML SHA-256 8bb895ceee8c7c47b9b8a3a4786c32f82398c33011a438d64abdedc4f25bcb70. “The effects of early life pain and juvenile fear conditioning on CRF-receptor expression in the amygdala and hypothalamus of the juvenile rat” (10.1371/journal.pone.0326300). · CC-BY-4.0

• critical care unit: Because the definition includes substantive claims not supported by the provided packet text, the requested sense cannot be considered fully defensible.; The definition adds broad clinical-description claims that are not stated in the source text.; The packet does not define a “critical care unit” as a hospital setting for patients with life-threatening conditions receiving intensive monitoring and care.; The packet only mentions the phrase “critical care unit” in the context of prognosticating neurological outcome (e.g., after cardiac arrest), but it does not support the broader description given in the first sentence.; The packet only supports that a critical care unit is a setting where neurological outcome may be prognosticated, for example after cardiac arrest; it does not define the unit generally as a place for patients with life-threatening conditions receiving intensive monitoring and care.

  Maier Sven; Goebel Ulrich; Krause Sonja; Benk Christoph; Schick Martin A.; Buerkle Hartmut; Beyersdorf Friedhelm; Kari Fabian A.; Wollborn Jakob. Somatosensory and transcranial motor evoked potential monitoring in a porcine model for experimental procedures. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0205410; article XML SHA-256 09a1760637b12ee2c78e0d890d9b684dc3ada824717883c00741d5978a15e02c. “Somatosensory and transcranial motor evoked potential monitoring in a porcine model for experimental procedures” (10.1371/journal.pone.0205410). · CC-BY-4.0

• critical range: The definition adds “data broad enough to support active case investigation and screening for likely tuberculosis cases,” but the packet instead uses the terms “active case investigation” and “presumptive case screening” for identifying/detecting “confirmed TB cases,” without stating “likely tuberculosis cases.”; The definition’s interpretation of “critical range” as “the essential set or span of information needed for a specific surveillance purpose” is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet only says the platform “collects a critical range of data” for particular TB activities.; The packet describes the purpose in TB surveillance terms (active case investigation/presumptive case screening and identifying confirmed TB cases), but the definition reframes it with additional general wording (“essential set,” “specific surveillance purpose,” “likely tuberculosis cases”) that is not directly supported by the provided text.; The packet supports that GPMS TB Transportal collects a "critical range of data" for active case investigation and presumptive case screening, but it does not define the phrase as an "essential set or span of information" for a surveillance purpose.; The statement about "screening for likely tuberculosis cases" goes beyond the packet’s wording, which refers to "presumptive case screening" and to identifying and detecting confirmed TB cases.

  Gadicherla Suman; Krishnappa Lalitha; Madhuri Bindu; Mitra Susanna G; Ramaprasad Arkalgud; Seevan Raja; Sreeganga S D; Thodika Nibras K; Mathew Salu; Suresh Vani. Envisioning a learning surveillance system for tuberculosis. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0243610; article XML SHA-256 81d2c82a28e0563b0aee9f51493a79cf358e68fc14b4074f324dacf90fa15197. “Envisioning a learning surveillance system for tuberculosis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0243610). · CC-BY-4.0

• cross-cultural psychology: The definition’s claims about culture shaping psychological processes and their interpretation, and about extending theories more broadly beyond one cultural tradition, are only indirectly reflected in the packet’s description of extending European-based aesthetic models to traditional Chinese contexts, not stated as the definition of the term itself.; The packet does not define cross-cultural psychology as a general field or as the study of how cultural traditions, knowledge structures, and values shape psychological processes and interpretation.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “cross-cultural psychology” as a field (“the study of…”)—it only mentions cross-cultural psychology as part of an integrative framework for a specific neuroaesthetics/theoretical-extension project.; The packet supports only a specific application in a neuroaesthetics framework: culturally specific mechanisms, cultural mediation, and culturally specific knowledge structures in Chinese aesthetic processing. It does not support the broader explanatory claim that theories from one cultural tradition need to be extended to account for culturally specific patterns of perception, emotion, and meaning as a general definition of the term.; The packet uses “cross-cultural psychology” to motivate culturally pluralistic extension in neuroaesthetics; it does not support the definition’s broader scope statement that cultural traditions/values shape psychological processes across the field.

  Mao Wei-Na. The aesthetic triad and traditional Chinese art symbols: a theoretical framework. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1789978; article XML SHA-256 0a8eb0d09c1d8d438c7532167bdaae5392bac1b34dbf43f8439bb0410341a552. “The aesthetic triad and traditional Chinese art symbols: a theoretical framework” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1789978). · CC-BY-4.0

• cross-cultural research: The definition adds an unsupported generalization about investigators examining patterns or themes that extend across groups; the packet only says that meta-themes cut across research sites.; The definition’s second sentence overstates the packet’s description by saying findings are compared across locations; the excerpt discusses achieving saturation of meta-themes across sites rather than explicitly describing a comparison procedure across locations as part of the term’s definition.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “cross-cultural research” as research carried out across different cultural settings so investigators can examine patterns/themes that extend across groups. The excerpt only references “multi-site, cross-cultural research” in the context of sample size and data/thematic saturation, without defining the term.; The packet only mentions “multi-site, cross-cultural research” in the context of sample-size sufficiency and saturation; it does not define cross-cultural research as a general research method across cultural settings.; The packet supports that the excerpt concerns multi-site cross-cultural research and that “meta-themes” can cut across research sites, but the definition’s first sentence includes additional explanatory wording (“so investigators can examine patterns or themes…”) that is not explicitly stated in the packet.; The wording suggests a broader definitional claim than the source supports, so the requested sense is not adequately established from the packet alone.

  BMC: Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies. Version of record 2018-11-21; DOI 10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7. “Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency” (05ea0554db4e6d0f11b4). · CC-BY-4.0

• cross-lagged panel design: The claim that it is used to examine how factors influence each other over time is an inferred generalization beyond the packet’s explicit content about one two-wave study and its cross-lagged paths.; The definition includes the claim that the design is used “rather than only showing that they are associated at one point,” but the provided packet does not describe this contrast or discuss association-at-one-point versus longitudinal prediction.; The packet supports that the study uses a cross-lagged panel approach with variables measured at two time points (T1 and T2) and that earlier measures predict later measures via “cross-lagged over-time paths,” but it does not substantiate the additional “rather than only” statement.; The packet uses the term in a specific study but does not define “cross-lagged panel design” as a general research approach, so the broad explanatory definition is not directly supported by the supplied source.

  Bakadorova Olga; Raufelder Diana. The Interplay of Students’ School Engagement, School Self-Concept and Motivational Relations during Adolescence. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02171; article XML SHA-256 d8aa9021aa3c30fa2341f1098c7d4dc0c6f4e6c30e540ee27a4bccae51121c9e. “The Interplay of Students’ School Engagement, School Self-Concept and Motivational Relations during Adolescence” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02171). · CC-BY-4.0

• cross-sectional sampling: The claim about “repeated cross-sectional sampling” using “new samples… at multiple time points” is not clearly described in the packet as a conceptual distinction; the packet only reports a “descriptive study” where the flock was visited at multiple time points and radiographs were taken from hens at each visit, without explicitly defining cross-sectional sampling in those terms.; The definition’s core explanation (“selecting a group to assess at a single point in time rather than following the same individuals over time”) is not explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The explanation of repeated cross-sectional sampling as using new samples at multiple time points to describe population change is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source.; The packet only shows an instance of repeated cross-sectional sampling in one study; it does not define cross-sectional sampling as a general method or support the contrast with following the same individuals over time.; The packet’s example is veterinary (laying hens; keel bone fractures) rather than mental health, so the definition is not supported as being in the requested field context.; The source is a veterinary article, so using it to define a psychology/mental health term requires direct support that is not present here.

  Gretarsson Páll; Søvik Åste; Thøfner Ida; Moe Randi Oppermann; Toftaker Ingrid; Kittelsen Käthe. Fracture morphology and ossification process of the keel bone in modern laying hens based on radiographic imaging. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0312878; article XML SHA-256 8664ca49396e551d2113655b3055f2db509418e86f01b0b65c2a304454df8b63. “Fracture morphology and ossification process of the keel bone in modern laying hens based on radiographic imaging” (10.1371/journal.pone.0312878). · CC-BY-4.0

• cross-situational consistency: The definition’s first sentence gives a broad, general meaning (“a psychological characteristic”) that is not directly supported by the packet, which discusses specifically the stability of women’s well-being across menstrual cycle phases.; The first sentence gives a general dictionary-style definition, but the packet does not define cross-situational consistency as a psychological characteristic showing similar levels in different situations or contexts.; The packet does not support the generalized framing as a cross-situational/context general construct; it only provides evidence about well-being stability in short windows across high- and low-fertility menstrual phases.; The source only supports a study-specific use: stability of women’s well-being across menstrual cycle phases over a short period of time, not the broader generalization in the definition.

  Villani Daniela; Iannello Paola; Cipresso Pietro; Antonietti Alessandro. The Stability of Individual Well-Being in Short Windows of Time: Women’s Perceptions across the Ovulatory Cycle. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02092; article XML SHA-256 4ba3ec105a260c8a9f2a4eb21c37e292ee0e4bbf3e6124810dbd80544ef144ea. “The Stability of Individual Well-Being in Short Windows of Time: Women’s Perceptions across the Ovulatory Cycle” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02092). · CC-BY-4.0

• crossed dominance: Because the requested sense depends on that explicit left/right description, the provided definition’s core anatomical-side claims are not directly supported by the supplied packet text.; The contrast with ipsilateral dominance as same-side eye and leg dominance is not stated in the supplied text, so that part of the definition is unsupported.; The packet does not explicitly define what “crossed” or “ipsilateral” mean in terms of which side (e.g., dominant eye on one side vs dominant leg on the other, or eye and leg on the same side). It only mentions “ipsilateral/crossed dominance patterns” and that participants were “categorized into ipsilateral/crossed dominance groups based on eye-leg combinations,” without stating the side-to-side mapping.; The packet mentions eye/leg lateral dominance and groups participants into ipsilateral/crossed dominance categories, but it does not explicitly define crossed dominance as opposite-sided dominance across body systems.

  Huang Yunfei; Yin Yiquan. The influence of lateral dominance on bilateral performance in alpine skiers. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fspor.2026.1717506; article XML SHA-256 bcf0227064cc53ba10de71b6875c30b1b8c64e7cf5d71e6e84cfd79bd55edd0e. “The influence of lateral dominance on bilateral performance in alpine skiers” (10.3389/fspor.2026.1717506). · CC-BY-4.0

• cryostat: The claim about cryo-sectioning being difficult with fatty tissues due to freezing-related artifacts affecting interpretation is supported (fatty tissue challenges with artifacts are described), but the first sentence remains unsupported.; The definition relies on general background knowledge about cryostats rather than only the supplied source packet.; The packet does not explicitly define a cryostat as “a device used to cut thin sections of frozen tissue for histology”; it only states that some samples were “sectioned on a standard cryostat.”; The packet supports cryostat use in cryo-sectioning and the difficulty/artifact issue with fatty tissue, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that it is a device for cutting thin sections of frozen tissue for histology.

  Snoddy Erin P.; Tang Tien T.; Fowlkes Natalie; Huynh Thomas; Brewer Savannah Kari J.; Contreras Alejandro; Reece Gregory; Brock Kristy K.. Development of an H&E on-block staining technique for collagen detection in cryo-fluorescence tomography imaging of frozen breast tissue samples. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0324493; article XML SHA-256 56b39f22eb59ae8f85c2d79f4526f53eea321b57995d00bbd86289edfdb0187e. “Development of an H&E on-block staining technique for collagen detection in cryo-fluorescence tomography imaging of frozen breast tissue samples” (10.1371/journal.pone.0324493). · CC-BY-4.0

• CSR: The definition blends the term with related constructs from the article (ethical judgment, CSR skepticism, ethical purchase intentions) rather than giving a clean definition of CSR.; The packet does not explicitly define what “CSR” stands for or provides a general definitional statement of CSR as “an organization’s socially responsible efforts or initiatives”; it instead discusses CSR within a specific study context (e.g., “an organization’s CSR efforts”).; The packet supports CSR as an organization’s socially responsible efforts or initiatives, but it does not define CSR as consumer responses of “skepticism or support.”; The portion stating that consumers “respond with either skepticism or support” is not directly supported as a two-sided (skepticism vs. support) characterization in the packet; the packet discusses skepticism levels and links lower skepticism to “higher intentions,” but it does not explicitly frame this as “support” in the definitional sense given.; “Consumers may judge morally” is supported only for ethical judgment of CSR efforts, not as the meaning of CSR itself.

  Cheng Yang; Jiang Yangzhi (Nicole); Zhang Qizhao. Navigating ethical waters: The impact of ethical judgment, norms, and CSR skepticism on CSR engagement and purchasing intention in a breast cancer campaign. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0352994; article XML SHA-256 554a03fc9eb95538880d79926187fa15de4673b118a2f30f2c7d8d1de223498c. “Navigating ethical waters: The impact of ethical judgment, norms, and CSR skepticism on CSR engagement and purchasing intention in a breast cancer campaign” (10.1371/journal.pone.0352994). · CC-BY-4.0

• CS–US interval: Because the key temporal characterization is not stated in the packet, the definition relies on unsupported generalization.; The definition’s first sentence states a general rule (“time between presentation of the CS and presentation of the US”) that is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text.; The packet supports the study-specific timing between the tone CS and the shock US, but it does not explicitly define the term as a general classical-conditioning concept.; The phrase “In classical conditioning” adds a broader definitional claim that is not stated in the source packet.; The second sentence claims the source study operationalized the interval as “the period after the tone began and before the shock was delivered,” but the packet does not provide that explicit description.

  Eleore Lyndell; López-Ramos Juan Carlos; Guerra-Narbona Rafael; Delgado-García José M.. Role of Reuniens Nucleus Projections to the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and to the Hippocampal Pyramidal CA1 Area in Associative Learning. 2011; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0023538; article XML SHA-256 7727455665c1a85fae0a91e8e6eb9865254ff4eb3edbda433371a5cbc3f6b120. “Role of Reuniens Nucleus Projections to the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and to the Hippocampal Pyramidal CA1 Area in Associative Learning” (10.1371/journal.pone.0023538). · CC-BY-4.0

• cultural psychology: The definition adds framing language (“psychological experience and meaning,” “older adults experience and interpret aging”) that is broader than what the packet directly articulates as the meaning of “cultural psychology.”; The definition’s first sentence (“an area of psychology concerned with how sociocultural influences shape psychological experience and meaning”) is not explicitly stated in the packet.; The first sentence is a broad general definition, but the packet does not define cultural psychology that way; it only mentions cultural psychology as one literature area in a review of subjective aging.; The packet describes cultural psychology as one part of a fragmented literature and specifies a “sociocultural pathway” (ageism, cultural norms, intergenerational relations, socioeconomic conditions) shaping subjective aging, but it does not clearly equate this to “In this packet, it refers to understanding … affect how older adults experience and interpret aging” as a formal sense of the term.; The second sentence is unsupported and too specific: the packet discusses how ageism, cultural norms, intergenerational relations, and socioeconomic conditions shape subjective aging in older adults, not that cultural psychology itself refers to that aging-focused topic.

  Song Siyao; Jia Kaiyang; Hou Bowen. Subjective aging and psychological well-being in older adults: a narrative review and multilevel framework integrating perceptual, behavioral, and sociocultural pathways. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1911901; article XML SHA-256 987ead95492bd80e4f0019f0012e58cdf2bb5b7b7ff9437f01dc96b92fb5bab9. “Subjective aging and psychological well-being in older adults: a narrative review and multilevel framework integrating perceptual, behavioral, and sociocultural pathways” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1911901). · CC-BY-4.0

• culture bound: Only Hikikomori is described as a “Japanese culture-bound syndrome”; the broader conceptual framing in the definition is not explicitly supported by the packet.; The definition relies on a general explanation of the term that is not established by the supplied source packet.; The packet does not provide or support a general definition of what a “culture-bound condition” means (e.g., being “closely tied” to a culture rather than general across cultures).; The packet supports only that Hikikomori is described as a Japanese culture-bound syndrome; it does not support the broader definitional claim that a culture-bound condition is generally one that is closely tied to a particular cultural setting rather than being described as general across cultures.

  Imai Hissei; Takamatsu Toko; Mitsuya Hideaki; Yoshizawa Hajime; Mitsuya Hidehiko; Furukawa Toshi A.. The Characteristics and Social Functioning of Pathological Social Withdrawal, “Hikikomori,” in a Secondary Care Setting: a One-Year Cohort Study. 2020; DOI 10.1186/s12888-020-02660-7; article XML SHA-256 8fc30ae97cf4f8ce21511584b9321f002a95078715af870d29ff0afd21c8d2c3. “The Characteristics and Social Functioning of Pathological Social Withdrawal, “Hikikomori,” in a Secondary Care Setting: a One-Year Cohort Study” (10.1186/s12888-020-02660-7). · CC-BY-4.0

• culture change: The definition adds unsupported details about culture change as an organized effort to shift a group’s “shared norms” and “way of relating”; the packet only says organizational culture change is prosocial and intended to benefit employees and their wellbeing/success.; The definition states that culture change is “an organized effort to shift a group or organization’s shared norms and way of relating,” but the provided packet text does not define culture change in these terms or describe it as shifting norms/relational ways. ; The gloss “improve the group’s overall environment and functioning” is broader than the packet, which does not use that phrasing or define culture change in those terms.; The packet supports a specific organizational context (“support for culture change initiatives” / “organizational culture change”), so the definition should not present a general standalone sense without that limitation.; The packet supports that “supporting organizational culture change is prosocial (i.e., group promoting) in nature” and that it is “designed to benefit all employees and contribute to their wellbeing and success,” but it does not explicitly support the broader “shift shared norms and way of relating” framing used in the definition.

  de Grandpré Éloïse; Suurd Ralph Cindy; Hiller Emily. Thwarted belongingness and empathy's relation with organizational culture change. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1287769; article XML SHA-256 c97ed85f59e65d624b5019393cce591972fd7a1c53e9b48009dbe394c8d70ce3. “Thwarted belongingness and empathy's relation with organizational culture change” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1287769). · CC-BY-4.0

• culture shock: The definition slightly overgeneralizes the source by presenting culture shock as a general stress-and-disorientation state rather than the article’s more limited description of tension, anxiety, stress, and related symptoms in international students.; The definition states that culture shock involves “stress and disorientation,” but the packet supports stress/tension/anxiety and various emotional/physical symptoms; it does not mention “disorientation” as a characteristic.; The packet supports stress, anxiety, self-doubt, insecurity, irritability, poor concentration, tiredness, and longing to return home, but it does not clearly support the added claim of disorientation.

  Almukdad Mustafa; Karadag Engin. Culture shock among international students in Turkey: an analysis of the effects of self-efficacy, life satisfaction and socio-cultural adaptation on culture shock. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s40359-024-01641-9; article XML SHA-256 0d041850b8b79193fb682f1346962c11d991b1c23d67681b5acba9a97c994748. “Culture shock among international students in Turkey: an analysis of the effects of self-efficacy, life satisfaction and socio-cultural adaptation on culture shock” (10.1186/s40359-024-01641-9). · CC-BY-4.0

• cumulative probability distribution: The comparison that this measure “can reflect more of the overall pattern than a single summary value like the median” is not stated in the packet; the source only says GSM is the fiftieth percentile and that it ignores details of the probability distribution, while suggesting AUCPDC may be useful.; The definition gives a general statistical explanation of a cumulative probability distribution, but the packet supports only its use as cumulative probability distribution curves for plaque gray-scale images and AUCPDC, not a broad definition of the term in general.; The definition’s general statement that a cumulative probability distribution is “a curve that shows how probabilities add up across values” is not explicitly supported by the provided packet text.

  Huang Xiaowei; Zhang Yanling; Meng Long; Abbott Derek; Qian Ming; Wong Kelvin K. L.; Zheng Rongqing; Zheng Hairong; Niu Lili. Evaluation of carotid plaque echogenicity based on the integral of the cumulative probability distribution using gray-scale ultrasound images. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0185261; article XML SHA-256 ac49af49184030939e018d8a0f076b95d456ae05a0d18602544af7214d156b89. “Evaluation of carotid plaque echogenicity based on the integral of the cumulative probability distribution using gray-scale ultrasound images” (10.1371/journal.pone.0185261). · CC-BY-4.0

• current material: The claim that the packet “only supports this context-specific meaning, not a broader psychology or counselling definition” is not supported by the packet (the packet provides no information about whether broader meanings are or are not supported).; The definition makes an interpretive restriction (“only supports…”) that goes beyond what is directly evidenced in the provided text.; The packet does not explicitly define “current material” as referring to “instructional resources already being used”; it only uses the phrase “current material and behavioral gaps” and mentions “selected instructional materials” with “limited systematic attention.”; The second sentence makes a meta-claim that the packet supports only this context-specific meaning and not a broader psychology or counselling definition; the packet does not establish that contrast.; The wording "already being used" is not explicitly supported; the packet supports existing/selected instructional materials and textbooks, but not that this is the intended definition of the term.

  Xiao Guo; Mazlan Chamil Arkhasa Nikko. Self-regulated vocal health in undergraduate vocal music education: a qualitative needs analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1894233; article XML SHA-256 783e194f09d85643898b1b2d2b1b47f688bb80c7ddc0f716a94a246c0b0aab1a. “Self-regulated vocal health in undergraduate vocal music education: a qualitative needs analysis” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1894233). · CC-BY-4.0

• curriculum development: No substantive support is provided in the packet for the specific phrasing/sense of “curriculum development” used in the definition (design/improve educational program; informed by evidence about learner needs and implementation barriers/supports).; The definition adds unsupported generalizations not stated in the packet, including that curriculum development is specifically a process of “designing or improving” an educational program and that it is informed by evidence about learner needs.; The packet mentions “curriculum development” only as an anticipated outcome (“inform future curriculum development”) in relation to telemedicine training; it does not define the term or specify the meaning in the way the definition does.; The packet supports curriculum-related elements such as curricular content, teaching methods, assessment strategies, and contextual influences on implementation, but it does not define curriculum development itself or establish the broader abstract definition given.; The provided definition makes broad, general claims about “curriculum development” (e.g., deciding content, teaching, assessment, implementation; being informed by evidence about learner needs and contextual barriers/supports), but the source packet only describes a telemedicine education scoping review protocol and does not supply or support a definition of “curriculum development” with these elements.

  Vo Joshua; Mai Tina; Bui Nhi Yen; Khoi Dang Ngoc; Nguyen Minh Phan Ngoc; Nguyen Quang Thanh. Telemedicine education for medical students and residents worldwide: A scoping review protocol. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0359776; article XML SHA-256 16e226d4f3252a4ac1788202643f2ed75031d8080525ad036a8f832e4809c10e. “Telemedicine education for medical students and residents worldwide: A scoping review protocol” (10.1371/journal.pone.0359776). · CC-BY-4.0

• curvilinear: Because the definition adds a specific geometric/functional meaning (curved vs straight line) that is not stated in the supplied text, the requested sense is not fully supported by the packet.; The definition adds an explanatory gloss about "a curved line rather than a straight one" that is not stated in the source passage, which only gives the contrast by example.; The packet only contrasts the terms “curvilinear” and “rectilinear” as possibilities for motion (“curvilinear nor rectilinear”), but it does not explicitly define “curvilinear” as “relating to motion or form that follows a curved line rather than a straight one.”; The packet supports only a historical contrast between "curvilinear" and "rectilinear" in the context of motion; it does not support the broader claim that the term also means relating to "form."

  William James, Principles of Psychology, volume 1. 1890 original; Gutenberg ebook 57628; snapshot required. “William James, The Principles of Psychology, volume 1, 1890” (fca72454f1995c69b072). · public-domain-US

• custom: The definition describes magical thinking, not the requested term “custom,” so the sense does not match the entry term.; The field is listed as diagnosis, but the packet supports a psychological construct discussed in psychiatry/psychology rather than a diagnosis label itself.; The provided definition describes “Magical thinking,” but the term to be defined is “custom,” so the requested sense/meaning for the term is not supported by the packet.; While the packet supports most claims about magical thinking (e.g., unrealistic thought-action influence; presence in the general population; relevance to obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia; possible links to distress/dysfunction), those supported claims do not correct the term mismatch (“custom” vs. “magical thinking”).

  Eddy Clare M. The many manifestations of magical thinking: a systematic review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1759906; article XML SHA-256 029a29bafb99aebfbc95f95be269413dcb7111ac1498cec74dd7e6e9607de378. “The many manifestations of magical thinking: a systematic review” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1759906). · CC-BY-4.0

• CVLT: The definition’s specific description of what is measured (“verbal learning and memory”) is an added substantive claim not directly supported by the provided text.; The packet does not explicitly expand CVLT as the California Verbal Learning Test, so the acronym expansion is unsupported by the supplied source.; The packet does not explicitly state that the CVLT “measures verbal learning and memory.” It only says that the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) was used to assess neurocognitive function and reports “CVLT sum of immediate recall from Trial-1 to Trial-5.”; The source supports only that CVLT was used to assess neurocognitive function and reports immediate recall across trials; it does not directly define CVLT as a test of verbal learning and memory.

  Pawłowski Tomasz; Radkowski Marek; Perlejewski Karol; Szymańska Bogna; Berak Hanna; Horban Andrzej; Laskus Tomasz. Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) positively affect depression and cognitive function in patients with chronic hepatitis C. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0320221; article XML SHA-256 e998b4d0a27405ab480faaadc5076f7fe7ff5bfdee98e95999d1f82197f72799. “Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) positively affect depression and cognitive function in patients with chronic hepatitis C” (10.1371/journal.pone.0320221). · CC-BY-4.0

• daily stressor: The definition claims a “daily stressor” is an “everyday experience or exposure that can trigger a stress response,” but the packet only uses the term in the context of “a daily stressor such as exposure to thin ideals” and does not support the broader characterization (“everyday,” “can trigger a stress response”).; The definition’s example (“exposure to thin ideals”) is supported, but the surrounding general explanation of what a daily stressor is is not supported by the packet.; The packet supports thin-ideal exposure as an example of a daily stressor, but it does not define “daily stressor” as any everyday experience or exposure that can trigger a stress response.; The phrase “can trigger a stress response” is broader than the packet’s wording and adds a general causal definition that is not explicitly supported.

  Humbel Nadine; Messerli-Bürgy Nadine; Schuck Kathrin; Wyssen Andrea; Garcia-Burgos David; Biedert Esther; Lennertz Julia; Meyer Andrea H; Whinyates Katherina; Isenschmid Bettina; Milos Gabriella; Trier Stephan; Adolph Dirk; Cwik Jan; Margraf Jürgen; Assion Hans-Jörg; Teismann Tobias; Ueberberg Bianca; Juckel Georg; Müller Judith; Klauke Benedikt; Schneider Silvia; Munsch Simone. Self-reported emotion regulation difficulties are associated with mood but not with the biological stress response to thin ideal exposure. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0199769; article XML SHA-256 cbc040ba3539c8b89f2c99df12993002035f84f16f6a329553b9ca7430f8d63d. “Self-reported emotion regulation difficulties are associated with mood but not with the biological stress response to thin ideal exposure” (10.1371/journal.pone.0199769). · CC-BY-4.0

• Dalmane: The definition states that “Dalmane is a brand name for flurazepam hydrochloride,” but the provided packet text does not mention Dalmane as a brand name; it only describes flurazepam hydrochloride.; The packet identifies Dalmane as the hydrochloride salt form of flurazepam, not as a brand name, so the first claim is unsupported.; The statement about strengthening GABA’s inhibitory effects at GABA-A receptors is more specific than the packet’s wording and is not stated in that form.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Flurazepam Hydrochloride” (C29060). · CC-BY-4.0

• data set: The definition adds a broader generalization about what a data set is that is not explicitly established by the packet, which only describes one specific data set.; The definition’s general description (“A data set is a collection of related measurements or signals gathered for analysis”) is not stated or clearly supported in the provided packet text, which only describes a specific study’s dataset used for gearbox fault diagnosis.; The packet supports that the Gearbox Fault Diagnosis Data set contains vibration signals from four sensors and that these were processed for deep learning, but it does not support the claim that the model was used to 'train and evaluate' the model; only training is stated.; The parts that refer to vibration readings from several sensors, processing, and use in training/evaluation are supported by the packet, but the unsupported general definition prevents a pass.

  Kiliç İrfan; Karaduman Gülşah; Tasar Beyda; Yaman Orhan. RGB-based visual encoding of vibration data for gearbox fault diagnosis using U-Net segmentation model. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0350838; article XML SHA-256 1261654be814ef0513627a28bc7a350fdfe028c35e3d055993fdeda8271d1017. “RGB-based visual encoding of vibration data for gearbox fault diagnosis using U-Net segmentation model” (10.1371/journal.pone.0350838). · CC-BY-4.0

• data types: The claim that this is specific to “cognition-related research” is not supported; the packet describes sentiment analysis and model performance rather than cognition research.; The packet does not support the general definition that “Data types are different forms of information used in analysis”; it only discusses multimodal sentiment analysis using text and image modalities.; The packet supports text and image modalities in multimodal sentiment analysis, but it does not support the broader claim that this is specifically “in cognition-related research.”; The statement that combining multiple data types can provide complementary information and improve tasks is only supported in the context of this sentiment-analysis study, not as a general definition across cognition research.; While the packet supports combining text and image (multi-modal sentiment analysis) and notes challenges in integrating them, it does not clearly support the full framing in the definition (e.g., “provide complementary information” and “improve tasks like sentiment analysis” beyond the asserted sentiment-analysis performance gains in the study context).

  Yang Weijia; Xue Zilian; Fu Guitao; Chen Guodong; Yang Cunyuan. Enhanced sentiment analysis in tourism reviews via multimodal graph convolutional networks. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0333628; article XML SHA-256 52f83975f9135cd24cb90c872d79a7f008c2c208674eb4b0b3a1da44d6693409. “Enhanced sentiment analysis in tourism reviews via multimodal graph convolutional networks” (10.1371/journal.pone.0333628). · CC-BY-4.0

• deafferentation: Claims about “reduced signals from the damaged side” are not explicitly supported as a stated mechanism in the provided text; the packet reports observed adaptations (e.g., hair cell calyces loss and glial reactivity) without defining sensory input reduction in those terms.; The definition adds a general explanatory gloss (“loss or removal of incoming sensory nerve input to a structure”) that is not stated in the packet, which only supports the specific vestibular injury context.; The definition’s description of “central and peripheral changes that follow” is broadly aligned with the packet’s reporting of central and peripheral adaptations, but because the core definition (what deafferentation *is*) is not explicitly supported, the overall definition cannot be accepted as grounded in the packet.; The packet does not explicitly define *deafferentation* as “the loss or removal of incoming sensory nerve input to a structure.”; The packet uses the term in the context of a unilateral vestibular injury model (chemical unilateral labyrinthectomy) but does not directly state that this specifically represents “loss or removal” of incoming sensory nerve input to a structure.; The requested field “learning” is not supported by the source packet; the packet is about vestibular deafferentation, central/peripheral plasticity, and behavioral consequences after inner-ear injury, not learning.

  Trico Jessica; Watabe Isabelle; Parameshwarappa Vinay; Lapotre Agnes; Godaert Louis; Tonetto Alain; Chabbert Christian; Zwergal Andreas; Tighilet Brahim. Central and peripheral plasticity after chemical unilateral labyrinthectomy: Glial responses, calyces dynamics, and behavioral consequences. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0355839; article XML SHA-256 420099f22891250bcdfe1d5842aeed1a859dc5692a33d6c83647c3621ddf9d3c. “Central and peripheral plasticity after chemical unilateral labyrinthectomy: Glial responses, calyces dynamics, and behavioral consequences” (10.1371/journal.pone.0355839). · CC-BY-4.0

• death anxiety: The definition goes beyond the source by generalizing from older adults with chronic illness to a broader dictionary-style meaning without support in the packet.; The packet does not support the claim that death anxiety is specifically “emotional distress or fear connected to death”; it only states it is an “emotional response” in older adults with chronic illness.; The packet supports only that death anxiety is a relevant emotional response in older adults with chronic illness; it does not define it as “emotional distress or fear connected to death.”; The second sentence adds unsupported claims: that it is an “important reaction” and that it may influence how people think, feel, and act.; While the packet mentions that its role in shaping “psychological and behavioural responses” remains underexplored, it does not directly support the definition’s wording that it “may influence how they think, feel, and act,” nor does it describe it as an “important reaction.”

  Alcântara Leovaldo; Figueiredo Teodora; Midão Luís; Costa Elísio; Paúl Constança. Psychological and behavioural responses to death anxiety in older adults with chronic illnesses: a systematic integrative review. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1684385; article XML SHA-256 fe227ef1826487354f3e20012fe184c45e860debe2ce22e3312eebdb70d40988. “Psychological and behavioural responses to death anxiety in older adults with chronic illnesses: a systematic integrative review” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1684385). · CC-BY-4.0

• death taboo: The definition adds a broader claim that death taboo itself is a barrier to autonomous decision-making about future care; the packet only supports a narrower link to fear, communication avoidance, and lower ACP acceptance in end-stage heart failure patients.; The definition states that death taboo “acts as a barrier to open communication and autonomous decision-making about future care.” While the packet supports communication avoidance linked to filial piety and moral pressure/fear triggered by death taboo, it does not clearly support that death taboo specifically creates a barrier to autonomous decision-making (the packet attributes restriction of autonomy primarily to “family-centered decision-making.”).; “Cultural belief” is not supported by the packet; the source describes death taboo as a cultural taboo/pressure, not a belief.

  Liu Na; Chen Lina; Mao Xinrui; Xia Shuqin; Wang Qi; Hu Dandan; Zhang Weiying. Qualitative study on influencing factors of acceptance of advance care planning in patients with end-stage heart failure based on COM-B theory. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1820593; article XML SHA-256 3c6c32764e0ee70313d25bf04568c52a91cc39162242e7badf98123789b2010d. “Qualitative study on influencing factors of acceptance of advance care planning in patients with end-stage heart failure based on COM-B theory” (10.3389/fpubh.2026.1820593). · CC-BY-4.0

• decadence: The claim that it is treated as equivalent to social retrogression is not directly supported by the supplied text.; The definition adds explanatory content beyond the packet, so the requested sense is not fully supported by the source alone.; The definition claims equivalence to “social retrogression,” but the packet provides only a cross-reference (“See SOCIAL RETROGRESSION”) and does not explicitly assert that the senses are equivalent.; The packet only gives the entry label and cross-reference (“See SOCIAL RETROGRESSION”); it does not itself state that decadence means a falling away or decline in a society.; The packet text for “Decadence (social)” only gives foreign-language equivalents (“Ger. Verfall ; Fr. décadence ; Ital. decadenza”) and says “See SOCIAL RETROGRESSION,” but it does not state that decadence means a “falling away or decline” in a society.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Decadence (social)” (Decadence (social)). · public-domain-US

• deceleration: The packet supports deceleration as a motion dynamic relevant to autonomous wheelchair navigation, but it does not explicitly define it as a reduction in movement speed.; The provided packet content is primarily about autonomous wheelchair motion planning/control and user experience/usability (human factors), not clearly about cognition as such; the definition’s assignment to the field “cognition” is not directly supported by the packet.; The second sentence is mostly supported, but the first sentence makes a definitional claim that goes beyond the source text.; “During navigation or braking” is broader than the packet’s wording; the packet mentions autonomous wheelchair navigation and braking profiles, but not that deceleration itself is defined in that way.

  Jeong Yihun; Lee Joon Ho; Lee Sun Ho; Park Dahae; Hwang Nahyeon; Choi Woo Young; Hwang Dongwook. Effects of deceleration profiles and driving speed on usability and user perception in autonomous wheelchairs. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850976; article XML SHA-256 d10a818233af54cc1b19152354b4e2bff6742e090a78dc451ee3103f9db9c49a. “Effects of deceleration profiles and driving speed on usability and user perception in autonomous wheelchairs” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850976). · CC-BY-4.0

• deep body temperature: The definition adds interpretive wording about an “index of internal heat and fever-related changes” that is only partly supported; the source specifically links Tb to LPS-induced fever in an animal model of systemic inflammation.; The definition claims deep body temperature is “the temperature inside the body’s core” and is “measured as an index of internal heat…rather than surface warmth,” but the provided packet only states that the study “measured deep body temperature (Tb)” in an animal model of LPS-induced fever/systemic inflammation; it does not support “core” or contrast with surface warmth.; The definition’s final clause (“In this source, it is the body temperature tracked during systemic inflammation.”) is supported, but the earlier additional characterization is not fully supported by the packet.; “temperature inside the body’s core” and “rather than surface warmth” are not stated in the source; the packet only says the authors measured deep body temperature (Tb).

  Nogueira Jonatas E.; Soriano Renato N.; Fernandez Rodrigo A. R.; Francescato Heloísa D. C.; Saia Rafael S.; Coimbra Terezila M.; Antunes-Rodrigues José; Branco Luiz G. S.. Effect of Physical Exercise on the Febrigenic Signaling is Modulated by Preoptic Hydrogen Sulfide Production. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0170468; article XML SHA-256 6ee78555b6e90bf57384969c5192d1ee03817d722c58e162de87b903ffeec63a. “Effect of Physical Exercise on the Febrigenic Signaling is Modulated by Preoptic Hydrogen Sulfide Production” (10.1371/journal.pone.0170468). · CC-BY-4.0

• defensiveness: The definition’s wording about “settings that emphasize harmony and saving face” is not explicitly stated as such in the packet; it mentions harmony/face maintenance concepts (mianzi/relational harmony) and suppression of direct confrontation, but not “saving face” as a direct characterization of defensiveness.; The packet does not support the core definition claim that defensiveness is “a dimension of relationship sabotage” that “refers to protective responses within intimate relationships.” It only lists “Defensiveness” as one of three dimensions of relationship sabotage and discusses how cultural norms may influence expressions of that dimension.; The packet supports defensiveness as a core dimension of relationship sabotage, but it does not explicitly support the gloss 'protective responses' or the claim that defensiveness itself is a protective response.; The packet supports the cultural nuance only in a limited way (that collectivistic norms may lead individuals to suppress direct confrontation, potentially resulting in more implicit/indirect forms of defensiveness), but it does not clearly support the broader framing that these are “protective responses” or that the term specifically means “protective responses” within intimate relationships.; The statement that defensiveness 'can undermine the relationship' is an inference from relationship sabotage generally, not a claim stated in the packet about defensiveness specifically.

  Feng Wei; Zhang Manyu; Wang Changle; Bu Yubo. The validation, reliability, and measurement invariance of the relationship sabotage scale in Chinese college students. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s40359-026-04546-x; article XML SHA-256 10548570968961c945c2066308eabcf735ec99f577b691627971b4717a8dd1b9. “The validation, reliability, and measurement invariance of the relationship sabotage scale in Chinese college students” (10.1186/s40359-026-04546-x). · CC-BY-4.0

• delay of gratification: The claim that development is shaped by social and cultural context is supported (e.g., self-control as context-specific and sensitive to social/cultural influences; cross-cultural variation), but this alone is insufficient to pass because other substantive claims in the definition lack support.; The packet does not define “delay of gratification” as “holding back from taking an immediate reward in order to wait for a better one later,” so the core meaning in the definition is unsupported by the provided text.; The packet does not explicitly define delay of gratification as withholding an immediate reward to wait for a better later one; it only discusses research on children’s delay of gratification.; The packet supports that self-control/self-regulation are related and that development is shaped by social and cultural influences, but it does not support the broader definitional wording that this is a general ability with that specific reward-based meaning.; The wording goes beyond the supplied source by presenting a general encyclopedic definition rather than a source-grounded description from the packet.; While the packet discusses children’s “delay of gratification” and links related constructs to “self-control” and “self-regulation” in context, it does not explicitly state the definition’s claim that the term is “closely related” to both self-control and self-regulation.

  Ding Ning; Frohnwieser Anna; Miller Rachael; Clayton Nicola S.. Waiting for the better reward: Comparison of delay of gratification in young children across two cultures. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0256966; article XML SHA-256 e1647a92da5a7a2e133772d2d148d366d735a40e900d1296d99266edf7a3a407. “Waiting for the better reward: Comparison of delay of gratification in young children across two cultures” (10.1371/journal.pone.0256966). · CC-BY-4.0

• delay of reinforcement: The definition presents the concept as general learning mechanism (“behavior is affected…”) using support that appears to be from a specific interpretation involving SHR/ADHD, which is not established as a general definition within the packet.; The packet does not define the term; it only mentions “steeper delay-of-reinforcement gradients” as an explanatory account of operant hyperactivity.; The packet text does not define “delay of reinforcement” or explain, in general learning terms, how behavior is affected when reinforcement is not immediate.; The specific claim that a “steeper delay-of-reinforcement gradient means behavior is more strongly influenced by reinforcement being delayed” is not explicitly stated in the provided packet; it only reports that operant hyperactivity is “primarily driven by steeper delay-of-reinforcement gradients.”; “A steeper gradient means behavior is more strongly influenced by reinforcement being delayed” is not supported by the packet and adds an interpretive claim beyond the source.; “How behavior is affected when reinforcement is not immediate” is an unsupported gloss not stated in the supplied text.

  Hill Jade C; Herbst Katrina; Sanabria Federico. Characterizing operant hyperactivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. 2012; DOI 10.1186/1744-9081-8-5; article XML SHA-256 8051f48e50a5b55e6109bd7e7b0d2a6e09fb097d5c012f3d61fc1f9f9280e88f. “Characterizing operant hyperactivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat” (10.1186/1744-9081-8-5). · CC-BY-2.0

• delayed alternation task: The definition adds an unsupported generalization by saying the task is used to examine sensitivity to catecholamine levels; the packet only says the prefrontal cortex is highly sensitive to catecholamine levels, not that this is an established property of the task itself.; The definition’s “used to examine cognitive function linked to the prefrontal cortex” is only indirectly supported; the packet states the task is dependent on prefrontal cortex but does not describe it as being used to examine cognitive function in that way.; The field is not defensible: a delayed alternation task is a behavioral/neuropsychological test, not a diagnosis term.; The packet does not support the specific procedure description “alternating responses after a delay”; it only states that rats perform a “delayed alternation task,” without describing the timing/alternation mechanics.; The packet says PFC is “highly sensitive to levels of catecholamines,” but it does not explicitly support the claim that the task is “sensitive” to catecholamine levels (only the PFC is).; The requested field is “diagnosis,” but the packet is about methylphenidate mechanisms and ADHD relevance; it does not present the term as diagnostic in the sense of diagnosis/diagnostic criteria.

  Arnsten Amy FT; Dudley Anne G. Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through α2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. 2005; DOI 10.1186/1744-9081-1-2; article XML SHA-256 07774a7ef67127d3713a0d830513ce8ff0ed5748c4571e5edf9126db0634e206. “Methylphenidate improves prefrontal cortical cognitive function through α2 adrenoceptor and dopamine D1 receptor actions: Relevance to therapeutic effects in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder” (10.1186/1744-9081-1-2). · CC-BY-2.0

• delayed feedback: Although the definition’s core description of a closed-loop delayed feedback method and disrupting synchronized oscillations is consistent with the packet, the requested field (“learning”) is not supported by the packet.; Field mismatch: the provided packet discusses delayed feedback deep brain stimulation to suppress pathological synchronized oscillations in Parkinson’s disease (a neurostimulation/control context), not learning as such.; The added clause about using delayed recordings to guide stimulation and disrupt synchronized oscillations is only supported for the Parkinson’s/DBS context, so the definition is not field-appropriate for "learning."; The definition gives a generic control-systems meaning, but the packet uses "delayed feedback stimulation" in the context of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease, not learning.; The source does not support presenting this as a learning-term definition; it is a neuroscience/DBS usage instead.

  Daneshzand Mohammad; Faezipour Miad; Barkana Buket D. Robust desynchronization of Parkinson’s disease pathological oscillations by frequency modulation of delayed feedback deep brain stimulation. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0207761; article XML SHA-256 ddffc77cc44e04a4c6d647d80bb3148f0bccb911f5761a34ff65e92e0d9e7953. “Robust desynchronization of Parkinson’s disease pathological oscillations by frequency modulation of delayed feedback deep brain stimulation” (10.1371/journal.pone.0207761). · CC-BY-4.0

• deliberate sampling: The claim that the purpose is to ensure marginalized and underserved groups are adequately represented is stronger than the source, which only says such groups need to be examined; it does not state a representativeness requirement.; The packet only states that “deliberate sampling plans are needed to examine those most marginalized and underserved,” but it does not define deliberate sampling as an “intentional plan for choosing research participants rather than relying on who is easiest to include.”; The packet supports that deliberate sampling plans are needed to examine marginalized and underserved groups, but it does not explicitly support the broader definition that this is an intentional plan for choosing participants instead of convenience-based recruitment.; The packet supports the general idea of ensuring marginalized/underserved groups are examined, but it does not explicitly support the full rationale in the definition (“so their experiences can be examined”) in the way the definition phrases it.

  Kammer-Kerwick Matt; Cox Kyle; Purohit Ishani; Watkins S Craig. The role of social determinants of health in mental health: An examination of the moderating effects of race, ethnicity, and gender on depression through the all of us research program dataset. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pmen.0000015; article XML SHA-256 6b2b528a998ab69e152f50eb437d121a1425b9353fc333ac3f46b0966622796f. “The role of social determinants of health in mental health: An examination of the moderating effects of race, ethnicity, and gender on depression through the all of us research program dataset” (10.1371/journal.pmen.0000015). · CC-BY-4.0

• deliberate self-harm: The definition adds that the person “intentionally injures themselves,” but the packet definition only says “Behavior in which persons hurt or harm themselves” and does not explicitly state intentionality.; The definition slightly overstates the source by converting “hurt or harm themselves” into “injures themselves.”; The packet supports self-harm without suicidal or sexual motive, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that the behavior is intentional.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Self-Injurious Behavior” (D016728). · public-domain-US-government

• deltoid: The definition adds a functional explanation of the muscle that is only indirectly implied by the study context; the packet itself does not explicitly define the deltoid as the shoulder muscle responsible for lifting the arm away from the body.; The definition claims deltoid activity was measured as an indicator of how shoulder movement was “initiated and carried out,” but the packet specifies that muscle activity was recorded from the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) “as an indicator of startReact” (i.e., initiation-related effects). The packet does not describe DELT activity as an indicator of initiation in the same way.; The packet does not explicitly state that the deltoid is a shoulder muscle whose function is lifting the arm away from the body (shoulder abduction); it only mentions recording “Middle deltoid (DELT) activity” during unilateral shoulder abduction movements.; The packet reports outcomes such as DELT onset and movement timing/kinematics, but it does not support the specific causal framing that deltoid activity indicates how movement was initiated and carried out.; The packet supports that deltoid activity was recorded during shoulder abduction, but it does not support the claim that deltoid activity was used as an indicator of how shoulder movement was initiated and carried out.

  Thomas Christina; Johnson Brianna; Baillargeon Emma M.; Heckman Rosalind L.. Motor planning, initiation and execution of shoulder abduction against gravity: Evidence from startReact. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0346615; article XML SHA-256 9be1576d2704e86ea0c4e087680e04b3a78a4188fceed73d515aa473515a00e8. “Motor planning, initiation and execution of shoulder abduction against gravity: Evidence from startReact” (10.1371/journal.pone.0346615). · CC-BY-4.0

• dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: The definition adds an explanatory paraphrase that goes beyond the source wording rather than staying tightly within the supported sense.; The gloss “meaning difficulty remembering personal experiences or events” is not supported by the packet; the source only says DAT involves primarily loss of episodic memory.; The packet supports that “typical dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT) involves primarily loss of episodic memory,” but it does not explicitly support the claim that DAT is “the typical form of Alzheimer’s disease” as phrased in the definition.

  Madhavan Ajay; Whitwell Jennifer L.; Weigand Stephen D.; Duffy Joseph R.; Strand Edythe A.; Machulda Mary M.; Tosakulwong Nirubol; Senjem Matthew L.; Gunter Jeffrey L.; Lowe Val J.; Petersen Ronald C.; Jack Clifford R.; Josephs Keith A.. FDG PET and MRI in Logopenic Primary Progressive Aphasia versus Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0062471; article XML SHA-256 233573525fcbfcca78f9bfdafb3626eee5a80eb503b46f539acfcf086ea32a35. “FDG PET and MRI in Logopenic Primary Progressive Aphasia versus Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type” (10.1371/journal.pone.0062471). · CC-BY-4.0

• dementia praecox: The packet does not explicitly support the claim that “dementia praecox” is a *historical term*; it only provides a descriptor that is labeled under “Schizophrenia” and describes characteristic features.; The packet supports the symptom description and the schizophrenia label, but it does not support the claim that this is a historical term for schizophrenia.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Schizophrenia” (D012559). · public-domain-US-government

• demyelination: The definition adds a general biological gloss that is not stated in the source packet, so the core definitional claim is unsupported by the supplied text.; The definition states that demyelination is “the loss or damage of myelin” and that myelin is “the protective covering of nerve fibers,” but the packet does not define demyelination as loss/damage of myelin or describe myelin’s protective role.; The packet supports demyelination as a feature of multiple sclerosis in the central nervous system and as a process induced in a murine cuprizone model, but it does not define demyelination as the loss or damage of myelin or describe myelin as the protective covering of nerve fibers.; While the packet links demyelination to “within the central nervous system (CNS)” and mentions demyelination occurring in multiple sclerosis and being induced in the cuprizone mouse model, it does not provide the specific mechanistic/definitional wording used in the definition.

  Kråkenes Torbjørn; Wergeland Stig; Al-Sharabi Niyaz; Mohamed-Ahmed Samih; Fromreide Siren; Costea Daniela-Elana; Mustafa Kamal; Bø Lars; Kvistad Christopher Elnan. The neuroprotective potential of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and human exfoliated deciduous teeth in a murine model of demyelination. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0293908; article XML SHA-256 c7e1b65dcdc6432bfa454fb61569c0a51eca8cde88bcdb81b9aefd1f6ec1c163. “The neuroprotective potential of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and human exfoliated deciduous teeth in a murine model of demyelination” (10.1371/journal.pone.0293908). · CC-BY-4.0

• dendrogram: No support in the packet for the claim that the diagram shows how items/variables group based on distances from one another.; The definition adds explanatory detail beyond the supplied source, so it is not fully grounded in the packet alone.; The only snippet in the packet refers to calculating distances for dendrogram hierarchical clustering (equation context), but it does not provide the requested definitional meaning.; The packet only supports that dendrograms are used in hierarchical clustering and involve distance calculations; it does not explicitly support the fuller description as a tree-like diagram or the claim that they show how items or variables group together based on distances.; The provided packet text does not define “dendrogram” or describe it as a tree-like diagram for hierarchical clustering.

  Huang Alexander A; Huang Samuel Y. Dendrogram of transparent feature importance machine learning statistics to classify associations for heart failure: A reanalysis of a retrospective cohort study of the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0288819; article XML SHA-256 d9f04d907ec6820a7128c8b5fa7a8876cf65d01b1a9bbafa6b0db06dcdcc39fc. “Dendrogram of transparent feature importance machine learning statistics to classify associations for heart failure: A reanalysis of a retrospective cohort study of the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database” (10.1371/journal.pone.0288819). · CC-BY-4.0

• denervation: The definition makes the source-specific claim sound like the term refers to this particular experimental procedure, but the packet only uses denervation descriptively in a study and does not establish a special in-source sense.; The definition’s first sentence (“Denervation is the removal or interruption of nerve supply…”) is not explicitly supported by the provided packet text.; The packet supports renal pedicle denervation improving urine flow, but it does not support the added mechanism wording “cutting or disabling nerves”; that is more specific than the source states.; The second sentence adds interpretive framing (“cutting or disabling nerves around the renal pedicle”) that is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet only says “Denervation of nerves” without detailing the mechanism as cutting or disabling.; While the packet does mention “Denervation of nerves around the renal pedicle” and that it “improved urine flow,” the packet does not support the broader general characterization of denervation given in the first sentence.

  Sawanobori Yoshiharu; Nakano Daisuke; Kitamura Hiroaki; Kitada Kento; Asaga Takehiko; Suzuki Norio; Yamamoto Masayuki; Ogino Yuichi; Shirakami Gotaro; Nishiyama Akira. A kappa opioid receptor agonist, difelikefalin, improves acute kidney injury in experimental sepsis models. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0343693; article XML SHA-256 fd160bc3f71d9b5f984b506cac32a86db0afe7efb183f8041f9efbf6bf843519. “A kappa opioid receptor agonist, difelikefalin, improves acute kidney injury in experimental sepsis models” (10.1371/journal.pone.0343693). · CC-BY-4.0

• dental phobia: The definition says “prior nonthreatening exposure to dental-related cues may interfere… and reduce the likelihood that dental phobia develops,” but the packet only describes latent inhibition as pre-exposure impairing learning of dental fear from aversive associative conditioning; it does not explicitly describe the pre-exposure as “nonthreatening” or “dental-related cues” in those exact terms.; The definition states “a strong fear,” but the packet does not characterize dental phobia/fear as “strong.”; The packet supports latent inhibition reducing the development of dental fear/dental phobia, but it does not directly define dental phobia as a "strong fear related to dental stimuli."; The phrase "through aversive associative learning" is supported, but the definition adds a broader definitional claim about the nature of dental phobia that is not established in the packet.

  Geers Andrew L; Seligman Laura D; Pituch Keenan A; Colagiuri Ben; Marusak Hilary A; Rabinak Christine A; Al-Ado Sena L; Turner Natalie; Nedley Michael. A test of pre-exposure spacing and multiple context pre-exposure on the mechanisms of latent inhibition of dental fear: A study protocol. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s40359-024-01580-5; article XML SHA-256 1b34d67f93baa5c3fa262f3c5935d4a9418ce612ac6e1e3bcd8c2bf99b4dec40. “A test of pre-exposure spacing and multiple context pre-exposure on the mechanisms of latent inhibition of dental fear: A study protocol” (10.1186/s40359-024-01580-5). · CC-BY-4.0

• dental: The added statement about care, education, and communication related to oral health is an unsupported generalization from the packet.; The definition makes general claims about what “dental” refers to (e.g., oral health care, education, and communication broadly) that are not explicitly supported in the supplied packet text.; The definition’s claim that “dental” refers to oral health care and to services delivered by dental care professionals is broader than the packet’s scope, which only mentions dental care providers in relation to teledentistry adoption.; The packet does not provide a direct definition of the term “dental.”; The packet is about teledentistry adoption (facilitators/barriers) and mentions “oral healthcare delivery” and “dental care providers,” but it does not justify the specific explanatory scope stated in the definition.; The packet is about teledentistry and dental care providers, not a dictionary definition of the term “dental,” so the requested sense is not directly supported.

  Hakami Amjad; Mohan Sarika. The perceived facilitators and barriers to the potential adoption of teledentistry among dental care providers in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0359436; article XML SHA-256 1b82bf8ffbed2fca15e1231c2068e8a6ba9ba956fc85fa02f672cf0b753d4b41. “The perceived facilitators and barriers to the potential adoption of teledentistry among dental care providers in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0359436). · CC-BY-4.0

• dependent groups: The definition adds an unsupported example (“codeine-containing cough syrup”) as if it were the meaning of the term rather than a study-specific participant description.; The definition gives the wrong sense of the term: the packet uses “dependent groups” in a statistical/comparative sense (“controls and CCS-dependent groups”), not as a label for people dependent on a substance.; The definition’s final claim (“The term identifies a research group by dependence status rather than describing a general type of group.”) is an interpretive/generalization that is not explicitly supported by the provided packet text.; The substance-specific explanation and the claim that the term identifies a research group by dependence status rather than a general type of group are not supported by the packet.

  Qiu Yingwei; Lv Xiaofei; Su Huanhuan; Jiang Guihua; Tian Junzhang; Zhuo Fuzhen; Han Lujun; Zhang Xuelin. Reduced Regional Homogeneity in Bilateral Frontostriatal System Relates to Higher Impulsivity Behavior in Codeine-Containing Cough Syrups Dependent Individuals. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0078738; article XML SHA-256 130bd289d93ad13a512857a8fbcbd3698c5fc7ad4235b2cd17c0586a690010b3. “Reduced Regional Homogeneity in Bilateral Frontostriatal System Relates to Higher Impulsivity Behavior in Codeine-Containing Cough Syrups Dependent Individuals” (10.1371/journal.pone.0078738). · CC-BY-4.0

• dependent-samples t test: Because the packet does not provide an explicit description of the method beyond this study’s usage, the definition’s conceptual contrast to independent groups is an unsupported generalization.; The packet demonstrates use of a dependent-samples t-test for pre- to post-supplementation changes within the same subjects, but it does not explicitly support the claim that it “evaluates change within the paired data rather than comparing separate independent groups.”; The packet only shows a dependent samples t-test used on pre- vs post-supplementation measurements in one group; it does not define the test as a general method for related measurements or paired data.; The phrase “same participants measured before and after an intervention” is an unsupported generalization beyond the specific study context in the packet.

  Smith Abbie E; Walter Ashley A; Herda Trent J; Ryan Eric D; Moon Jordan R; Cramer Joel T; Stout Jeffrey R. Effects of creatine loading on electromyographic fatigue threshold during cycle ergometry in college-aged women. 2007; DOI 10.1186/1550-2783-4-20; article XML SHA-256 8aeb6e942da8beec5b579cdcd680c4915957e5494355efd0a112282e28e907c6. “Effects of creatine loading on electromyographic fatigue threshold during cycle ergometry in college-aged women” (10.1186/1550-2783-4-20). · CC-BY-2.0

• deprivation: The definition’s claims about the study’s direction are partially supported (RD diminishes OCB; OI mediates), but the specific phrasing “weaker organizational identification” is not directly supported by the provided text.; The packet does not define deprivation as “relative deprivation” being “a negative psychological state that arises when people feel unfairly disadvantaged compared with others.” (It mentions “Relative deprivation (RD)” but provides no such conceptual definition.); The packet does not explicitly support that relative deprivation is “linked to weaker organizational identification.” It only states that organizational identification “partially mediates” the RD–OCB relationship, without clearly indicating whether organizational identification is weaker/less in response to RD.; The packet supports relative deprivation, but it does not explicitly define it as feeling unfairly disadvantaged compared with others.; The wording goes beyond the packet by presenting that narrower psychological definition as if it were established from the source, rather than limiting the definition to the study’s usage.

  Han Shuangbin; Fan Yuxiang. From psychological imbalance to behavioral withdrawal: unraveling the impact of relative deprivation on organizational citizenship behavior in tourism enterprises. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1619960; article XML SHA-256 20d5fa48d11c35b68f32385899c5b7042e04c29f26353435955dccf26351b707. “From psychological imbalance to behavioral withdrawal: unraveling the impact of relative deprivation on organizational citizenship behavior in tourism enterprises” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1619960). · CC-BY-4.0

• descriptive average: Claims that it “summarize[s] a set of observed measurements” and “gives a simple picture of the typical level” are not supported by the provided packet text.; The definition adds details about summarizing “a set of observed measurements” and “the recorded data” that are not stated in the packet.; The definition’s statement that it “without going beyond describing that sample” is not explicitly present in the packet.; The field “cognition” is not supported by the source text, which is a biomechanics article about spherical grip and instrumented movement analysis.; The packet only states that the statistical analysis was descriptive and included “average and standard deviations,” but it does not define what “descriptive average” specifically means (e.g., whether it is the mean value).; The packet only uses “descriptive” to characterize the statistical analysis as “average and standard deviations”; it does not define “descriptive average” as a mean value or as a specific statistical concept.

  Martin-Martin Jaime; Cuesta-Vargas Antonio I. A biomechanical study of spherical grip. 2013; DOI 10.1186/2193-1801-2-591; article XML SHA-256 dacc229e92c7f01d8b05980243ab9ac0f6d2779073e7078f05a8d3f75834f545. “A biomechanical study of spherical grip” (10.1186/2193-1801-2-591). · CC-BY-2.0

• descriptive research: The packet does not provide the general definition of “descriptive research” as a study type for “examining and describing how factors are related to one another”; it only states an aim of a specific descriptive study.; The packet supports the specific reference to investigating relationships among symptom severity, stress, social support, and adaptation after hospital discharge (in COVID-19 patients), but the definition’s broader characterization is not explicitly supported by the provided text.; The packet supports this term only as the study design used in one article to investigate relationships among symptom severity, stress, social support, and adaptation after hospital discharge; it does not support the broader generic definition of descriptive research as a type of study that examines how factors are related in general.; The second sentence is source-specific, but the first sentence adds an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s wording.

  Yeetho Panyasuda; Chaiviboontham Suchira; Sumdaengrit Bualuang. The relationships between symptom severity post COVID-19, stress, social support and adaptation in patients with COVID-19 after discharge from the hospital. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0327825; article XML SHA-256 1ad146300bae7b9648fe1648de54aae603c8aac75089ce49bd16aaea2aefe93b. “The relationships between symptom severity post COVID-19, stress, social support and adaptation in patients with COVID-19 after discharge from the hospital” (10.1371/journal.pone.0327825). · CC-BY-4.0

• Desoxyn: The definition should not add an unsupported naming/brand claim when the packet only supports the substance and its pharmacologic effects.; The definition states that “Desoxyn is a brand name for methamphetamine hydrochloride,” but the packet text provided only describes methamphetamine hydrochloride itself (its CNS stimulating properties and mechanism) and does not explicitly support the “Desoxyn” branding claim.; The packet identifies Desoxyn as methamphetamine hydrochloride, not as a brand name; the opening clause is unsupported and appears to use the wrong sense.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Methamphetamine Hydrochloride” (C47609). · CC-BY-4.0

• despair: The claim that despair is “closely connected with loneliness, depression, and broader social and health conditions” is only partially supported; the packet mentions loneliness, depression, and social/environmental factors, but does not state this as a defined relationship for despair.; The claim that emotional despair is presented as a “growing public mental health concern” is stronger and more specific than the packet, which only says emotional despair, loneliness, and chronic diseases “have been rising.”; The definition claims despair is connected with “broader social and health conditions”; the packet says emotional despair, loneliness, and chronic diseases have been rising together, but does not explicitly frame these as a connection to despair in the way stated.; The packet does not provide a definition of “despair” or describe it as “a state of profound emotional suffering and loss of wellbeing.”; The packet mentions “emotional despair” alongside “loneliness” and that “depression has been identified as a significant element of the global mental health crisis,” but it does not explicitly state that emotional despair is “closely connected with” loneliness and depression (the definition makes a stronger causal/close-association claim than the packet supports).; The packet uses the phrase “emotional despair” but does not define despair as “a state of profound emotional suffering and loss of wellbeing.”

  Patterson Elissa H.; Miller Chazlyn; Hannapel Madison. Public psychology and holistic approaches to prevention and treatment of depression. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1600094; article XML SHA-256 b645e72122fcf3e9ce773c0c5a3ab2ed7ffa319d902211e52f93d02d3268d136. “Public psychology and holistic approaches to prevention and treatment of depression” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1600094). · CC-BY-4.0

• detachment: The definition adds a broader normative claim about “constant engagement” being culturally expected or morally valued; the packet supports continuous academic engagement and moralized educational cultures, but not the general definition as stated.; The packet discusses theoretical frameworks and conceptual gaps, but it does not supply the requested term-in-context meaning in a way that would allow validation of the definition’s core claims.; The packet does not provide any explicit definition of “detachment,” nor does it state that detachment means “mentally disengaging from ongoing academic demands and stress” or “stepping back psychologically from study-related pressures.”; The phrase about disengaging “during periods that would otherwise allow rest or recovery” is not supported by the packet; the source discusses difficulty detaching in high-performance academic environments, not a rest/recovery period definition.; The provided definition contains multiple specific interpretive claims (e.g., difficulty due to “constant engagement” being culturally expected or “morally valued”) that are not explicitly defined or supported as part of a “detachment” definition in the packet text shown.

  Chen Yingyan; Pan Lily; Lu Feifei; Sun Daokai; Liao Chuanjing; Na Meng. Psychological detachment in Chinese higher education: a multitheoretical model of academic stress, cultural pressure, and coping resources. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1647184; article XML SHA-256 779de1cfe40f8f4fbfc5d588dbadf2a9189fa74f3d6849953d6ecc363454d481. “Psychological detachment in Chinese higher education: a multitheoretical model of academic stress, cultural pressure, and coping resources” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1647184). · CC-BY-4.0

• detection threshold: The definition’s general statement that “detection threshold is the lowest level of a stimulus or signal that can still be noticed” is not explicitly stated or directly supported in the provided packet text (the packet discusses threshold limits measured, but does not define the term in general terms).; The definition’s sense is supported by the packet, but the requested field ‘learning’ is not defensibly supported by this source; the packet is about canine odor detection thresholds in an environmental-conditions study, not a learning concept.; The first sentence is broadly acceptable, but the entry should not imply a general clinical or learning-theory usage beyond what the packet supports.; The packet does support the second, more specific idea that the study’s detection thresholds refer to odor concentrations detectable by dogs for energetic materials under different environmental conditions, but because the first general claim is unsupported, the overall definition cannot be accepted as fully supported by the packet.

  Fernandez Lauren S.; Kane Sarah A.; DeChant Mallory T.; Prada-Tiedemann Paola A.; Hall Nathaniel J.. Environmental effects on explosive detection threshold of domestic dogs. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0306817; article XML SHA-256 7c1d93adc385a38420ccdb350c9c6e5a3a1d064db06f64405c5390c6daf188ac. “Environmental effects on explosive detection threshold of domestic dogs” (10.1371/journal.pone.0306817). · CC-BY-4.0

• deterioration index: Because the definition’s first sentence contains general explanatory claims not directly supported by the provided packet text, the overall definition is not defensible from the supplied source.; The packet does not define a deterioration index as a scoring measure; it only says existing deterioration index scores were used as inputs to machine-learning models.; The packet does not explicitly define what a “deterioration index” is (e.g., that it is a “scoring measure” estimating “likelihood” of worsening); it only states that the ML models used “existing deterioration index scores” as inputs.; The requested sense is not clearly a psychology/learning dictionary sense; the source is a clinical machine-learning study rather than a definitional source.; “Used to estimate the likelihood that a hospitalized patient’s condition will worsen” is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet.

  Mu Emily; Jabbour Sarah; Dalca Adrian V.; Guttag John; Wiens Jenna; Sjoding Michael W.. Augmenting existing deterioration indices with chest radiographs to predict clinical deterioration. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0263922; article XML SHA-256 b36bcf78315f7ca127b942825509e0d63865b27f18b9324788f07e1ae9f3b6b1. “Augmenting existing deterioration indices with chest radiographs to predict clinical deterioration” (10.1371/journal.pone.0263922). · CC-BY-4.0

• development cycle: The claim that a shorter development cycle “changes product design and replacement patterns” goes beyond the source, which only says it has led to a qualitative shift in automotive products and is associated with rapid replacement.; The definition adds a general product-development sense that is not established in the packet and is not specifically supported for this term in the cited source context.; The definition links the shorter cycle to “smart vehicles are updated more quickly, which changes product design and replacement patterns,” which is partially consistent with the packet, but the overall definition still fails due to the unsupported general characterization in the first sentence.; The definition’s first sentence (“Development cycle is the period in which a product is designed and brought forward to its next version or replacement.”) is not explicitly stated or supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet only directly discusses an “increasingly shortened development cycle of smart vehicles” and the downstream effects (e.g., quicker updates, changes in replacement patterns and product design). It does not provide the general, formal time-period meaning stated in the definition.; The packet only mentions an “increasingly shortened development cycle” for smart vehicles; it does not define the term as the period in which a product is designed and brought to its next version or replacement.

  Liu Zongming; Chen Xuhui; Liang Xinan. Growable design of passenger vehicle interior space based on FAHP and FQFD. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0303233; article XML SHA-256 061863b5a63d7abc6563dea9df322ed5f912e13e3f16da8af2d21b3d6e9f076e. “Growable design of passenger vehicle interior space based on FAHP and FQFD” (10.1371/journal.pone.0303233). · CC-BY-4.0

• developmental age: The packet does not define developmental age as a DNA methylation-based estimate of gestational age; it only says DNAm GA is the biomarker and that gestational age acceleration is a metric of developmental maturity derived from it.; The packet does not explicitly define “developmental age” as “an estimate of developmental maturity early in life, derived from a DNA methylation measure of gestational age.” It describes a DNA-methylation-based biomarker of gestational age (DNAm GA) and a derived metric called “gestational age acceleration,” but it does not state that this corresponds to “developmental age” in the exact way the definition claims.; The packet says DNAm GA can be used to calculate “gestational age acceleration” (a residual between DNAm GA and clinically estimated gestational age). It does not support the definition’s phrasing that developmental age itself is derived from DNAm-measured gestational age.; The statement that developmental age is used to study how prenatal social and neighborhood conditions relate to neonatal development is broader than what the packet supports; the article discusses associations with maternal income/Medicaid status and neighborhood opportunity in relation to developmental maturity, not a general definition of the term.; While the packet discusses prenatal influences (maternal income/HI and neighborhood opportunity types) on neonatal outcomes via gestational age acceleration at birth, it does not clearly support the definition’s wording that “developmental age” (as defined) is used specifically to relate “prenatal social and neighborhood conditions” to “neonatal development.”

  Pilkay Stefanie R.; Knight Anna K.; Bush Nicole R.; LeWinn Kaja; Davis Robert L.; Tylavsky Frances; Smith Alicia K.. Poverty and neighborhood opportunity effects on neonate DNAm developmental age. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0306452; article XML SHA-256 e30f011aa8e6a788d28808837f5245873b337223e0ca3dce75d2c6befb2b7fbf. “Poverty and neighborhood opportunity effects on neonate DNAm developmental age” (10.1371/journal.pone.0306452). · CC-BY-4.0

• developmental cognitive neuroscience: The claim that the field examines processes such as attention, learning, memory, language, and motor activity across development goes beyond what the packet states; those cognitive processes are described as examples of information time-frequency EEG analysis can provide, not as the scope of the field itself.; The definition’s claim that the field “studies how brain-based cognitive functions change during human development” is not explicitly stated in the provided packet (the packet mentions studying brain function across the lifespan and the use of EEG/time-frequency in developmental cognitive neuroscience, but does not clearly describe “how functions change” as the defining focus).; The packet supports EEG and time-frequency analysis as tools used in developmental cognitive neuroscience, but it does not explicitly define the term as the area of cognitive neuroscience that studies how brain-based cognitive functions change during human development.

  Ferrari Ambra; Filippin Luca; Buiatti Marco; Parise Eugenio. WTools: A MATLAB-based toolbox for time-frequency analysis of infant data. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0323179; article XML SHA-256 6928c3f839c5ed9a191967e30edff474ba7a7149925c7046e68ed02355454d0c. “WTools: A MATLAB-based toolbox for time-frequency analysis of infant data” (10.1371/journal.pone.0323179). · CC-BY-4.0

• developmental dysphasia: The packet does not explicitly define “developmental dysphasia” as a “childhood developmental language disorder”; it only mentions “childhood language disorders” generally and refers to “developmental dysphasia” without giving that definitional phrasing.; The packet does not explicitly support defining developmental dysphasia as a childhood developmental language disorder; it only refers more generally to “developmental language disorders” and mentions developmental dysphasia as one condition discussed in relation to FM stimulation.; The phrase about abnormal responses is only loosely supported: the source says Stefanatos used the technique in “the demonstration of abnormality in developmental dysphasia,” but it does not clearly state the condition was defined by abnormal responses on a frequency-modulated auditory evoked response measure.; While the packet mentions “later use … in the demonstration of abnormality in developmental dysphasia,” the provided excerpt does not clearly state that the abnormality was specifically “responses … with a frequency-modulated auditory evoked response measure” (it discusses the FM technique and its use, but the definition’s exact claim is not directly supported in the supplied text).

  Duffy Frank H; Eksioglu Yaman Z; Rotenberg Alexander; Madsen Joseph R; Shankardass Aditi; Als Heidelise. The frequency modulated auditory evoked response (FMAER), a technical advance for study of childhood language disorders: cortical source localization and selected case studies. 2013; DOI 10.1186/1471-2377-13-12; article XML SHA-256 339767c48494f5a04f622841fb29344c30c310764c9acfcc4c27fb4d0863d22d. “The frequency modulated auditory evoked response (FMAER), a technical advance for study of childhood language disorders: cortical source localization and selected case studies” (10.1186/1471-2377-13-12). · CC-BY-2.0

• developmental immaturity: The definition adds an explanatory gloss that goes beyond the packet’s evidence; the source only lists developmental immaturity as one of several child-related attributions for anticipated failure.; The definition claims that developmental immaturity means the child is “not yet developmentally ready for the demands of a task,” but the packet does not provide that specific meaning or interpretation of the term—only that teachers attributed anticipated failure to “developmental immaturity.”; The definition’s statement that this appears “as one of several reasons teachers used to explain lower expected competence” is broadly consistent with the packet’s finding that anticipated failure among children with lower teacher-rated learning behavior scores was attributed to developmental immaturity, but the unsupported first-sentence meaning prevents a full pass.; The packet supports that teachers sometimes attributed anticipated failure to developmental immaturity, but it does not define the term as meaning the child is “not yet developmentally ready for the demands of a task.”

  Adak Özdemir Atiye. Attributional explanations in preschool teachers’ competence judgments on tangram tasks: links with learning behaviors and task difficulty. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859618; article XML SHA-256 b1c87b816de4488cd92eabe3f4be10ee27bba45e8193e1d3c6142de608d2abbf. “Attributional explanations in preschool teachers’ competence judgments on tangram tasks: links with learning behaviors and task difficulty” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859618). · CC-BY-4.0

• developmental schedules: The definition is not fully supported by the packet as written, because it adds interpretive claims about what developmental schedules are used for beyond the source text.; The packet only mentions correlations between “Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS) gross motor scores” and clinical features in an ASD group; it does not explicitly state the general purpose that developmental schedules are “used to relate aspects of development to clinical features in children.”; The packet supports that GDS stands for Gesell Developmental Schedules and that gross motor scores were used in an ASD correlation analysis, but it does not support the broader claim that it is a child development assessment in general clinical use.; The statement that it is used to relate aspects of development to clinical features in children overgeneralizes a single study correlation; the packet does not establish this as the instrument’s purpose or a current diagnostic use.

  Xu Xiaowen; Li Yang; Lan Haifei; Ding Ning; Li Weikai; Zheng Guifen; Song Xiufeng. Quantitative susceptibility mapping shows alterations of brain iron content in children with autism spectrum disorder: a whole-brain analysis. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s12888-025-07235-y; article XML SHA-256 909377a05d99a05fc18a10659f4c12b799e7d4e7bf008d03be9f6e5a63090b93. “Quantitative susceptibility mapping shows alterations of brain iron content in children with autism spectrum disorder: a whole-brain analysis” (10.1186/s12888-025-07235-y). · CC-BY-4.0

• deviate: The definition adds broader senses (“intended standard” and “meaning”) that are not supported by the packet, which only shows deviation from “disciplinary connotations.”; The packet only explicitly supports deviation from “disciplinary connotations,” not deviation from an “intended standard” or “meaning” more generally, so those parts of the definition are not fully supported by the provided text.; The second sentence introduces an unsupported generalization about methods producing results that are no longer aligned with the concepts they represent; the packet only discusses data-driven methods deviating from disciplinary connotations in this article context.; The second sentence’s phrasing (“methods producing results that no longer stay closely aligned with the concepts they are meant to represent”) is more general than the packet’s specific statement about avoiding methods that deviate from disciplinary connotations.

  Lin Shiwei; Zhang Xiaolong; Chen Guoxu; Sun Lingchen; Wang Xinyu; Ma Yongshuang. Revise the cognitive model using structural equation modeling. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1758968; article XML SHA-256 504b0fb3da31d7c678180e3f910ac4e57d82009e646c48f8b32dbb1791bfea6a. “Revise the cognitive model using structural equation modeling” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1758968). · CC-BY-4.0

• diabetic enteropathy: The definition refers to “gut microbiota changes,” while the packet only mentions “the microbiota” without explicitly describing it as “gut” microbiota.; The definition states that diabetic enteropathy is “an intestinal complication of diabetes mellitus,” but the packet does not explicitly describe diabetic enteropathy as a “complication” (it only refers to it as a functional change in the context of diabetic autonomic neuropathy and mentions intestinal epithelial cell differentiation).; The packet mentions inflammation and the microbiota as precipitating factors, but it does not specifically support the broader claim that gut microbiota changes contribute to it.; The packet says abnormal differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells is an early phenotypic change and the focus of the study, but it does not clearly support it as a confirmed contributing factor to diabetic enteropathy.; The packet supports diabetic enteropathy as mainly a functional change caused by diabetic autonomic neuropathy, but it does not explicitly support calling it an intestinal complication of diabetes mellitus.

  Shan Ti-Dong; Yue Han; Sun Xue-Guo; Jiang Yue-Ping; Chen Li. Rspo3 regulates the abnormal differentiation of small intestinal epithelial cells in diabetic state. 2021; DOI 10.1186/s13287-021-02385-8; article XML SHA-256 de8d0354abfd96604bb93fad00945ec416346037747bd62edadb208992e38726. “Rspo3 regulates the abnormal differentiation of small intestinal epithelial cells in diabetic state” (10.1186/s13287-021-02385-8). · CC-BY-4.0

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: The claim that it is used as a reference for diagnosis is not supported by the packet; the packet only describes it as a categorical classification of mental disorders based on criteria sets with defining features.; The definition omits the packet’s explicit point that it is “produced by the American Psychiatric Association,” which is a substantive mismatch, and the missing/changed details are not recoverable from the packet.; The packet states it is a “categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features,” but it does not explicitly support the claim that it “is used as a reference for diagnosis.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” (D039721). · public-domain-US-government

• Diagnostic Interview Schedule: The definition claims the Diagnostic Interview Schedule is “interview-based,” but the packet only states that the Korean version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV was used to assess participants; it does not describe it as interview-based.; The packet supports that the Korean version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV was used to assess participants and assign them to ADHD, ADHD-NOS, and neurotypical groups, but it does not explicitly support the broader claim that the Diagnostic Interview Schedule is an "interview-based diagnostic assessment."

  Byeon Jun; Choi Tae Young; Won Geun Hui; Lee Jaewon; Kim Jun Won. A novel quantitative electroencephalography subtype with high alpha power in ADHD: ADHD or misdiagnosed ADHD?. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0242566; article XML SHA-256 10a09c41bfdac4817d2a7837b2a0aa2d6097599c66877263b7b50a1e9ab9d26c. “A novel quantitative electroencephalography subtype with high alpha power in ADHD: ADHD or misdiagnosed ADHD?” (10.1371/journal.pone.0242566). · CC-BY-4.0

• diagnostic interview: The definition generalizes from one study context (NPD) to the generic term without support from the packet.; The packet states that PNI/NPI were evaluated for convergent validity against a diagnostic interview for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), but it does not explicitly define what a “diagnostic interview” is or that it is “used to determine whether a person meets the diagnosis.”; The packet supports a clinician-administered diagnostic interview for narcissistic personality disorder and its use as a comparison standard, but it does not support the broader claim that diagnostic interviews are used to determine whether a person meets the diagnosis for any particular mental disorder.; The packet supports that the diagnostic interview was used as a reference/criterion for comparing self-report screening measures, but the full definition’s general wording (“clinician-administered assessment,” and “whether a person meets the diagnosis”) is not explicitly stated in the provided text.

  Baggio Stéphanie; Iglesias Katia; Duarte Miguel; Nicastro Rosetta; Hasler Roland; Euler Sebastian; Debbané Martin; Starcevic Vladan; Perroud Nader. Validation of self-report measures of narcissism against a diagnostic interview. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0266540; article XML SHA-256 d3ccb7e231699fb2122cd8f9e68dfe8555e0755b8e17d52ccba36c75f60c567e. “Validation of self-report measures of narcissism against a diagnostic interview” (10.1371/journal.pone.0266540). · CC-BY-4.0

• diagnosticity: The assigned field ‘biological’ is not supported by the source packet, which is in psychology/psycholinguistics.; The definition discusses “color-diagnosticity” in terms of a typical color vs many colors, which matches the packet’s HCD vs LCD examples, but the first sentence’s framing (“helps identify or represent”) is not directly supported.; The definition’s broader wording about helping “identify or represent an object or concept” goes beyond what is stated in the packet, which focuses on whether color is a core conceptual component for high color-diagnostic objects.; The definition’s generalization that diagnosticity “means how strongly a particular feature helps identify or represent an object or concept” is broader than what the packet explicitly states. The packet specifically describes that a “core conceptual component” (e.g., color) is strongly associated with a typical color for HCD objects and less so for LCD objects, and relates this to effects on lexical access; it does not directly define diagnosticity in terms of “identifying or representing” objects/concepts in general.; The packet supports color-diagnosticity in a language-production/ERP study, not the broader general definition of diagnosticity across arbitrary features and objects.

  Redmann Alexandra; FitzPatrick Ian; Hellwig Frauke; Indefrey Peter. The use of conceptual components in language production: an ERP study. 2014; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00363; article XML SHA-256 9bd6d28105b5b702d4dae8969d2fd2a52c996299beca758a5b3e7e99e5b094d0. “The use of conceptual components in language production: an ERP study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00363). · CC-BY-3.0

• diastolic blood pressure: The definition states that diastolic blood pressure is “measured during the diastolic phase.” This explanation of what the diastolic phase is/means is not provided in the supplied packet.; The source packet supports diastolic blood pressure as a measure used in a head-up tilt test and mentions autonomic nervous system involvement, but it does not define it as blood pressure measured during the diastolic phase.; The wording “one of the values the autonomic nervous system helps regulate” is broader than what the packet explicitly states; the packet says the autonomic nervous system regulates blood pressure generally, not that this specific value is identified as a regulated value in a definitional sense.; While the packet supports that autonomic nervous system regulates blood pressure and that the study examined diastolic blood pressure changes from supine to upright during a head-up tilt test (HUTT), it does not provide the claimed definition of diastolic blood pressure as being “measured during the diastolic phase.”

  Rhim Guil; Kim Moon Jung. Effect of the early diastolic blood pressure response to the head-up tilt test on the recurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0301800; article XML SHA-256 c9d67dd87c4c3cfd81da34b3c04ad78d781eb9698dbe624ed3251830228f1652. “Effect of the early diastolic blood pressure response to the head-up tilt test on the recurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo” (10.1371/journal.pone.0301800). · CC-BY-4.0

• diathesis: The definition claims diathesis was “inherited” as well as degenerative; the packet discusses it as “degenerate diathesis” and “brain deterioration,” but it does not explicitly state “inherited.”; The packet supports a degenerative mental disposition, but it does not support the added claim that this disposition was inherited.; The rest of the definition is broadly supported, but the unsupported inherited component makes the definition too expansive for the source.; The second sentence also adds the phrasing “in historical psychology and psychiatry” as a stated usage scope; while the packet notes extensive use with reference to mental conditions, it does not explicitly frame it in exactly those terms.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Diathesis” (Diathesis). · public-domain-US

• didactic teaching: The comparison claim is not supported in the supplied text: the packet says didactic teaching helps students apply theory to clinical situations in an inefficient way, but it does not establish that it is less effective than a flipped-classroom approach in general or in this source’s findings.; The definition adds a broader explanatory gloss (“in which theoretical material is presented to students”) that is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied wording.; The definition claims it is “less effective for helping nursing students apply theory to clinical situations than a flipped-classroom approach,” but the packet characterizes didactic teaching as helping “in an inefficient way” and also notes “no consistent outcomes” across studies comparing FC and lecture-based learning, so the relative effectiveness phrasing is stronger than the packet supports.; The definition states that didactic teaching “present[s] theoretical material … in a conventional, lecture-based way,” but the packet does not explicitly describe didactic teaching in those terms (it only contrasts “flipped classroom” with “lecture-based learning (LBL)”).; The packet does not support defining “didactic teaching” as a conventional lecture-based method; it only mentions “didactic teaching delivery method” and separately refers to “lecture-based learning” without equating the two.

  Li Bao-Zhu; Cao Nv-Wei; Ren Chun-Xia; Chu Xiu-Jie; Zhou Hao-Yue; Guo Biao. Flipped classroom improves nursing students’ theoretical learning in China: A meta-analysis. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0237926; article XML SHA-256 a191d2c590063971bc206a9ad255396a360a138f7c3c81c86417cd7ba81a7bd9. “Flipped classroom improves nursing students’ theoretical learning in China: A meta-analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0237926). · CC-BY-4.0

• diencephalic amnesia: The packet does not explicitly support the contrast that diencephalic amnesia reflects memory impairment from the broader network “rather than from the hippocampus alone.”; The packet states that damage to an extended network connected to the hippocampal formation results in diencephalic amnesia, and it mentions specific subcortical structures (e.g., anterior thalamic nuclei and rostral midline thalamic nuclei). However, it does not explicitly support the wording “especially within the diencephalon,” nor does it define the term as being centered “within the diencephalon.”; The packet supports an extended network of structures connected to the hippocampal formation, but it does not specifically support the added claim that this network is “especially within the diencephalon.”

  O’Mara Shane M.; Aggleton John P.. Space and Memory (Far) Beyond the Hippocampus: Many Subcortical Structures Also Support Cognitive Mapping and Mnemonic Processing. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fncir.2019.00052; article XML SHA-256 20f1e9157f9f7c57bb3dde81c278712f546a3b71eb3da74d6af0a77217d8b181. “Space and Memory (Far) Beyond the Hippocampus: Many Subcortical Structures Also Support Cognitive Mapping and Mnemonic Processing” (10.3389/fncir.2019.00052). · CC-BY-4.0

• diet: Because the packet does not support the general wording “an individual consumes” or “pattern of eating” as the definitional core, the definition contains an unsupported substantive claim beyond the packet’s content.; The definition adds a broad explanatory gloss ('such as a high-fat or fat-rich pattern of eating') beyond the packet’s specific study context, which is not stated as a general definition.; The definition’s first sentence gives a general meaning of “diet” as “the kind of food an individual consumes,” but the provided packet only discusses “fat-rich diet”/“high-fat diet” in an offspring study and does not explicitly define “diet” in that general way.; The field/sense framing is only weakly supported: the packet is a research article about high-fat diet effects, not a clear learning-domain definition of the term.; The packet discusses a high-fat/fat-rich diet in a rat study, but it does not support the general dictionary claim that diet means the kind of food an individual consumes.

  Espitia-Bautista Estefania; Cruz-Lemolle Anel; Sánchez-Meza Carlos; Cortés-Gutiérrez Daniela; Lugo-Martínez Haydée; Escobar Carolina. Sex-dependent phenotypes of anxiety and palatable food-seeking in offspring born from rats exposed to a high-fat diet. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1898577; article XML SHA-256 74f475c0afac4161d51be2f18e1434a112db5444efe696fbd1795634df67185a. “Sex-dependent phenotypes of anxiety and palatable food-seeking in offspring born from rats exposed to a high-fat diet” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1898577). · CC-BY-4.0

• DIF: The definition asserts specific psychological/assessment mechanics (e.g., “may not work the same way across different groups”) that are not supported by any explanatory text in the supplied packet.; The packet does not define “DIF” as “differential item functioning”; it only lists “DIF” among keywords/tags.; The packet does not state that DIF is examined in item response theory or instrument validation, nor that it involves items functioning differently across groups.; The packet supports that DIF expands to “differential item functioning” and that it is linked to item response theory and instrument validation, but it does not state the definition that test items may function differently across groups.; The wording generalizes beyond the packet’s visible content; a keyword list and article title are not enough to support the full explanatory definition given.; “DIF” in the provided packet could be interpreted as multiple things (e.g., it also appears alongside “Dynamic fit index” as a keyword), but the definition assumes the “differential item functioning” sense without support from the packet.

  Dåderman Anna M; Persson Björn N; Ahlstrand Inger; Hallgren Jenny; Larsson Ingrid; Larsson Margaretha; Sundler Annelie J; Hedén Lena; Nunstedt Håkan; Ekman Aimée; Lood Qarin; Andersson Hammar Isabelle; Pennbrant Sandra. Item response theory modelling of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire-short form: item streamlining, differential item functioning, and validity in a Swedish multicenter cross-sectional study. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s40359-025-03271-1; article XML SHA-256 a47f8fb49014995427e7956aeaeb4657bb65aae088db544023314451efa9fbad. “Item response theory modelling of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire-short form: item streamlining, differential item functioning, and validity in a Swedish multicenter cross-sectional study” (10.1186/s40359-025-03271-1). · CC-BY-4.0

• differential conditioning: The definition adds an explanatory generalization that goes beyond the supplied source context, which is limited to colour-discrimination processing in insects.; The definition specifies “fine colour discrimination,” which is supported by the packet, but the additional, more general claim about how differential conditioning works is not defensibly grounded in the provided source excerpt.; The definition’s general mechanism (“distinguish between similar stimuli by conditioning different responses to them”) is not explicitly supported by the packet text, which only states that differential conditioning is important for “processing fine colour discriminations.”; The packet supports only that differential conditioning is important for fine colour discriminations in insects; it does not support the broader general definition that it is a learning process by which experience helps an organism distinguish similar stimuli by conditioning different responses.

  Reser David H.; Wijesekara Witharanage Randika; Rosa Marcello G. P.; Dyer Adrian G.. Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) Learn Color Discriminations via Differential Conditioning Independent of Long Wavelength (Green) Photoreceptor Modulation. 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0048577; article XML SHA-256 104ef5bbddef61c848b719adfbe1369fcc3550fabafe92ad48b86d8daace6476. “Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) Learn Color Discriminations via Differential Conditioning Independent of Long Wavelength (Green) Photoreceptor Modulation” (10.1371/journal.pone.0048577). · CC-BY-4.0

• diminished capacity: Because “recall” is not directly supported by the supplied packet, the definition adds an unsupported sense beyond “reproduction.”; The definition slightly overgeneralizes the source’s wording by turning a specific experimental description of fatigue into a broader gloss on mental material without direct support.; The packet supports a “diminished capacity of reproduction,” but it does not support adding “recall” as an equivalent sense.; The packet supports “diminished capacity of reproduction” as a characteristic of mental fatigue, but it does not explicitly mention “recall.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Fatigue (mental)” (Fatigue). · public-domain-US

• diotic: The definition states a general rule that diotic sounds are typically experienced as coming from inside the head; the packet only describes this in the specific experimental context of sounds processed to be perceived as internalized, not as a general dictionary definition.; The packet does not define “diotic” as being presented “in the same way to both ears.”; The packet only indicates that “internalized (diotic)” is one condition in a sound externalization task, but it does not support the specific mechanism/description about equal presentation to both ears.; The packet supports diotic as a way sounds were processed to be perceived as internalized, but it does not explicitly support the added gloss that it means a sound presented in the same way to both ears.; The requested field is diagnosis, but the term here is an auditory/perceptual descriptor rather than a diagnosis term.

  Fivel Laure; Lavandier Mathieu; Grimault Nicolas; Perrin Fabien; Mondino Marine; Haesebaert Frédéric. Is it inside my head? Characterization of sound externalization in schizophrenia. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0345074; article XML SHA-256 f94c4c6040cf5912f8a535b4f49322e46db167b4babb7c3d5d438deb31f2e1ff. “Is it inside my head? Characterization of sound externalization in schizophrenia” (10.1371/journal.pone.0345074). · CC-BY-4.0

• directed attention: The definition compresses background claims from the article into a broad dictionary-style characterization; several elements are interpretive rather than directly supported by the packet text.; The definition’s phrase that directed attention is “the deliberate, effortful focusing of the mind” is not explicitly stated in the packet text you provided (the packet describes directed attention as a “finite resource” used by persistent cognitive demands, but does not define it in those terms).; The packet supports directed attention as a finite resource that can be overused and lead to attentional fatigue, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s wording that it is the “deliberate, effortful focusing of the mind on tasks or information.”; The remainder of the definition (directed attention as a finite resource that can lead to attentional fatigue when overused, and that urban/high cognitive-load contexts accelerate attentional fatigue) is broadly supported by the packet, but the unsupported first clause is substantive and prevents passing.; The statement that fatigue occurs “especially in urban or high-load environments” is only partly supported: the packet links urbanization and continuous cognitive demands to attentional fatigue, but it does not establish this as a general defining property of directed attention.

  Sakdavong Jean-Christophe; Melliere Jason; Dia Mouhammadou; Niveau Anaïs; Brunet Carole; Pleuchot Sylvain; Désirée Samuel. Non-linear effects of technological immersion on directed attention restoration: an exploratory study across smartphone, tablet, and virtual reality interfaces. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1942295; article XML SHA-256 a4bf2278d11bdb86dfa436d90dc3de4f44c2336a490ebfdaeb79a2ad1365e934. “Non-linear effects of technological immersion on directed attention restoration: an exploratory study across smartphone, tablet, and virtual reality interfaces” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1942295). · CC-BY-4.0

• directive therapy: The definition adds an unsupported generalization by describing directive therapy as a therapist-led approach contrasted with the client’s own direction; the packet only supports that it is a structured, directive, protocol-driven approach.; The definition states that, “In this source, it is presented as part of the more technical style of psychotherapy used in offender rehabilitation.” While the packet supports a link to offender rehabilitation and “technical, protocol-driven approaches,” it does not explicitly describe “directive therapy” as part of a “more technical style” in the way claimed.; The packet does not explicitly define “directive therapy” as “therapist-led” or as being guided by planned techniques “rather than left mainly to the client’s own direction.”; The packet only reports that “structured and directive therapy approaches” are “most frequently emphasised” and that there is “predominance of technical, protocol-driven approaches”; it does not provide the requested therapist-versus-client-direction contrast.; The phrase “In this source” is acceptable, but the entry should not imply a broader established definition beyond the packet’s limited context.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source is a psychotherapy/offender-rehabilitation review, not an ethics reference.

  Tutal Nihal; Dogan Betul Gokcen; Lagetto Gloria; de Felice Giulio. Change process in psychotherapy for criminal offenders: a comprehensive review with content analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1776909; article XML SHA-256 e3dfe084899cc242a9fc00908d7aa7a18d7a887ac11920071cd2196b7d4ab63a. “Change process in psychotherapy for criminal offenders: a comprehensive review with content analysis” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1776909). · CC-BY-4.0

• disability adjusted life years: Because the definition’s core conceptual claims (disability + early death; comparative use over time/across groups) are not directly supported in the supplied packet text, the definition cannot be verified against the packet.; The comparison function across illnesses, time, or groups is not established in the packet; it only says the study analyzed CVD DALY trends in Chile and by gender.; The definition adds general explanatory claims that are broader than the source text and are not directly supported by it.; The packet does not explicitly define DALYs as a combined measure of disability and early death, nor does it state that DALYs are used to capture that combined impact.; The packet supports DALYs as a burden metric used in population health analyses, but it does not define DALYs as a combined measure of disability and early death.; The packet uses DALYs as an outcome metric (e.g., trends, burden, contributions by risk factors), but it does not provide the requested general definition about “population-level measure,” “burden a disease causes,” or “compare how strongly illnesses affect health over time or across groups.”

  Briones-Valdivieso Camilo; Nuñez Claudia; Celis Andrés; Araneda Jaqueline; Cristi-Montero Carlos; O’Donovan Gary; Celis-Morales Carlos; Deo Salil V; Petermann-Rocha Fanny. The Chilean burden of disability-adjusted life years due to cardiovascular diseases: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0325519; article XML SHA-256 160dc3017fbfca898b01872a7900f9cbd38eb52f0464ae16cbb3d0bd0542910a. “The Chilean burden of disability-adjusted life years due to cardiovascular diseases: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021” (10.1371/journal.pone.0325519). · CC-BY-4.0

• Disability Rating Scale: The definition slightly overgeneralizes by presenting the scale as a general tool for social dysfunction, whereas the packet only shows it being used in this specific study to investigate social function in enterostomy patients and their family caregivers.; The packet does not describe a tool named simply “Disability Rating Scale”; it specifies “WHO Social Disability rating Scale.” The definition’s term does not match the packet’s stated name.; The packet supports the WHO Social Disability Rating Scale, not the standalone term “Disability Rating Scale”; the acronym/sense is therefore ambiguous or possibly wrong.

  Fan Ying; Song Meixuan; Xu Shicong; Tan Yuyue; Li Xianrong. Subjective and objective effects of anxiety and fatigue on social function in patients with enterostomy and their family caregivers. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0309991; article XML SHA-256 1651a785341400be6d3c1ea9df12283ee8a02d82e28f9deac1b21903ec7e9868. “Subjective and objective effects of anxiety and fatigue on social function in patients with enterostomy and their family caregivers” (10.1371/journal.pone.0309991). · CC-BY-4.0

• discharge planning: The definition claims a “team-based” and “pharmacy-guided workflow” designed to support ongoing treatment after discharge; the packet mentions “pharmacy-guided” but does not provide support for “team-based,” “ongoing treatment after discharge,” or the general purpose described.; The definition frames the term as applying to a general “mental health context,” while the packet evidence is specific to alcohol use disorder (AUD).; The definition says the workflow is intended to “help reduce readmission,” but the packet only indicates the study assessed readmissions; it does not explicitly support a claim about intended reduction (beyond measuring impact).; The packet only states that a “pharmacy-guided AUD discharge planning workflow” was studied for its impact on “MAT prescriptions and inpatient readmissions.” It does not support the broader statement that discharge planning is “the process of organizing care as a patient leaves inpatient treatment.”; The packet supports a specific alcohol-use-disorder discharge planning workflow, not the broad general definition of discharge planning as a general process of organizing care when a patient leaves inpatient treatment.; The term is presented as a team-based, pharmacy-guided workflow, but the definition adds broader clinical purpose and scope that are not fully supported by the source text.; “Designed to support ongoing treatment after discharge” is not stated in the packet; the source only says the workflow was to affect MAT prescriptions and inpatient readmissions.

  Abiri Parinaz; Jeong Il Seok Daniel; Verdell Amber; Shah Shivani; Entabi Rana; Nguyen Hoanglong. Improvement in inpatient discharge planning for patients with alcohol use disorder with the implementation of a team-based multidisciplinary workflow. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0306066; article XML SHA-256 d825df0b3d2b231d6fb688b3b76f118bf4a5f25f82671abfe95b1bbf5249b686. “Improvement in inpatient discharge planning for patients with alcohol use disorder with the implementation of a team-based multidisciplinary workflow” (10.1371/journal.pone.0306066). · CC-BY-4.0

• discrimination training: The definition adds a broad generalization about discrimination training as a general practice for improving stimulus discrimination; the packet only supports a specific auditory behavioral discrimination-training context, not that wider definition.; The first sentence defines discrimination training as generally aimed at “improving a person’s ability to tell apart differences between stimuli or stimulus features,” but the provided packet specifically discusses behavioral discrimination training in the context of discriminating auditory changes/attributes of amplitude-modulated tones (carrier/modulation frequency), not a general-purpose description of discrimination training across all stimuli or features.; The first sentence is not directly supported by the source text and goes beyond the packet’s scope from auditory-tone change detection to a general learning definition.; The packet does not explicitly state that the goal is improving ability “to tell apart differences” in general terms; it only supports that discrimination training modulates auditory cortex/neocortical responses to particular sound attribute changes.

  Draganova Rossitza; Wollbrink Andreas; Schulz Matthias; Okamoto Hidehiko; Pantev Christo. Modulation of auditory evoked responses to spectral and temporal changes by behavioral discrimination training. 2009; DOI 10.1186/1471-2202-10-143; article XML SHA-256 908dd455ab73f01cdf06c6f7cf8e50a4d8d2c3161a79e36e2441d0145795f85c. “Modulation of auditory evoked responses to spectral and temporal changes by behavioral discrimination training” (10.1186/1471-2202-10-143). · CC-BY-2.0

• discussion group: Only the general idea of an “active control”/“structurally matched supportive discussion group (SDG)” is supported; the definition’s additional descriptive phrasing about supportive conversation about experiences/concerns is not evidenced in the provided text.; The definition adds details about how such a group functions in general that are not stated in the source and may overgeneralize beyond this study context.; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that participants meet for “supportive conversation about their experiences or concerns.” It only names a “supportive discussion group (SDG)” without describing its conversational content.; The packet supports a structurally matched supportive discussion group used as an active control/comparison condition, but it does not support the broader generic definition that it is a group-based format for supportive conversation about participants’ experiences or concerns.

  Long Wei; Luo Yingying; Du Jiangnan; Tang Yuhuan. Aesthetic experience as a candidate process linking group art therapy to social anxiety relief: a randomized trial with repeated process assessment. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1953607; article XML SHA-256 a45f1c242f77a43d9c6692a0ef30b3723b6835e893ded455906ba855b919f04a. “Aesthetic experience as a candidate process linking group art therapy to social anxiety relief: a randomized trial with repeated process assessment” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1953607). · CC-BY-4.0

• disfigurement: The definition should stay within the packet-supported sense; the packet does not establish disfigurement generally as any visible atypical alteration or malformation in physical appearance, especially of the face.; The definition’s first sentence (“visible atypical alteration or malformation in physical appearance, especially of the face”) is not supported anywhere in the provided packet text, which only discusses congenital facial malformations (specifically cleft lip/palate) and how they affect observers’ visual scanning and appraisals.; The first sentence gives a broad dictionary-style definition of disfigurement that is not supported by the packet, which only discusses congenital facial malformations/disfigurement in the context of cleft lip and/or palate and face perception.; While the second sentence’s key elements about the packet context—congenital facial differences such as cleft lip and/or palate and effects on how observers visually attend to and appraise a face—are broadly consistent with the packet, the overall definition still includes an unsupported general characterization of the term.

  Hunt Benjamin W; De Pascalis Leonardo. In the eye and mind of the beholder: The effects of familiarisation on the perception of atypical infant facial configurations. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0311763; article XML SHA-256 caa160a5552762ea5da1f17b170a5bb8dfdc5a6fee3aa869050cc2acda16c0e0. “In the eye and mind of the beholder: The effects of familiarisation on the perception of atypical infant facial configurations” (10.1371/journal.pone.0311763). · CC-BY-4.0

• dispersion parameter: The claim that the dispersion parameter is treated as a “dynamic quantity” estimated “along with travel-demand and link-choice values from traffic-count data” is broadly consistent with the packet (dynamic dispersion parameter; estimation of OD and link-choice via partial traffic counts), but because the definition includes the unsupported “spread or varies within a network” characterization, the definition as written cannot be passed.; The definition’s field is not supported by the source packet: the source is a traffic/network modeling paper about origin-destination matrices, link choice proportion, and dispersion parameter estimation, not a learning term.; The packet supports that the paper estimates an OD matrix, link choice proportion, and a “dynamic dispersion parameter” in a route-choice-related traffic model, but it does not explicitly state that the dispersion parameter “represent[s] how travelers’ route choice behavior is spread or varies within a network,” so that specific interpretation is not directly supported.; The phrase “within a network” is too generic here and the definition slightly overgeneralizes the source’s specific setting of a congested traffic network and partial traffic counts.

  Wang Yong; Ma Xiaolei; Liu Yong; Gong Ke; Henricakson Kristian C.; Xu Maozeng; Wang Yinhai. A Two-Stage Algorithm for Origin-Destination Matrices Estimation Considering Dynamic Dispersion Parameter for Route Choice. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0146850; article XML SHA-256 6c4da35ec4570d50dd1b3f3868166b6642b77d08f758369be6e17c12d3c8a857. “A Two-Stage Algorithm for Origin-Destination Matrices Estimation Considering Dynamic Dispersion Parameter for Route Choice” (10.1371/journal.pone.0146850). · CC-BY-4.0

• display rule: The added explanation about workers’ norms for emotional expression is broader than the packet supports and goes beyond the cited study’s wording.; The packet does not define a display rule as an expectation about which emotions should be shown in a given role or interaction; it only mentions teachers’ perceptions of display rules as an antecedent in an emotional labor study.; The packet does not explicitly state that display rules are “norms for emotional expression” or that they “shape how they manage their feelings and outward displays”; it reports relationships between display rule perceptions and emotional labor strategies (surface acting, deep acting) and well-being, but does not directly describe these mechanisms as stated in the definition.; The packet does not provide an explicit definition of “display rule” as “a perceived expectation” about which emotions should be shown; it only mentions “teachers’ perceptions of display rules” as an antecedent variable.

  Huang Shenghua; Yin Hongbiao; Tang Lifang. Emotional Labor in Knowledge-Based Service Relationships: The Roles of Self-Monitoring and Display Rule Perceptions. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00801; article XML SHA-256 6861ff685234b396802f37002a330356acefc91edd715c71a35b5271d7f9369b. “Emotional Labor in Knowledge-Based Service Relationships: The Roles of Self-Monitoring and Display Rule Perceptions” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00801). · CC-BY-4.0

• dispositional attribution: The definition adds a general explanatory gloss that is not stated in the source packet and is therefore unsupported by the supplied text.; The definition claims dispositional attribution is “a pattern more typical of Western societies,” which is supported by the packet, but the remainder of the definition includes specific explanatory wording that is not explicitly supported by the packet.; The definition states that dispositional attribution explains people’s behaviour “mainly in terms of their personal qualities or tendencies, rather than the situation they are in,” but the provided packet does not define dispositional attribution in this way (it only contrasts “dispositional attribution” with “situational attribution” without detailing the meaning).; The packet supports that dispositional attribution is “typical of Western societies” and is contrasted with situational attribution, but it does not define the term as explaining behaviour mainly in terms of personal qualities or tendencies rather than the situation.

  Mesoudi Alex; Magid Kesson; Hussain Delwar. How Do People Become W.E.I.R.D.? Migration Reveals the Cultural Transmission Mechanisms Underlying Variation in Psychological Processes. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0147162; article XML SHA-256 04688d58700dfa06c5edb0486e5e2f0380be00bbe408f69f8bf07141b9f44f47. “How Do People Become W.E.I.R.D.? Migration Reveals the Cultural Transmission Mechanisms Underlying Variation in Psychological Processes” (10.1371/journal.pone.0147162). · CC-BY-4.0

• dissociative pattern: The definition frames the neural activity as occurring “during intrusive emotional memory retrieval.” While the packet discusses intrusive recollections generally and describes the experimental “re-exposed to the context of the trauma” paradigm, it does not explicitly label the task/activation as “intrusive emotional memory retrieval.”; The definition’s claim that the BLA link “suggest[es] coordinated but non-uniform neural responses” goes beyond the packet, which only states that the “dissociative pattern of activation of the VH sub-regions positively correlated with the activation of the BLA,” without explicitly characterizing coordination or non-uniformity.; The phrase “intrusive emotional memory retrieval” is not stated in the packet; the source only describes recollection of a trauma reminder and notes that intrusive recollections are often triggered by trauma reminders.; “Coordinated but non-uniform neural responses” is an interpretive generalization beyond the packet’s wording, which only reports a positive correlation between VH sub-region activation and BLA activation.

  Ritov Gilad; Ardi Ziv; Richter-Levin Gal. Differential activation of amygdala, dorsal and ventral hippocampus following an exposure to a reminder of underwater trauma. 2014; DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00018; article XML SHA-256 2c03510eae0c052557f906e8b9806eac0439ccc08d355a3cde95513b5f34c2ab. “Differential activation of amygdala, dorsal and ventral hippocampus following an exposure to a reminder of underwater trauma” (10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00018). · CC-BY-3.0

• distal: The definition’s example (“outer parts of the upper limb rather than nearer the trunk”) is not stated or supported anywhere in the supplied packet.; The packet only uses “distal” in contrast with “proximal” for upper-extremity muscles; it does not define distal as a general term for muscles or body parts farther from the body’s central region.; The packet text provided does not define “distal” as referring to body parts farther from the body’s central region; it only mentions proximal versus distal muscles in the context of a study hypothesis.; “outer parts of the upper limb rather than nearer the trunk” is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s wording and scope.

  Nynes Alexander; McGhie David; Aune Morten A; Aune Tore Kristian. Comparison of contralateral muscle excitation in proximal versus distal muscles in the upper extremities. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1718126; article XML SHA-256 09510242456f849907f7a406d3b0439c85912ab2b2102064db2a029d62b0da32. “Comparison of contralateral muscle excitation in proximal versus distal muscles in the upper extremities” (10.3389/fnhum.2025.1718126). · CC-BY-4.0

• distinctness: The added gloss about orderly, intelligible presentation contrasted with confusion or vagueness is not supported by the packet.; The definition goes beyond the source by turning a brief historical comparison into a general account of the term’s meaning.; The definition links distinctness to a “view of truth” valuing “orderly, intelligible presentation rather than confusion or vagueness,” but the packet does not support that characterization of distinctness or of truth in this way.; The packet does not define “distinctness” as a quality of an idea or representation being “clearly set off and differentiated.” It only mentions that Descartes’s rational standard of “clearness and distinctness” is echoed in Boileau’s use of “truth,” without explaining distinctness in those terms.; The packet only mentions Boileau’s use of “truth” as nearly the same as Descartes’s rational “clearness and distinctness”; it does not explicitly define “distinctness” as a quality of an idea or representation.; While the packet mentions the phrase “clearness and distinctness,” it does not provide the requested sense of the term beyond referencing it as part of Descartes’s rational standard.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Art and Art Theories” (Art and Art Theories). · public-domain-US

• distractibility: The definition adds interpretive gloss beyond the source packet, which does not itself define distractibility as a cognition-related concept in the way stated.; The definition’s added interpretation “especially difficulty maintaining focus” is not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The definition’s claim that distractibility “referr[s] to concentration” is not explicitly supported by the packet beyond the combined label.; The packet does not provide an explicit definition of “distractibility”; it only shows the combined descriptor “Concentration/distractibility” from an ADAS-COG-related entry.; The packet only supports the label "Concentration/distractibility" in the ADAS-COG context; it does not support the added explanation that distractibility is "especially difficulty maintaining focus."

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “ADAS-COG Date 30th June 2015 Version - Concentration/Distractibility” (C214432). · CC-BY-4.0

• distributed attention: The packet does not define “distributed attention” as awareness “spread more broadly rather than concentrated on a single target.” It only references attempts to categorize meditation as using “focused or distributed attentional systems” without describing this broad-vs-single-target characterization.; The packet identifies Vipassana and Rig-pa as practices thought to use distributed attention, but the definition goes beyond the source by presenting that interpretation as the sense of the term rather than as the article’s tentative classification.; The packet supports a focused-versus-distributed attentional classification in meditation and says this dichotomy lacks strong empirical support, but it does not define distributed attention as awareness being spread broadly or as the opposite of concentrating on a single target.; The packet supports that focused vs distributed attention is a proposed classification, that it includes examples (Shamatha vs Vipassana; and Rig-pa vs Deity), and that the focused-versus-distributed dichotomy “received strong empirical support” (i.e., lacked strong empirical support), but the first sentence includes an unsupported explanatory description of the term.

  Amihai Ido; Kozhevnikov Maria. Arousal vs. Relaxation: A Comparison of the Neurophysiological and Cognitive Correlates of Vajrayana and Theravada Meditative Practices. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0102990; article XML SHA-256 62721f66bdd562639985f5cc6cd4791288c701b5fec30c0dadc14e3eceee48ed. “Arousal vs. Relaxation: A Comparison of the Neurophysiological and Cognitive Correlates of Vajrayana and Theravada Meditative Practices” (10.1371/journal.pone.0102990). · CC-BY-4.0

• diversity training: The definition goes beyond the packet by generalizing from a managerial implication in one article to a broader workplace-training definition without clear support for that broader sense.; The definition’s claim that it is “part of culturally sensitive support within organizations” is only indirectly supported by the packet’s mention of “culturally sensitive policies to support migrant integration”; it does not clearly tie those culturally sensitive policies to diversity training itself.; The first sentence is broadly supported by the packet, but the second sentence adds an unsupported interpretation: the packet does not say diversity training is itself “part of culturally sensitive support within organizations.”; The packet supports that “diversity training” is linked to promoting inclusive workplace cultures, but it does not provide support for framing diversity training specifically as a “workplace training approach” (as opposed to a general managerial implication).; The provided “field” is cognition, but the packet’s discussion of diversity training appears in managerial/organizational implications rather than presenting cognition-specific content for this term.

  Barua Harshita; Maheshwari Nidhi. The interplay between migration and self-identity: a structured review using TCCM and bibliometric analysis. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1563508; article XML SHA-256 768db70a8581e197df2e8c97cf10703ec82c4cc89c3680076702105db836d531. “The interplay between migration and self-identity: a structured review using TCCM and bibliometric analysis” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1563508). · CC-BY-4.0

• D–KEFS: The definition should not generalize beyond the packet’s specific use in this article, which concerns a particular sorting test added to a broader neuropsychological battery rather than D–KEFS in general.; The packet does not support the specific claim that D–KEFS “adds information about abilities such as abstract and conceptual reasoning” (it states BRB-NT mainly assesses memory/attention/processing speed and does not properly investigate executive functions, and separately notes that failures in abstract and conceptual reasoning can occur, but it does not link that example to D–KEFS ST specifically).; The packet supports the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test (D-KEFS ST), not D–KEFS as the sorting test itself; the acronym/sense is therefore incorrect.

  Riccardi Alice; Puthenparampil Marco; Rinaldi Francesca; Ermani Mario; Perini Paola; Gallo Paolo. D-KEFS ST Failure Identifies Multiple Sclerosis Patients With Worse Objective and Self-Perceived Physical and Cognitive Disability. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00049; article XML SHA-256 72881432fb2eb4e8e0fd4717aeff18bdfdbaacbda1d23b34da6136fc3412d3fd. “D-KEFS ST Failure Identifies Multiple Sclerosis Patients With Worse Objective and Self-Perceived Physical and Cognitive Disability” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00049). · CC-BY-4.0

• doctrine of causes: The packet does not explicitly define the “doctrine of causes” as a view that “understands nature in terms of causes”; it only says Bacon “retains so much of the Aristotelian and scholastic doctrine of causes,” without stating what that doctrine holds in general terms.; The packet only mentions the phrase as part of Bacon’s conception of nature; it does not define the standalone term “doctrine of causes.”; The wording “understands nature in terms of causes” is a broader gloss than the source provides, which only says Bacon’s conception of nature retained “so much of the Aristotelian and scholastic doctrine of causes.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Baconian Method” (Baconian Method). · public-domain-US

• doctrine: Although the substantive content about vitalism versus mechanistic materialism and the organic/inorganic heating distinction is supported by the packet, the requested term (“doctrine”) is not actually defined—so the match to the supplied term is incorrect.; The definition begins with “Vitalism is the view…,” which is a term mismatch for the input term and not a definition of “doctrine” as requested.; The definition provided defines **vitalism**, not the term **“doctrine.”** The packet’s entry is for **Vitalism** (linked under the term field), but it does not support a definition of the general word “doctrine” itself in the field of learning.; The supplied packet is for the concept/source label “Vitalism,” not the term “doctrine,” so the requested sense does not match the packet.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Vitalism” (D014799). · public-domain-US-government

• domain-general ability: Because the packet does not explicitly define the term’s general meaning, the first sentence of the proposed definition is unsupported.; The packet does not provide a definition of “domain-general ability” as a broad mental capacity usable across tasks/subjects/contexts rather than tied to one discipline; the excerpt only states that “spatial cognition is not solely a domain-general ability” and that it is “shaped by educational experiences and disciplinary exposure.”; The packet supports that spatial cognition is “not solely a domain-general ability” and is shaped by educational and disciplinary exposure, but it does not explicitly define domain-general ability as a broad mental capacity usable across tasks, subjects, or contexts.; The wording generalizes beyond the source by presenting a broad cross-task definition that is not stated in the packet.

  Özkaya Ali; Turan Saim; Uzun Adem; Akhan Osman. Disciplinary trends in spatial concept associations: a multifaceted analysis of student responses. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1745600; article XML SHA-256 cd7ebc61ac4906ae0a663c407a9961aa3c6d00f26b800d6a9193dc3a5e0a422f. “Disciplinary trends in spatial concept associations: a multifaceted analysis of student responses” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1745600). · CC-BY-4.0

• dotting test: The definition is slightly over-specific by presenting the test as used to assess named cognitive domains in general, rather than limiting itself to the packet's wording about the PHES battery and its associated functions.; The packet mentions “Serial Dotting Test (SDT)” as part of the PHES battery, but it does not state that “dotting test” is also called “Serial Dotting Test.”; The packet says the tests “assess psychomotor retardation, attention deficit and executive functions,” whereas the definition claims “psychomotor speed.”; The packet supports that the Serial Dotting Test is one of five psychometrical tests in the porto-systemic encephalopathy battery/PHES and that the battery assesses psychomotor retardation, attention deficit, and executive functions, but it does not specifically support the phrasing "psychomotor speed."

  Pessidjo Djomatcho Larissa; Kowo Mathurin Pierre; Ndam Antonin Ndjitoyap; Njonnou Sylvain Raoul Simeni; Kenfack Gabin Ulrich; Andoulo Firmin Ankouane; Bagnaka Servais Fiacre Eloumou; Bekolo Winnie Tatiana; Malongue Agnès; Babagna Isabelle Dang; Sida Magloire Biwolé; Luma Henry; Njoya Oudou. Normalisation of the psychometric encephalopathy score within the Cameroonian population. 2021; DOI 10.1186/s12876-021-01858-7; article XML SHA-256 27baad8d8b32ac3f2f0aae95c01663a4e288013c12207e65bd15104738fb8e8e. “Normalisation of the psychometric encephalopathy score within the Cameroonian population” (10.1186/s12876-021-01858-7). · CC-BY-4.0

• double standard: The definition adds an interpretation about a “common moral rule” that is not stated in the packet text.; The definition’s claim that a double standard means using “two different measures … rather than one common moral rule” is not explicitly supported by the packet; the packet states that a “double standard of virtue and duty” prevailed but does not describe it as being “rather than one common moral rule.”; The definition’s claim that the passage describes a “medieval Christian distinction … between higher and lower expectations of conduct” is only loosely implied; the packet mentions medieval ecclesiastical jurisprudence and Christian casuistry, but it does not explicitly state “higher and lower expectations” or characterize the distinction in those terms.; The phrase “higher and lower expectations of conduct” is not supported by the supplied passage; the excerpt only states that “there came to prevail a double standard of virtue and duty” and then cuts off mid-sentence.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-1102500-1114500). · public-domain-US

• downward social comparison: The claim that such comparison makes viewers feel relatively more capable is not supported by the packet.; The packet does not provide an explicit definition of “downward social comparison” as a tendency to compare oneself with someone doing worse or failing; it only mentions “components of downward social comparison” in relation to game failures.; The packet does not support the claim that seeing another person fail makes viewers feel “relatively more capable.”; The packet supports that witnessing failures can activate downward social comparison and competitive motivation, but it does not define downward social comparison as a general tendency to compare oneself with someone doing worse or failing.; While the packet does support that witnessing failures can “activate… competitive motivation,” it does not clearly support the rest of the definition’s wording about increasing “interest” via that specific mechanism.

  Zetian Dai; Juan Xue; Jiaxin Du; Hoe Tan Wee. Unlocking play willingness: the dual pathways of curiosity drive and downward social comparison in game advertising. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1374649; article XML SHA-256 eaa1de7a83756cebe8812cc25df0a51764211b805d782f936ec4f90afbfca41e. “Unlocking play willingness: the dual pathways of curiosity drive and downward social comparison in game advertising” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1374649). · CC-BY-4.0

• dream ego: The definition adds “how freely it moves,” which is only loosely related to the packet’s phrase “clear mobility” and is not stated as a definitional feature in the source.; The packet does not explicitly define “dream ego” as the “dreamer’s sense of self,” nor does it provide wording that directly supports the specific characterization “sense of self as it appears within a dream narrative.” It only reports comparisons in terms of “dream-ego agency,” “vagueness of the dream-ego,” “mobility,” and “presence of others,” without defining the construct in those terms.; The packet supports dream-ego as a feature of dream structure characterized by agency, mobility, vagueness, and the presence of others, but it does not define it as the dreamer’s “sense of self” within the dream narrative.; The wording presents these features as a current general definition rather than as findings from previous research in this specific article context.

  Konakawa Hisae; Kawai Toshio; Tanaka Yasuhiro; Hatanaka Chihiro; Li Qi; Koh Alethea. Examining the association between cultural self-construal and dream structures in China, Japan, and the United States. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1688407; article XML SHA-256 b8077ae8f4bf43dada49e90ad5e2f2b7c0712332bf90dbe82a11b438af5ed63d. “Examining the association between cultural self-construal and dream structures in China, Japan, and the United States” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1688407). · CC-BY-4.0

• DRL: Other substantive parts—DRL being used for vehicle routing, and the need for data reflecting real-world/ geocoded locations, distances, and demands—are broadly consistent with the packet, but the unsupported first-sentence claim causes the definition to fail the support requirement.; The definition’s phrase “an approach that applies reinforcement learning with deep-learning methods” is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text (the packet mentions “deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms” but does not describe the mechanism as combining reinforcement learning with deep-learning methods).; The first sentence gives a general technical definition of DRL as an approach that applies reinforcement learning with deep-learning methods; the packet only identifies the acronym as “deep reinforcement learning” and does not state that explanatory definition.; The source-specific sense is only partially supported: the packet supports DRL being used for vehicle routing and the need for real-world compatible data with locations, distances, and demands, but the definition compresses this into a broader claim about what DRL “refers to” without clearly staying within the source wording.

  Ali Hina; Saleem Khalid. Generating large-scale real-world vehicle routing dataset with novel spatial data extraction tool. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0304422; article XML SHA-256 9debfffdc6f20542b8494323ac5fe1ca6865e46fc544b8e0117824e05f9a9c0a. “Generating large-scale real-world vehicle routing dataset with novel spatial data extraction tool” (10.1371/journal.pone.0304422). · CC-BY-4.0

• drowsiness: The claim that drowsiness “can impair alertness” is not directly supported by the supplied packet text, which focuses on “driver drowsiness detection” and “fatigue detection” rather than explicitly stating impairment of alertness.; The definition’s first sentence generalizes beyond the source’s specific subject matter; the source is about driver drowsiness detection, not a general psychology/counselling definition.; The packet supports driver drowsiness in an automotive detection context, but it does not define drowsiness generally as a state of sleepiness or fatigue that impairs alertness.

  Essahraui Siham; Lamaakal Ismail; Maleh Yassine; El Makkaoui Khalid; Bouami Mouncef Filali; Ouahbi Ibrahim; Elmannai Hela; Abd El-Latif Ahmed A. FastKAN-DDD: A novel fast Kolmogorov-Arnold network-based approach for driver drowsiness detection optimized for TinyML deployment. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0332577; article XML SHA-256 6519038ba769e4f59fe53a1f8bf195df352e866cb6cd005f3a672ba2e16d9708. “FastKAN-DDD: A novel fast Kolmogorov-Arnold network-based approach for driver drowsiness detection optimized for TinyML deployment” (10.1371/journal.pone.0332577). · CC-BY-4.0

• Drug Abuse Screening Test: The definition claims the Drug Abuse Screening Test is “a questionnaire”; the packet only describes it as a “drug-abuse screening tool” and does not explicitly state that it is a questionnaire.; The definition states it is used to “gauge how severe a person’s drug use may be.” The packet mentions an “urgent requirement” to understand “the severity of their drug use,” but it does not directly connect that function to DAST-20 as an explicit purpose in the way the definition claims.; The packet does not support the description of DAST-20 as a “widely used 20-item version” in this wording; “20-item” is implied by the title, but “widely used” is not established in the packet text.; The packet supports DAST-20 as a drug-abuse screening tool and reports acceptable reliability/validity for the Tagalog version, but it does not explicitly support the claims that it is a questionnaire or that it gauges how severe a person’s drug use may be.; While the packet supports that Tagalog versions of DAST-20 were “confirmed to be reliable and valid,” it does not support the broader framing that the overall Drug Abuse Screening Test (as a general term) is “widely used” and operates specifically as described beyond what is stated about DAST-20 in this study.

  Harada Takayuki; Nomura Kazutaka; Baba Toshiaki; Shirasaka Tomohiro; Takano Ayumi; Kanamori Shogo. Development and validation of Tagalog versions of the Drug Abuse Screening Test-20 (DAST-20) and Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale (SRRS) for drug users in the Philippines. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0280047; article XML SHA-256 13320384b718502efa2fed5aebfb25ed0313a1f006e7ea764cc3713e5858b670. “Development and validation of Tagalog versions of the Drug Abuse Screening Test-20 (DAST-20) and Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale (SRRS) for drug users in the Philippines” (10.1371/journal.pone.0280047). · CC-BY-4.0

• drug abuse treatment: The definition claims that treatment “includes medication-based treatment and related monitoring,” but the provided packet discusses medication comparisons (methadone, buprenorphine, extended-release naltrexone) and data collected during trials; it does not explicitly support the notion of “related monitoring” as part of the definition.; The definition is placed under the “diagnosis” field, but the source packet is about clinical trials and medication-assisted treatment approaches for opioid use disorder, not diagnostic criteria or diagnosis.; The packet discusses medication-assisted/pharmacological treatment for opioid use disorder in clinical trials, not a general definition of “drug abuse treatment” for substance use problems overall.; “Inpatient facilities or outpatient treatment programs” is supported only as study/treatment settings mentioned in the article, not as part of a dictionary definition of the term.; “Related monitoring intended to help people complete care and move toward long-term recovery” goes beyond what the packet states and is not directly defined there.

  Balise Raymond R; Hu Mei-Chen; Calderon Anna R; Odom Gabriel J; Brandt Laura; Luo Sean X; Feaster Daniel J. Data cleaning and harmonization of clinical trial data: Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0312695; article XML SHA-256 658dd6929f2031845cb247ba33adfc64298f5f715d81f68463b58ba802cee036. “Data cleaning and harmonization of clinical trial data: Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder” (10.1371/journal.pone.0312695). · CC-BY-4.0

• DS: The definition’s opening expansion is therefore not securely supported by the supplied source packet, even though the treatment and mechanism statements are broadly consistent with the packet.; The packet does not support the specific acronym/symbol “DS” standing for disulfiram; it refers to “Disulfiram (DSF)” but does not define “DS” as an abbreviation.; The packet supports disulfiram as the substance, but it does not support the acronym sense “DS” for disulfiram; the source text uses “DSF,” not “DS.”; The packet supports disulfiram’s use for alcoholism and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition leading to the disulfiram-ethanol reaction, but the requested sense/term “DS” is not explicitly established in the packet.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Disulfiram” (C447). · CC-BY-4.0

• DSM–IV–TR: The packet does support the ADHD age-of-onset change description (from before age 7 with impairment to before age 12 without that impairment-specific wording), but it does not provide support for the “fourth edition, text revision” characterization.; The packet supports the DSM-IV-TR ADHD age-of-onset rule and that DSM-IV-TR preceded DSM-5, but it does not support identifying DSM-IV-TR as the “fourth edition, text revision” of the manual.; The packet text does not state that DSM–IV–TR is the “fourth edition” or specifically a “text revision.”; “A manual used to define mental disorder diagnoses” is broader than what the packet explicitly states and is not directly supported by the provided source text.

  Sanders Sharon; Thomas Rae; Glasziou Paul; Doust Jenny. A review of changes to the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder age of onset criterion using the checklist for modifying disease definitions. 2019; DOI 10.1186/s12888-019-2337-7; article XML SHA-256 9d6cd5462afec294d8aac12e2cf560ebf6e29edf8208ed3e6ca29c9a6ce9368f. “A review of changes to the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder age of onset criterion using the checklist for modifying disease definitions” (10.1186/s12888-019-2337-7). · CC-BY-4.0

• DTPS: The definition asserts that cells “temporarily survive a drug treatment” by “evading its effects without permanent genetic resistance”; while the packet describes DTPs as “temporarily survive drug treatment” and notes they can provide “a reservoir for future genetic changes driving permanent resistance,” it does not explicitly support the phrasing that they do so specifically “without permanent genetic resistance.”; The definition frames the term in “cancer” and describes cancer-cell drug resistance mechanisms; this is not clearly within the requested field of “mental health,” and no mental-health context is provided in the packet.; The packet supports drug-tolerant persisters/DTPs in cancer research, not a mental health or counselling term, so the requested field is not defensible from the source.; The provided definition claims “DTPS” stands for “drug-tolerant persisters,” but the packet consistently uses “DTPs” (drug-tolerant persisters) rather than “DTPS,” so the specific acronym “DTPS” is not supported.; The source uses DTPs (drug-tolerant persisters), not DTPS as a defined acronym, so the exact term/sense is not fully supported.

  Iyer Anton; Alva Adrian; Granada Adrián E; Chakrabarti Shaon. Inheritable cell-states shape drug-persister correlations and population dynamics in cancer cells. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013446; article XML SHA-256 0c9d7a2b712e65969cd4d6fd08cfed00277be56a55f2007b346840e83c3f96e7. “Inheritable cell-states shape drug-persister correlations and population dynamics in cancer cells” (10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013446). · CC-BY-4.0

• DTs: The definition broadens the source too far by presenting DTs as a general category of educational materials; the packet only supports DTs as digital textbooks discussed in undergraduate nursing education.; The definition claims DTs are “designed to match learners’ information-processing styles,” but the provided packet only mentions “information processing methods” and does not substantiate a “information-processing styles” framing as stated.; The definition is not strictly limited to what the packet describes as “future direction” and “should be developed,” yet it presents the intent (“tools designed to match…,” “support timely, personalized learning”) as a more general description rather than the packet’s scoped findings and recommendations.; The field label ‘development’ is not clearly supported by the packet’s content, which is about nursing education and digital textbooks rather than a development sense in psychology/counselling.

  Jang Aeri; Park Hyunyoung; Moon Jeong Eun. Future direction of digital textbooks in undergraduate nursing education: A scoping review. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0326109; article XML SHA-256 957e468e421375c55445d9b0c66574317229da58c7895c1714f83d949bd02d4c. “Future direction of digital textbooks in undergraduate nursing education: A scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0326109). · CC-BY-4.0

• Dutch Hunger Winter: The definition claims the effects “persist across the lifespan,” but the packet only states “decades later” and does not explicitly support persistence across the lifespan as a whole.; The definition’s wording “long-term biological and developmental effects” is partially supported (e.g., metabolic/neurodevelopmental consequences; long-term health like diabetes/cardiovascular disease), but the specific linkage in the definition to “developmental effects that persist across the lifespan” is not fully supported by the packet’s phrasing.; The packet supports long-term health effects of in utero exposure, but “persist across the lifespan” is broader than the source states; it only says effects are seen decades later and does not establish a lifespan-wide generalization.; The packet supports the Dutch Hunger Winter as the 1944–45 famine in the Netherlands, but it does not support the claim that it is “often used” as a historical example in research.

  Eftekhari Adan; Aker Amira; Uppalapati Khartik; Wispelwey Bram. Scarcity by design: famine, structural violence, and the biosocial inheritance of political deprivation. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1819688; article XML SHA-256 56d9eef84fd73996c17ab3a297ce6d9bc193055f655b9c757990021aaeeb9d28. “Scarcity by design: famine, structural violence, and the biosocial inheritance of political deprivation” (10.3389/fpubh.2026.1819688). · CC-BY-4.0

• duty to warn: The definition adds that the duty is an “ethical and legal” responsibility; the packet only states an “obligation” to breach confidentiality and does not explicitly support ethical and/or legal wording.; The packet supports an obligation to breach confidentiality to warn third parties, but it does not mention a legal responsibility; adding “legal” is unsupported.; The packet supports warning third parties about being assaulted or contracting a serious infection, but it does not provide support for the specific phrasing “health professional’s ethical and legal responsibility.”; The source says the danger is to third parties being assaulted or contracting a serious infection, so the wording should stay anchored to that scope rather than generalizing beyond it.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Duty to Warn” (D017007). · public-domain-US-government

• dynamometry: The definition narrows the term to a specific application in hamstring assessment without showing that this is the requested general sense of 'dynamometry'.; The packet does not explicitly define “dynamometry” as “a method of measuring strength with specialized equipment,” so the first substantive claim of the definition is unsupported.; The packet supports only that isokinetic dynamometry was the most frequently used hamstring-strength assessment modality; it does not define dynamometry in general as a method of measuring strength with specialized equipment.; The second sentence overstates the source by saying it is used for monitoring reliability, fatigue-related changes, and limb differences; the article reports reliability, post-activity fatigue sensitivity, and inter-limb asymmetry patterns, but not that these are the specific purposes of isokinetic dynamometry.

  Sundh Adam E.; Ripley Nicholas J.; Lamb A. J.; Comfort Paul. Hamstring strength assessment methods in sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis of post-activity strength decrements, asymmetry benchmarks, and measurement reliability. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0352509; article XML SHA-256 a5ba86e046df47078ab32485ae8ace0cdce895d113d5f79bce0d88b926d92f0c. “Hamstring strength assessment methods in sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis of post-activity strength decrements, asymmetry benchmarks, and measurement reliability” (10.1371/journal.pone.0352509). · CC-BY-4.0

• dysfunction: The claim that dysfunction is described as “rather than simply a difference in anatomy” is an interpretation of the study’s findings, not an explicit definition in the packet.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “dysfunction” as “impaired functioning” or as “a disturbance in how a person functions rather than simply a difference in anatomy.”; The packet supports a study-specific meaning of sexual dysfunction outcomes (loss of libido, loss of sexual pleasure, dyspareunia), but it does not define dysfunction generally as “impaired functioning” or as a broad disturbance in how a person functions.; The packet uses “sexual dysfunction” to describe specific sexual outcomes (e.g., loss of libido, loss of sexual pleasure, dyspareunia) and reports associations, but it does not support the broader definitional framing about dysfunction vs anatomy.; The requested field is set to cognition, but the packet is about sexual dysfunction in a gynecology/sexual health context, so the field is not well supported.

  Lock Emily; Ades Veronica. Sexual dysfunction after female genital mutilation/cutting: A retrospective cross-sectional study of associations with organ-specific genital anatomy, trauma history, and psychiatric comorbidity. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0356761; article XML SHA-256 c78af0653d780aa7707cb4d8a6ba768d2de3da0665fb4bae6f177490e03b65d2. “Sexual dysfunction after female genital mutilation/cutting: A retrospective cross-sectional study of associations with organ-specific genital anatomy, trauma history, and psychiatric comorbidity” (10.1371/journal.pone.0356761). · CC-BY-4.0

• early intervention: 'Young people' is an inference from 'youth mental health care' rather than a statement directly supported by the packet, and the packet only mentions CHR-P and FEP populations in this context.; The definition claims a sense of the term for the requested field (“diagnosis”), but the packet discusses heterogeneity of care models and service components rather than defining a diagnostic concept.; The definition includes “It is described as a key part of youth mental health care,” which is broadly supported, but the other substantive elements are not supported by the provided packet.; The packet does not state that early intervention “means providing mental health services early in the course of illness”; it only mentions that early intervention in psychosis (EIP) is a key component of youth mental health care and discusses care models for CHR-P and FEP.; The packet does not support the claim that early intervention is “especially for young people who are at clinical high risk for psychosis or experiencing a first episode of psychosis”; while it mentions CHR-P and FEP and youth mental health care, it does not explicitly frame them as an “especially for” group.; The packet supports early intervention in psychosis as a key component of youth mental health care, but it does not explicitly define the term as 'providing mental health services early in the course of illness.'

  Scognamiglio Pasquale; Martiadis Vassilis; Diaspro Giuseppe; Viacava Luca; Longobardi Anna; Rea Raffaele; Iniziato Valeria; Saviano Pasquale; La Pia Silvestro. Clinical practice guidelines and quality standards for early intervention in psychosis: an AGREE II appraisal and systematic review of service components. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1831668; article XML SHA-256 f4c7faae27b7feefe01f8dbf19d69c7e1e58083ce48e0da922756baacb0d1d07. “Clinical practice guidelines and quality standards for early intervention in psychosis: an AGREE II appraisal and systematic review of service components” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1831668). · CC-BY-4.0

• ecological systems theory: Because that phrase is a substantive claim about the theory’s framing, the definition includes at least one element not directly evidenced in the provided text.; The packet discusses applying ecological systems/social-ecological theory to outcomes and references proximal vs. distal influences, but it does not explicitly support the specific characterization “a developmental view.”; The packet supports a social-ecological view of youth behavior and outcomes, but it does not explicitly support calling ecological systems theory a “developmental view.”

  Sheerin Kaitlin M.; Brodell Regina; Huey Stanley J.; Kemp Kathleen A.. Applying ecological systems theory to juvenile legal system interventions outcomes research: a measurement framework. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1177568; article XML SHA-256 44cd766256c659c681cfa307391d013cbe2626da767599a9f117ee46c5695a9f. “Applying ecological systems theory to juvenile legal system interventions outcomes research: a measurement framework” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1177568). · CC-BY-4.0

• economy of effort: The definition claims the idea is “influential,” but the packet only states that assumptions “are open to question” and that there are doubts/criticisms; it does not support the “influential” qualifier.; The packet does not explicitly define “economy of effort” as organizing articulation to “conserve effort or energy,” so that characterization is not directly supported.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: this is a speech-production/articulatory-dynamics concept, not a mental-health term.; While the packet supports the contrast idea that there is “higher priority” to transmit as much information as possible in a given time (and names it the “principle of maximum rate of information”), the definition’s first sentence includes unsupported elements about how the principle operates (conserving energy).

  Xu Yi; Prom-on Santitham. Economy of Effort or Maximum Rate of Information? Exploring Basic Principles of Articulatory Dynamics. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02469; article XML SHA-256 bf1bb1abbbc8858c09072b12cf0e1b5f80b3cc9ae0e58313e793920f33f80467. “Economy of Effort or Maximum Rate of Information? Exploring Basic Principles of Articulatory Dynamics” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02469). · CC-BY-4.0

• edge detector: The definition refers to “edge detector,” but the packet specifies “corner-edge detector features” (Harris-Stephens filtered signal). The requested sense/specificity in the definition is not fully supported.; The definition’s initial general explanation (“pick out boundaries or corner-like changes”) is not stated in the provided packet; the packet only mentions that “corner-edge detector features” were used.; The packet does not define an edge detector as an image-analysis feature for boundaries or corner-like changes; it only reports that corner-edge detector features with Harris-Stephens filtered signal were used in radiomic analysis.; The second sentence is too specific and partially unsupported in wording: the packet mentions corner-edge detector features with Harris-Stephens filtered signal, but not that these were 'measures' or that the study used them exactly as described.; While the packet supports that Harris-Stephens filtered signal and radiomic features from brain lesion ROIs were used in this study, the definition’s broader characterization of what an edge detector does is not directly supported by the packet.

  Jambor Ivan; Steiner Aida; Pesola Marko; Gardberg Maria; Frantzén Janek; Jokinen Pekka; Liimatainen Timo; Minn Heikki; Aronen Hannu; Merisaari Harri. Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field, continuous wave T1rho, adiabatic T1rho and adiabatic T2rho imaging of human gliomas at 3T: A feasibility study. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0296958; article XML SHA-256 8a1eddf8d2816db93f63345a80249bee41f2cb19885ad148e12d3c9fbbe8d4ab. “Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field, continuous wave T1rho, adiabatic T1rho and adiabatic T2rho imaging of human gliomas at 3T: A feasibility study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0296958). · CC-BY-4.0

• EEG biofeedback: The definition slightly broadens the studied use from the packet’s specific settings (certain brain disorders and chemotherapy for breast cancer) to a more general claim about medical contexts.; The definition’s claim that it “may help with stress and mental side effects in some medical contexts” is broader than the packet, which specifically says it “may help cancer patients deal with the stress and mental side effects of chemotherapy.”; The final clause generalizes beyond the packet: it says EEG biofeedback may help with stress and mental side effects in some medical contexts, but the source only mentions cancer patients treated with chemotherapy for breast cancer.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Neurofeedback” (C93302). · CC-BY-4.0

• effective stimulus: The definition adds interpretation about “adaptation” and “something that successfully produces the response” beyond the source’s wording; a citation alone does not support those extra claims.; The definition specifies a mental-health field context, but the packet describes exercise-mediated activation of skeletal-muscle signaling pathways, with no mental-health content provided.; The definition’s first sentence (“successfully produces the response or activation being studied”) is a generalization that is not explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The definition’s first sentence is a broad generalization that is not stated in the packet; the packet only supports that SIE was an effective stimulus for activating specific stress protein kinase signaling pathways.; The packet supports the idea that an exercise condition “proved to be an effective stimulus” for activating stress-kinase signaling linked to adaptation, but it does not explicitly support the broader framing of “produces the response or activation being studied.”; The packet’s source is an exercise-physiology article, not a psychology/mental-health source, so the requested field is not supported by the packet.

  Parker Lewan; Trewin Adam; Levinger Itamar; Shaw Christopher S.; Stepto Nigel K.. The effect of exercise-intensity on skeletal muscle stress kinase and insulin protein signaling. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0171613; article XML SHA-256 8e00ebf73058a397309fb28746ffc2cebe9cf67924c5d43c464d4561402073a3. “The effect of exercise-intensity on skeletal muscle stress kinase and insulin protein signaling” (10.1371/journal.pone.0171613). · CC-BY-4.0

• Effexor: The packet defines venlafaxine hydrochloride (and its metabolism to O-desmethylvenlafaxine) but does not explicitly state that “Effexor” is a brand name for venlafaxine hydrochloride, so that substantive claim is unsupported by the provided text.; The packet says the substance is used for the treatment of depression, but it does not explicitly identify it as an antidepressant.; The packet supports venlafaxine hydrochloride and its metabolism/reuptake effects, but it does not state that Effexor is a brand name for it.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Venlafaxine Hydrochloride” (C29540). · CC-BY-4.0

• efficacy research: The definition states a general meaning of “efficacy research” (i.e., examining whether a service/intervention works effectively for its intended purpose), but the provided packet does not supply or explicitly support this characterization of the term.; The packet mentions telehealth feasibility and efficacy research, but it does not define “efficacy research” as studies that determine whether a service or intervention works effectively for its intended purpose.; The second sentence narrows the term to telehealth services addressing access barriers in rural communities; that application is supported, but the broader general definition is not explicitly supported by the source.; While the packet mentions that “telehealth feasibility and efficacy research is also reviewed” in the context of rural service barriers for ASD, it does not define “efficacy research” as studies specifically “to see whether [telehealth] can help address diagnostic and treatment access barriers in rural communities.” The packet discusses diagnosis/treatment barriers and suggests telecommunication may offer an inroad, but it does not directly define efficacy research in those terms.

  Antezana Ligia; Scarpa Angela; Valdespino Andrew; Albright Jordan; Richey John A.. Rural Trends in Diagnosis and Services for Autism Spectrum Disorder. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00590; article XML SHA-256 41f90e359367b47f0a06f1fe08d5a303c31741cd180e444ecfa799bc825f3966. “Rural Trends in Diagnosis and Services for Autism Spectrum Disorder” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00590). · CC-BY-4.0

• efficacy: The definition’s first sentence (“how well a treatment works in producing its intended benefit”) is a general definitional claim not supported by the supplied packet text.; The packet does not provide a dictionary-style or explicit definition of the term “efficacy”; it only uses the word “efficacy” in the background context of a study (“efficacy and safety… have not been systematically evaluated”).; The packet only supports a specific research question about the efficacy of adding Chinese patent medicines to SSRIs for depressive disorder; it does not support the broader explanatory definition or the claim that this is what efficacy means.; The packet uses the word 'efficacy' in a study context but does not define it as 'how well a treatment works in producing its intended benefit.'; The second sentence narrows efficacy to “an added medicine… combined with another treatment for depressive disorder”; while the packet mentions adjunctive addition of Chinese patent medicines to SSRIs for depressive disorder, it does not define efficacy in those terms.; The wording 'in this context' is acceptable only as a topic context, but the definition still overstates the source by turning a study objective into a dictionary definition.

  Geng Hongye; Li Lixuan; Lu Chengyuan; Wang Shuling. Comparative efficacy and safety of seven Chinese patent medicines combined with SSRIs for depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1872413; article XML SHA-256 2e057f26fc1c72b50a2bb0b2e53b4078c729acdedd8c69e3f20fcc99ddf793d2. “Comparative efficacy and safety of seven Chinese patent medicines combined with SSRIs for depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1872413). · CC-BY-4.0

• effortful processing: The definition’s first sentence (“Effortful processing is mental activity that requires noticeable cognitive effort or task demand”) is not directly supported by the packet; the packet only states that pupil dilation is “a well-established measure of task demands and effortful processing,” but it does not provide a general definitional description of what “effortful processing” means.; The packet does not define “effortful processing” as a kind of mental activity; it only says pupil dilation is a measure of task demands and effortful processing.; While the second sentence is supported (the packet reports larger pupil dilation during preparation for more difficult search tasks, e.g., difficult shape targets evoking larger dilations), the definition as a whole includes the unsupported general characterization from the first sentence.; “Greater pupil dilation” for more difficult tasks is supported, but the broader definitional gloss about noticeable cognitive effort/task demand is an unsupported generalization rather than wording grounded in the source.

  Irons Jessica L; Jeon Minjeong; Leber Andrew B. Pre-stimulus pupil dilation and the preparatory control of attention. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0188787; article XML SHA-256 2412801e4c4dd6acdc4027b7b2e2112bcdfaa6a09635752204a2a3699922120b. “Pre-stimulus pupil dilation and the preparatory control of attention” (10.1371/journal.pone.0188787). · CC-BY-4.0

• ego identity: The definition also implies that the listed parenting factors relate to “more or less favorably formed” ego identity development overall; while the packet reports associations/predictions for ego identity status (e.g., emotional warmth predicting more favorable ego identity status), it does not support the broader wording that ego identity is “more or less favorably formed” in the sense used in the definition.; The definition claims that “ego identity” is a “person’s developing sense of self,” but the provided packet does not define ego identity in those terms (it only discusses ego identity status acquisition and measurement via scales).; The packet does not define ego identity as a “developing sense of self,” so that core definitional claim is unsupported.; The source supports associations between parental rearing styles and adolescents’ ego identity development, but the definition adds a broader characterization of ego identity status as “more or less favorably formed” that is not established as a general definition in the packet.

  Ding Yan; Sun Changan; Dong Bo. Effect of parental rearing styles on adolescent ego identity: the mediating role of involutionary attitudes. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1292718; article XML SHA-256 baacfee2f422e9cdb0740f7e39902e6bab0830da295070af1857c4ea2a0d4e08. “Effect of parental rearing styles on adolescent ego identity: the mediating role of involutionary attitudes” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1292718). · CC-BY-4.0

• egotism: The definition’s second sentence adds a distinction—"rather than simply self-reference"—that is not supported by the packet text, which defines egoism/egotism in terms of a conscious end/aim being the advantage of the personal self but does not contrast this with mere self-reference.; The packet supports that egotism was used in the same sense as egoism—an attitude or disposition with the conscious end of advantage for the personal self—but it does not support the added contrast with “simply self-reference.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Egoism” (Egoism). · public-domain-US

• Eigenwelt: Because that key contrast claim is not directly supported by the packet’s provided text, the definition contains at least one substantive element that cannot be confirmed from the supplied source.; The definition claims that Eigenwelt “refers to experience becoming organized more within a personal, less shared world rather than within ordinary intersubjective self-evidence,” but the packet only explicitly lists Eigenwelt as “the constitution of an idiosyncratic private world” and separately mentions “loss of lifeworld through diminished natural self-evidence”; it does not explicitly state this specific contrast wording about “ordinary intersubjective self-evidence.”; The packet supports Eigenwelt as an “idiosyncratic private world” and as one interpretation of the schizophrenic lifeworld, but it does not support the added claim that experience becomes organized in a less shared world in contrast to “ordinary intersubjective self-evidence.”; “Phenomenological term” is broadly defensible from the article context, but the definition goes beyond the packet by paraphrasing a specific phenomenological mechanism that is not explicitly stated for Eigenwelt.

  Kramer Marco; Mavrogiorgou Paraskevi; Juckel Georg. The concept of the schizophrenic lifeworld revisited. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1625364; article XML SHA-256 29642857278e9c1fb898c2275bb991ce5b4e4f1032640950944c9ef3cb8a6456. “The concept of the schizophrenic lifeworld revisited” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1625364). · CC-BY-4.0

• elation: The definition states that “elation is an abnormally elevated mood state,” but the provided packet does not define elation as abnormally elevated mood; it only lists “elation” among examples of severe mood disturbances.; The packet supports elation only as one example of a severe disturbance in mood within psychotic affective disorders; it does not explicitly support the added gloss that elation is an "abnormally elevated mood state."; The packet supports that “elation” can be present as part of a severe mood disturbance in psychotic affective disorders (described as affective disorders with psychotic symptoms), but the definition’s first claim goes beyond what is supported by the packet.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Affective Disorders, Psychotic” (D000341). · public-domain-US-government

• electrode: The packet does not explicitly define an “electrode” as a “recording point or sensor” used in EEG measurement; it only references “EEG electrode location selection” in the context of P300-design BCIs.; The packet supports EEG electrode location selection in a non-invasive P300 brain-computer interface, but it does not explicitly define an electrode as a “recording point or sensor” used in EEG measurement.; The second sentence adds a gloss about electrode location “for a brain-computer interface” that is only partially supported and reads like an extrapolation from the study context rather than a definition grounded in the packet.

  Tou Si Long Jenny; Warschausky Seth A.; Karlsson Petra; Huggins Jane E.. Individualized electrode subset improves the calibration accuracy of an EEG P300-design brain-computer interface for people with severe cerebral palsy. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1720969; article XML SHA-256 c74f723a51191db59252355c64966288b0d5e0ffc853a96e4ddd84df8e3f9e17. “Individualized electrode subset improves the calibration accuracy of an EEG P300-design brain-computer interface for people with severe cerebral palsy” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1720969). · CC-BY-4.0

• electromagnetic spectrum: The claim that shifting patterns affect how signals are “recognized” and “protected from interference” goes beyond the packet’s wording and overstates the source’s scope.; The definition claims the spectrum “affect[s] how signals are … protected from interference.” The packet discusses interference suppression and anti-jamming communication quality/reliability, but it does not explicitly frame this as “protecting” signals (so this substantive claim is not directly supported).; The packet supports an electromagnetic spectrum environment as a setting for wireless communication and interference, but it does not support defining the term itself as a “communication environment” or as a “range of signal conditions.”; The requested sense is not clearly established from the packet; the source uses the phrase in an engineering context, not as a cognition/dictionary sense of the term.

  Zhao Hui; Zhao Guobin; Wang Xichun; Zhang Zhonghui; Xun Xianchao. Intelligent anti-jamming communication technology with electromagnetic spectrum feature cognition. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0319953; article XML SHA-256 8c52de678b2bb4ee0fd6c2f5fc62428362e4e2ebf3052c27071994d1c201aee6. “Intelligent anti-jamming communication technology with electromagnetic spectrum feature cognition” (10.1371/journal.pone.0319953). · CC-BY-4.0

• electronic health record: The definition adds a broad generalization about 'replacing paper records' as the core purpose, while the packet supports EHRs as tools that improve documentation, reporting, communication, and access to up-to-date clinical information, but not that as the defining sense in this field.; The definition claims the EHR is “for recording and sharing patient information within health care services,” but the packet describes providing up-to-date clinical information, streaming patient documentation, and communication between health care workers; it does not clearly support the specific notion of “sharing patient information within health care services.”; The entry is not defensible for the requested field of cognition in a psychology/counselling dictionary; the packet describes a health information system used in health care settings, not a cognition term.

  Shrestha Anmol; Shah Jasmit; Khakhar Zamanali; Ruiz Armando; Talib Zohray; Ali Sayed K. End user experiences of an electronic health records platform in a tertiary hospital system in Kenya. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0332249; article XML SHA-256 e60079d80d48d2cc2fd522e5e1533ec0100322b2ae3c2ebc0e7cae044490cf37. “End user experiences of an electronic health records platform in a tertiary hospital system in Kenya” (10.1371/journal.pone.0332249). · CC-BY-4.0

• elevated mood: The definition’s wording is a general mental-health characterization that is not directly supported by the packet’s text about drug-induced effects.; The packet does not define *elevated mood* as a general mental-health term; it mentions it only as one manifestation of psychologic dependence in a drug descriptor.; The packet does not explicitly define “elevated mood” as a higher-than-usual positive emotional state; it only mentions “elevated mood” as something induced by abused psychostimulant drugs.; The packet provides context tying “elevated mood” to psychostimulant effects (with additional items like increased wakefulness and well-being), but it does not support the requested characterization about being “higher-than-usual” or “positive emotional state.”; The phrase ‘higher-than-usual positive emotional state’ is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s wording, which only links elevated mood with increased wakefulness and a feeling of well-being.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine” (C26643). · CC-BY-4.0

• elite athlete: The definition adds a specific functional role for elite athletes—being guided by detailed cognitive, psychosocial, and motor assessments—which is about the study’s intervention framework, not a supported meaning of the term itself.; The definition frames the assessments as guiding training/performance decisions to develop individual potential; the packet supports individual potential/adaptation potential via intervention decision-making, but does not clearly support the broader wording about training and performance decisions beyond interventions.; The packet’s described focus is on using diagnostic data to inform *intervention* decisions (including sport-specific intervention trees), not explicitly on “training and performance decisions” in general.; The second sentence narrows the term to athletes for whom interventions are tailored to sport-specific demands, which is likewise a study conclusion rather than a definition of “elite athlete.”; “Advanced competitive sport” and “high-performance sport participant” are not stated as the dictionary sense in the packet; the packet only refers to elite athletes as participants in various sports disciplines.

  Siebert Lena; Reichert Lukas; Musculus Lisa; Will Laura; Al-Ghezi Ahmed; Raab Markus; Zentgraf Karen. How fast-and-frugal trees can inform diagnostic and intervention decisions for enhancing elite athlete performance. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0329395; article XML SHA-256 f46b46e8ad5a7bfbab6af67e0caccac6d8008d41d5c95dc0934154d63cf839dc. “How fast-and-frugal trees can inform diagnostic and intervention decisions for enhancing elite athlete performance” (10.1371/journal.pone.0329395). · CC-BY-4.0

• emergency call system: Other elements (base station, home motion sensors, a wearable/necklace fall-detection sensor, and a social service) are supported by the packet, but the unsupported “unusual inactivity” and “quickly alert” components prevent a full pass.; The definition claims detection of “unusual inactivity”; the packet describes emergency detection using motion sensors and a necklace with fall detection sensors, but does not mention inactivity detection as a feature.; The definition says the system “quickly alert[s] for help”; the packet mentions an emergency call system and support services, but does not explicitly state that alerts occur quickly.; The packet supports a home-based emergency call system with a base station, home motion sensors, a necklace with fall-detection sensors, and a social service, but it does not support the added claim that the system detects “unusual inactivity.”; “Quickly alert for help” is only indirectly supported by the description that fall sensors may trigger an emergency call automatically and that the system promises immediate responses; the definition should not extend beyond the packet’s wording.

  Zoellick Jan C.; Lech Sonia; O’Sullivan Julie L.; Jansen Eva; Supplieth Juliana; Kuhnert Ronny; Grittner Ulrike; Schuster Johanna. Fall sensors, home emergency system, and social service for ≥ 75-year-olds living at home - a matched control intervention study. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s12877-025-05856-2; article XML SHA-256 a1f54a7592f55be21d51de7220c74499ab40a976506df35bc1f5100ae6077566. “Fall sensors, home emergency system, and social service for ≥ 75-year-olds living at home - a matched control intervention study” (10.1186/s12877-025-05856-2). · CC-BY-4.0

• emergency intervention: The packet defines “suicidal events” as “either a suicide attempt or an emergency intervention for an acute suicidal crisis,” but it does not state that an emergency intervention is an “urgent response.”; The packet does not explicitly characterize an “emergency intervention” as “treated as a serious suicidal event.” (It is only included as one type of “suicidal events.”); The packet does support that it is distinct from a suicide attempt, but it does not say it is a diagnosis- or risk-level category on its own, so the phrasing “treated as a serious suicidal event” needs tighter grounding in the source.; The packet supports that an emergency intervention occurs for an acute suicidal crisis and is counted among “suicidal events,” but it does not support defining it as a general “urgent response” or as a clinical intervention procedure.; While the packet indicates emergency intervention is distinct from a suicide attempt by listing them as separate alternatives within “suicidal events,” it does not support the added claim that it “indicat[es] immediate crisis-level risk” beyond the phrase “for an acute suicidal crisis.”

  Yen Shirley; Suazo Nazaret; Doerr Jackson; Macrynikola Natalia; Villarreal Leanna S; Sodano Sophia; O’Brien Kimberly H M; Wolff Jennifer C; Breault Christopher; Gibb Brandon E; Elwy Rani; Kahler Christopher W; Ranney Megan; Jones Richard; Spirito Anthony. Skills to Enhance Positivity in adolescents at risk for suicide: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0287285; article XML SHA-256 ba93220f2d8745c9506a7c0c4732ff8db1907263cd75a6fd102b05e89cc9e07e. “Skills to Enhance Positivity in adolescents at risk for suicide: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0287285). · CC-BY-4.0

• emergent feature: The definition presents a general conceptual explanation rather than the narrower source-supported sense of leadership as an emergent feature in social organizations.; The packet does not define “emergent feature” as “a group characteristic that develops through members’ interaction and coordination within the organization”; it only states that leadership is treated as an “emergent feature of social organizations.”; The packet does not support the claim that leadership “can be understood as emerging from the group’s social process”; it only describes leadership as an emergent feature within a theoretical framework and mentions coordination in a collaborative game.; The packet supports only the specific claim that leadership can be an emergent feature of social organizations; it does not define “emergent feature” as a general group characteristic in social psychology.; “Within the organization” and “through members’ interaction and coordination” are broader definitional glosses that are not stated in the source text.

  Curral Luis; Marques-Quinteiro Pedro; Gomes Catarina; Lind Pedro G. Leadership as an Emergent Feature in Social Organizations: Insights from A Laboratory Simulation Experiment. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0166697; article XML SHA-256 ef0fd1132f908c46c825c6978dce7e7a43082f843ab12f90abd16837441b9224. “Leadership as an Emergent Feature in Social Organizations: Insights from A Laboratory Simulation Experiment” (10.1371/journal.pone.0166697). · CC-BY-4.0

• emergent leader: The packet mentions “emergent leader-follower dynamics” and that binding may reflect the distribution of predictive control within a dyad, but it does not explicitly support the claim that the leader-follower role is “not set in advance.”; The packet supports emergent leader-follower dynamics in movement trajectories and distribution of predictive control within a dyad, but it does not define an “emergent leader” as a person who comes to take a more guiding role, nor does it support the claim that the role was not set in advance.; The wording broadens the source beyond what is stated by adding group-level and role-based interpretation (“member of a pair or group,” “guiding role,” “co-regulation”) that is not explicitly supported in the packet.

  Woolford Felix; Suzuki Keisuke. Intentional binding reflects pair dynamics and sense of agency in embodied joint action in human-human dyads but not in human-computer dyads. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1768740; article XML SHA-256 e72630f9a549ced6f7dd33f79c23eca02e64a484acb6cef87054fcf27e7180d9. “Intentional binding reflects pair dynamics and sense of agency in embodied joint action in human-human dyads but not in human-computer dyads” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1768740). · CC-BY-4.0

• emergent property: The definition includes an unsupported broad characterization of the term beyond what is explicitly stated in the packet.; The first sentence gives a general dictionary-style definition that is not directly supported by the packet; the packet only supports the specific claim that consciousness is described as not an emergent property of neural processes.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “emergent property” (e.g., that it is “a feature understood as arising from more basic underlying processes”); it only mentions the phrase in the claim that consciousness is “not an emergent property of neural processes.”; The requested field is not defensible here: the packet uses the term in a philosophy of consciousness/metaphysics argument, not in ethics.

  Arora Amira. The spiritual core of the hard problem: consciousness as foundational, not emergent. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1659944; article XML SHA-256 1daea28cf4ac714358fbedc6b8ea19caceb03b24ff25e5f5bc55ae9b4e0c11ed. “The spiritual core of the hard problem: consciousness as foundational, not emergent” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1659944). · CC-BY-4.0

• emotional contagion: The field label is defensible, but the definition adds a mechanistic description not established by the supplied source text alone.; The packet does not explicitly define emotional contagion as the “spread or sharing of emotional states between people through their interactions.” It only states that emotional contagion shapes group dynamics, interpersonal relationships, and affective regulation, and discusses modeling approaches.; The packet supports emotional contagion as important in group dynamics, interpersonal relationships, and affective regulation, but it does not explicitly support the definitional claim that it is the spread or sharing of emotional states between people through their interactions.; The phrase “how feelings are regulated over time” is only partially supported: the packet mentions “affective regulation” and “time-continuous interaction dynamics,” but it does not clearly support the specific claim that emotional contagion is about feelings being regulated “over time.”

  Garzón-Alvarado Diego Alexander; Duque-Daza Carlos Alberto; Alexiadis Alessio; Tamayo Ricardo Mauricio. A dynamical systems model of emotional contagion: Oscillatory coupling in the circumplex of affect. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0334738; article XML SHA-256 262645e93eb99364a6288131c29bf968f3329757156164a4578e409ead93d451. “A dynamical systems model of emotional contagion: Oscillatory coupling in the circumplex of affect” (10.1371/journal.pone.0334738). · CC-BY-4.0

• empirical: Although the first sentence broadly matches the packet’s “experience” basis (“based upon… guided by… derived from… EXPERIENCE”), the psychology/contrast content is not supported by the packet text.; The added contrast “rather than from theory alone” is not supported by the source, which only says “based upon,” “guided by,” and “derived from” experience.; The definition broadens the source by framing the term specifically as used “in psychology or related fields,” while the packet provides only a general historical definition of “empirical.”; The definition’s second sentence claims a specific psychology/related-fields usage (“In psychology or related fields…”) and contrasts “experience rather than theory alone,” but the provided packet does not mention psychology-specific contexts or any explicit “rather than theory” contrast.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Empirical” (Empirical). · public-domain-US

• employment discrimination: The definition adds “unequal treatment in employment,” which is not stated in the packet.; The definition’s claim that employment discrimination is “unequal treatment in employment” is not stated or supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet links discrimination to underexplored investigation regarding its impact on the “efficiency of labor allocation,” which supports only a limited part of the definition; however, because the unequal-treatment component is unsupported, the overall definition cannot be accepted.; The requested field sense is not well matched to the packet, which is about labor-market economics rather than cognition.; The source supports only that employment discrimination is believed to be a barrier to labor market development and that reducing it may improve labor allocation; it does not directly define it as a factor that hinders the efficient allocation of labor.; While the packet does say employment discrimination is “believed as a barrier to the development of the labor market,” the definition adds additional framing (“acts as a barrier to labor market development” in that exact structure) that goes beyond what is explicitly supported beyond the general “believed” barrier statement.

  Guo Rongwang; Wang Jianxiu; You Yuntian. The impact of multiple discrimination on labor misallocation of China: Based on fsQCA method. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0308442; article XML SHA-256 73bc8fb674511adde630c0fc82f11b8eac4ea645b0e374716a48304a7e6c718b. “The impact of multiple discrimination on labor misallocation of China: Based on fsQCA method” (10.1371/journal.pone.0308442). · CC-BY-4.0

• end-aversion bias: The definition goes beyond the source by making a stronger claim about how the bias works; the packet only says the VAS anchors are often not well defined and that end-aversion bias may occur.; The definition’s added explanation (“reluctance or distortion”) is not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet only states that "end-aversion bias" may occur with VAS and that validity concerns relate to anchors being not well defined; it does not describe the specific mechanism as “reluctance or distortion related to the scale’s endpoints or anchors.”; The packet supports that end-aversion bias is a possible measurement bias in visual analogue scale (VAS) preference measurement, but it does not support the added explanation that it reflects reluctance or distortion specifically related to the scale’s endpoints or anchors.

  Rashidi Amir Adel; Anis Aslam H; Marra Carlo A. Do visual analogue scale (VAS) derived standard gamble (SG) utilities agree with Health Utilities Index utilities? A comparison of patient and community preferences for health status in rheumatoid arthritis patients. 2006; DOI 10.1186/1477-7525-4-25; article XML SHA-256 e10c3a050c12cb28975238820b6c4e363c53e3b1cd052566b9a5cf5e0195154e. “Do visual analogue scale (VAS) derived standard gamble (SG) utilities agree with Health Utilities Index utilities? A comparison of patient and community preferences for health status in rheumatoid arthritis patients” (10.1186/1477-7525-4-25). · CC-BY-2.0

• endocannabinoid: The definition slightly generalizes beyond the packet by framing the effects as “brain communication” rather than the packet’s more specific “neuronal and glial communications.”; The definition’s link to “brain communication” is only partially supported: the packet specifies “neuronal and glial communications,” which is related but not identical wording to “brain communication.”; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that an endocannabinoid is a “naturally occurring signaling molecule.” It describes endocannabinoids as part of the endocannabinoid system (eCBs anandamide and 2-AG) and their regulation/role, but does not state “naturally occurring” or explicitly call them “signaling molecules.”; “Act with cannabinoid receptors and related enzymes” is not fully supported: the packet says the system comprises cannabinoid receptors and enzymes that regulate endocannabinoid production and degradation, but it does not state that endocannabinoids act with enzymes.; “Naturally occurring signaling molecule” is not stated in the source packet; the packet identifies endocannabinoids as components of the endocannabinoid system but does not explicitly define them that way.

  Rao Jagadeesh S.; Alejandra Tangarife Maria; Venegas Maria Margarita; Forero Barbara; González Tamayo Laura Lucía; Escobar-Gallego Juan Pablo; Rodríguez-Soacha Diego A.; Ferreiros Alexandra; Mukunda Ram. The role of the endocannabinoid system in managing neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1709266; article XML SHA-256 026089343dcb01b79d8d6c4029ec9c344ee7918f2702e345a83b45468e90d755. “The role of the endocannabinoid system in managing neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1709266). · CC-BY-4.0

• endogenous opioid: The definition slightly overgeneralizes by recasting the source’s ‘health protective effects of social bonds’ as a broader claim about ‘health benefits tied to close relationships.’; The field is not defensible: this is a neurochemical/theoretical term from a psychology article, not a diagnosis term.; The provided field is "diagnosis," but the packet content presents a speculative/neurobiological theory of social attachment (BOTSA/BOVTOCH/BOTSEC) rather than diagnosing any condition; the definition is not diagnostic in nature.

  Lee Sung W.; Cullen Kathryn R.; Rim Sung-ryun; Toddes Carlee. The jeong and haan of Vincent van Gogh: neuropeptides of bondedness and loss. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1432175; article XML SHA-256 36314432ab5dc736f13450ff3580794684f9f2217c698a7036f9bfb8c3dcdffc. “The jeong and haan of Vincent van Gogh: neuropeptides of bondedness and loss” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1432175). · CC-BY-4.0

• endoplasmic reticulum: The definition is a description of cellular biology (endoplasmic reticulum structure/functions, unfolded protein response, apoptosis) and does not provide any content that fits the requested field of “diagnosis” based on the supplied packet.; The requested field is wrong: the packet supports a biology/cell-biology definition of the endoplasmic reticulum, not a psychology/counselling ‘diagnosis’ sense.

  Li Yanjun; Gao Songyin; Meng Yuelan. Integrated analysis of endoplasmic reticulum stress regulators’ expression identifies distinct subtypes of autism spectrum disorder. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1136154; article XML SHA-256 af53b4313e78724fe34fc1a6c72b16cbe7e2e27aab1b28ebf00ef2ad45535d29. “Integrated analysis of endoplasmic reticulum stress regulators’ expression identifies distinct subtypes of autism spectrum disorder” (10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1136154). · CC-BY-4.0

• engineering controls: The definition’s examples (“climate-responsive measures in a dissection laboratory to limit formaldehyde exposure, improve thermal conditions, and reduce microbial contamination”) are directionally consistent with the packet’s description (formaledehyde exposure, temperature/humidity effects, and microbial contamination; and support for climate-responsive controls addressing chemical safety, thermal regulation, and biosafety), but they are embedded in the unsupported generic definition.; The first sentence gives a generic definition of “engineering controls” (e.g., “physical or environmental changes… used to reduce hazards at their source”), but the provided packet text only discusses dissection-hall hazards and says the study “supports the implementation of climate-responsive engineering controls,” without providing a general definitional statement for the term.; The packet content is about occupational hazards in anatomy dissection settings, not mental health; the definition is therefore not well-grounded in the specified field (“mental health”).; The supplied source is about occupational hazards and laboratory safety in an anatomy dissection hall, not the requested mental health field; the field assignment is not defensible from the packet.

  Madsusan Areeya; Krainara Saowaluk; Suksong Wantanasak; Sudchoo Kittithat; Tohmoh Nadeyah; Jonggrijug Pattharaporn; Maipunklang Chomkaeo; Chadaram Chanitsara; Samaeng Kholeeyoh; Kurdthongmee Piyadhida; Noosab Uratit; Nakapong Arun; Udomsri Yanawut; Kanaso Suttiporn; Sakorn Natee; Guan Ng Yee; Sangkhano Sukrit. Impact of a tropical monsoon climate on formaldehyde exposure and microbial contamination in anatomy dissection hall. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0337238; article XML SHA-256 3ad9d919927af3768d8ce79811c116712646d6ec49f022619b0cd448aff70b4d. “Impact of a tropical monsoon climate on formaldehyde exposure and microbial contamination in anatomy dissection hall” (10.1371/journal.pone.0337238). · CC-BY-4.0

• entity theory: The definition’s core characterization (“personal qualities or situations are fixed and not easily changed”) is not explicitly stated in the packet. The packet describes that entity theory is associated with beliefs such as “they cannot change the bad situation,” but it does not clearly define entity theory as fixedness of personal qualities (it references “implicit personality theory” without directly stating the fixed-belief content).; The packet supports entity theory as a belief linked to negative reactions to setbacks and the sense that one cannot change a bad situation, but it does not explicitly support the broader claim that personal qualities or situations are fixed and not easily changed.; The second sentence’s general phrasing (“more self-doubt and negative emotional reactions when people face setbacks or negative life events”) is only partially supported: the packet specifically mentions “doubt their own abilities” and negative emotions like “sadness,” and that negative life events relate to negative attitudes/reactions, but it does not directly support the broad causal framing as stated in the definition.; The wording generalizes beyond the packet’s wording about students, abilities, and negative life events, so the definition is broader than the supplied source.

  Liu Dan; Geng Xiaowei; Zhang Fuwei; Zhang Yuan; Li Xueli. The influence of negative life events on college students’ suicidal ideation: the mediating role of entity theory and the moderating role of meaning in life. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1443474; article XML SHA-256 215d71b539006257cfa1d043852ca1719e6aaf7ed7723e5ed67df94f742f06ac. “The influence of negative life events on college students’ suicidal ideation: the mediating role of entity theory and the moderating role of meaning in life” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1443474). · CC-BY-4.0

• environmental design: Because the core definitional framing is not evidenced in the packet, the definition cannot be accepted as a defensible, sourced definition.; The definition gives a broad general meaning for “environmental design” (“planning or shaping of surroundings to support health and recovery”) that is not stated in the packet as a definition of the term.; The definition’s first sentence (“Environmental design is the planning or shaping of surroundings…”) is not supported by the packet, which discusses VR as a tool within “therapeutic landscapes” and references “environmental design in the field of public health” without defining environmental design as planning/shaping surroundings.; The packet only supports a narrower research context involving virtual reality, therapeutic landscapes, and public health; it does not establish that environmental design itself means using natural-looking virtual settings.; The packet supports the idea of using virtual natural environments to aid “health recovery” in therapeutic/public-health contexts, but it does not explicitly support the broader general phrasing about environmental design generally being the planning/shaping of surroundings.; “Public health outcomes” and “therapeutic experiences” are plausible paraphrases of the study’s aims, but the wording overgeneralizes beyond what the source directly supports.

  Wen Yuhan; Shen Xiwei; Shen Yan. Improving immersive experiences in virtual natural setting for public health and environmental design: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0297986; article XML SHA-256 c920ba647d703f49b1aacfb76d445a735d2529f9b84fc42b10027ba0401812dc. “Improving immersive experiences in virtual natural setting for public health and environmental design: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials” (10.1371/journal.pone.0297986). · CC-BY-4.0

• environmental field: Claims about “visual framing and donor engagement are being studied” are only indirectly suggested by the described experiment; the packet does not connect this to the term “environmental field” as a defined concept.; The definition is longer than needed and blends a general occupational meaning with the source-specific context, rather than defining the term as used in the packet.; The definition’s first sentence adds an unsupported dictionary sense (“area of work concerned with environmental and conservation issues”) that is not established by the packet; the source only uses the phrase in the article’s research context (“visual framing remains understudied in the environmental field”).; The packet discusses a study of visual framing in “environmental organizations” and “conservation fundraising,” but it does not use or define the term “environmental field,” so the interpretation that the term “names the broader setting” is not evidenced.; The packet does not provide a definition or explicit support for the phrase “environmental field” as an “area of work” or “broader setting,” so those substantive claims are unsupported by the supplied source text.; The phrase about “activities of environmental organizations and fundraising for biodiversity protection” is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s specific discussion of conservation fundraising in one study.

  Salazar Gabby; Neves João; Alves Vasco; Silva Bruno; Veríssimo Diogo. Picturing donations: Do images influence conservation fundraising?. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0251882; article XML SHA-256 d37ebdcf083ee1b68785ea7f9f91c9d379c5f10c98520367da86bcb216adce6b. “Picturing donations: Do images influence conservation fundraising?” (10.1371/journal.pone.0251882). · CC-BY-4.0

• environmental manipulation: The definition claims a general meaning of the term (“changing outside conditions in an experiment to alter a biological state and see how that change affects a response”), but the provided packet only mentions “decreasing cholesterol levels through environmental manipulation” and does not define or justify this broader general characterization of the phrase.; The definition is not strictly confined to learning-related content: the packet is primarily about acute functional tolerance to ethanol in *C. elegans* and neuronal/lipid mechanisms, with no support that the term is used in a learning-specific sense.; The definition states “In this source, it refers to lowering cholesterol levels through external conditions rather than by direct genetic change.” The packet supports that cholesterol levels were decreased via “environmental manipulation” and contrasts this with genetic manipulations (e.g., genetic changes affecting TAG levels), but it does not explicitly state the ‘rather than by direct genetic change’ wording or that the cholesterol manipulation is specifically non-genetic in the way the definition implies.; The packet only shows that decreasing cholesterol levels through environmental manipulation had effects similar to decreased TAG levels; it does not define the term as a general experimental method for changing outside conditions to alter a biological state and measure a response.; The phrase is not supported as meaning “lowering cholesterol levels through external conditions rather than by direct genetic change” in general; that interpretation is an extrapolation beyond the single study context.

  Bettinger Jill C.; Leung Kapo; Bolling Mia H.; Goldsmith Andrew D.; Davies Andrew G.. Lipid Environment Modulates the Development of Acute Tolerance to Ethanol in Caenorhabditis elegans. 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0035192; article XML SHA-256 85efc2f0bf3af588c714483f206a982c88a7e66d3cf5588887348aeed50cd791. “Lipid Environment Modulates the Development of Acute Tolerance to Ethanol in Caenorhabditis elegans” (10.1371/journal.pone.0035192). · CC-BY-4.0

• epidemic: Because key parts of the definition (especially the speed/spreading framing) are not explicitly supported by the supplied text, the definition is not fully defensible from the packet.; The mention that it can require non-pharmaceutical interventions is supported, but the definition adds a broader explanatory gloss that goes beyond the source text.; The packet does not provide a definitional basis for “an outbreak that spreads quickly enough,” “fast-moving,” or any explicit characterization of epidemic speed—only that policymaking needs to “respond at the pace of the outbreak.”; The packet supports that epidemic control policies must respond at the pace of the outbreak, but it does not explicitly define an epidemic as an outbreak that spreads quickly enough or as a fast-moving public health event.; The packet supports the idea that epidemics involve policymaking that responds to outbreak pace and that there is interest in “non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs),” but it does not establish that epidemics are “public health event[s]” as stated (this is only implied by the context).

  Bolshov Oleksandr; Chumachenko Dmytro. Reinforcement learning for policymaking in epidemic control: A scoping review. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0351176; article XML SHA-256 9f908c97ebc3ac8d575003b65d22e57cdbaafae37b2fa425cecd603a04f982c0. “Reinforcement learning for policymaking in epidemic control: A scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0351176). · CC-BY-4.0

• epileptiform: The definition adds a between-seizures gloss that fits “interictal,” but that temporal detail is not explicitly given as the meaning of “epileptiform” itself in the packet.; The definition asserts a specific meaning linkage (“it refers to … interictal epileptiform discharges”) that is directionally consistent with the packet’s focus, but the additional unsupported wording prevents full support.; The field is not supported by the packet, which is about EEG/epileptiform discharges rather than learning.; The packet supports interictal epileptiform discharges as diagnostically important EEG abnormalities, but it does not define the standalone term “epileptiform” as an EEG pattern associated with epilepsy-like brain activity.; The packet text does not state that the relevant abnormalities occur “between seizures.”; The packet text does not support the claim that “epileptiform” describes “an EEG pattern associated with epilepsy-like brain activity.”; While the packet does discuss “interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs)” and describes them as “diagnostically important EEG abnormalities,” the provided definition adds multiple substantive details (“epilepsy-like brain activity” and “between seizures”) that are not explicitly supported in the supplied packet.

  Plabon Al Mukshit; Mukit Abdul; Neyamul Md.; Jehady Omar Faruk; Zuba Fatima Tuz; Mina Md. Faisal; Islam Torikul. Conditional spatial classification of expert-confirmed interictal epileptiform discharge epochs: An EEG-ECG ablation and SHAP analysis. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0358782; article XML SHA-256 8d6727ab6037cedbb0f7af1a59fab3ac8e79eda5d8d81b9f98f72d0dd8df837f. “Conditional spatial classification of expert-confirmed interictal epileptiform discharge epochs: An EEG-ECG ablation and SHAP analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0358782). · CC-BY-4.0

• epileptogenic focus: The definition makes a specific causal claim that an epileptogenic focus is the exact brain area where seizure activity starts; the packet supports identifying epileptogenic focus locations and brain structures associated with seizures, but does not explicitly define the term in those words.; The definition’s first sentence (“specific brain area where epileptic seizure activity starts”) is broadly consistent with the packet’s use of “epileptogenic focus locations or brain structures” and its focus on seizure-onset/epileptogenic localization, but the packet does not provide an explicit one-to-one definitional statement of “epileptogenic focus” as “the specific brain area where seizure activity starts.”; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: this is an epilepsy/neurology topic about focal seizures and autonomic dysfunction, not a cognition entry.; The second sentence claims that identifying the seizure-onset location “can help relate symptoms, including autonomic changes, to the brain structures involved.” While the packet discusses autonomic changes during seizures and argues that ictal autonomic dysfunction indicates involvement of central autonomic areas and may be useful diagnostically, it does not explicitly state that *identifying the epileptogenic focus/seizure-onset location* helps relate symptoms to brain structures in the way the definition asserts.

  Zhuravlev Dmitry; Marchenko Anna; Skalnaya Anastasia; Lebedeva Marina; Trifonov Igor; Rider Flora; Ierusalimsky Nikolay; Burkitbaev Sabir; Semenovykh Natalia; Luzin Roman; Sinkin Mikhail; Krylov Vladimir; Guekht Alla. Ictal cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction during focal seizures induced by direct electrical stimulation: An observational study research protocol. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0320357; article XML SHA-256 430778de768cef70cb8be40a0a2b3da895e243f56dec60411408d172d2c172be. “Ictal cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction during focal seizures induced by direct electrical stimulation: An observational study research protocol” (10.1371/journal.pone.0320357). · CC-BY-4.0

• epileptogenic lesion: The definition makes a broader causal claim about a ‘focal brain abnormality associated with a person’s epilepsy’ that is only indirectly suggested by the packet and not explicitly defined there.; The packet does not define the term as a general concept; it uses ‘epileptogenic lesion’ only in the context of one study on children and young adults with focal lesional epilepsy.; The packet does not provide an explicit definition that an “epileptogenic lesion” is “a focal brain abnormality.” It only uses the term in the context of “focal lesional epilepsy” and analyzes language activations “with the epileptogenic lesion,” without stating the term’s meaning as a focal brain abnormality.; The second sentence adds a study-specific role (‘reference point for examining how language functions are organized… before and after epilepsy surgery’) that is not a supported dictionary sense of the term.; While the packet does support using the epileptogenic lesion as a reference point in analyses of “language representation” and language changes in relation to surgery (preoperative vs postoperative language fMRI/lateralization), the first substantive claim about the term’s definition is not supported by the provided text.

  Barba Carmen; Montanaro Domenico; Grisotto Laura; Frijia Francesca; Pellacani Simona; Cavalli Anna; Rizzi Susanna; Lenge Matteo; Aghakhanyan Gayane; Sibilia Valentina; Giordano Flavio; Pisano Tiziana; Mari Francesco; Melani Federico; Cherubini Andrea; Buccoliero Annamaria; Caligiuri Maria Eugenia; Guerrini Renzo. Patterns and predictors of language representation and the influence of epilepsy surgery on language reorganization in children and young adults with focal lesional epilepsy. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0238389; article XML SHA-256 ae359cacc0a67036b20e73ddbbfd1b3ca0b0ba28e2a27f4016afc1ce10285e2b. “Patterns and predictors of language representation and the influence of epilepsy surgery on language reorganization in children and young adults with focal lesional epilepsy” (10.1371/journal.pone.0238389). · CC-BY-4.0

• episode: Because the key definitional claims are not supported by the provided packet text, the requested sense of “episode” in diagnosis is not defensible.; The definition adds an explanatory claim (“In this source, first episode psychosis means the initial occurrence of psychotic symptoms”) that is broader and more interpretive than the packet text, which only says negative symptoms are evident from the first episode of psychosis.; The packet only mentions “first episode of psychosis (FEP)” but does not explain what “first episode” means (e.g., that it is the initial occurrence of psychotic symptoms).; The packet supports the phrase “first episode of psychosis” only as a reference to psychosis presenting at the first episode, not a general diagnostic definition of an “episode” as a distinct period in which a disorder or its symptoms are present.; The packet text does not define the term “episode” as a distinct period when a disorder or its symptoms are present.

  Ingabire Germaine; Scarabelot Luis Felipe; Del-Ben Cristina Marta; Corsi-Zuelli Fabiana. Peripheral blood immune markers associated with negative symptoms in first episode psychosis: a systematic review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1782134; article XML SHA-256 b96b679a6d7dce098d45e700f8c27ed3536e5666c641744315d445d32ccba9f6. “Peripheral blood immune markers associated with negative symptoms in first episode psychosis: a systematic review” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1782134). · CC-BY-4.0

• EPSP: The definition adds that an EPSP is “brief,” but the supplied source only supports depolarization of synaptic membrane potentials during neurotransmission and does not state duration.; The definition states the EPSP is a “brief” depolarizing change, but the provided packet does not describe EPSPs as brief.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials” (D019706). · public-domain-US-government

• erotica: The claim that erotica is “an example of engaging emotional material” and that it can make it slower to shift gaze away is broadly supported by the packet’s statement that ocular disengagement is affected by engaging picture contents “such as erotica,” along with findings of delayed saccade initiation from emotional (arousing) scenes. However, because the sexual-arousal definition is not supported, the definition cannot be accepted as written.; The packet does not define “erotica” as “sexually arousing visual content,” nor does it explicitly state the sexual-arousal meaning of the term.; The packet only uses “erotica” as an example of an engaging picture content; it does not define the term as sexually arousing visual content.; The second sentence overgeneralizes by turning the article’s specific finding about arousing scenes and saccade slowing into a broad definition of erotica as emotional material that holds attention.

  De Cesarei Andrea; Sambuco Nicola; D’Ascenzo Stefania; Nicoletti Roberto; Codispoti Maurizio. Delayed ocular disengagement from arousing scenes. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1297192; article XML SHA-256 1ce1e4b6aecb4dd4e7a8c78b40f256afc267385e37fefdc26ec7c7e41191eba2. “Delayed ocular disengagement from arousing scenes” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1297192). · CC-BY-4.0

• eroticization: Because the packet does not support the specific characterization (“people, relationships, or behaviour” framed/portrayed in sexualized terms), the requested sense/meaning in the definition is only partially supported.; The definition adds unsupported detail about eroticization as the framing or portrayal of people, relationships, or behaviour in sexualized terms; the packet only mentions “media eroticization” as one influence on adolescent sexual decision-making.; The packet does not define “eroticization” as “the framing or portrayal of people, relationships, or behaviour in sexualized terms”; it only mentions “media eroticization” as a factor influencing adolescent sexual decision-making.; The phrase “such as through media messages” is not supported by the packet.; The second sentence overstates the packet’s claim by presenting eroticization as a described category in the source rather than a term mentioned in passing among several influences.

  Macintyre Anna K-J; Montero Vega Adela Rosa; Sagbakken Mette. From disease to desire, pleasure to the pill: A qualitative study of adolescent learning about sexual health and sexuality in Chile. 2015; DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2253-9; article XML SHA-256 5747e1d82808e1cf27a27ddebe7c3a77cfc927134aa8d5f2279031bd472d742d. “From disease to desire, pleasure to the pill: A qualitative study of adolescent learning about sexual health and sexuality in Chile” (10.1186/s12889-015-2253-9). · CC-BY-4.0

• error: Because the first sentence’s core definition is not directly supported by the packet, the requested term sense is not fully defensible.; The definition adds that “in the packet’s context, these prediction errors arise during face processing,” which is broadly consistent with the packet’s discussion of facial-feature-related prediction errors, but the packet does not explicitly tie the general term “error” to the specific learning mismatch formulation given in the first sentence.; The definition broadens the packet’s specific EEG/face-processing finding into a general statement about learning without support from the source packet.; The definition’s first sentence gives a general characterization of “error” as a mismatch between what is predicted and what is perceived, but the packet does not define “error” (or “error” in learning) in these terms.; The packet supports face-processing prediction errors and their role in updating predictive models during social interaction, but it does not support a general learning-definition claim that an error is a mismatch between what is predicted and what is perceived.

  Costa Cristiano; Ward Emma K.; Pezzetta Rachele; Masina Fabio; Arcara Giorgio; Press Clare; Scarpazza Cristina. Early electrophysiological responses reflect precision-weighted prediction errors to face features. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0357956; article XML SHA-256 df567dac00bc7850a370d0f0ad23f14badc45bf155cec68a41808d2647e416a2. “Early electrophysiological responses reflect precision-weighted prediction errors to face features” (10.1371/journal.pone.0357956). · CC-BY-4.0

• euphoriant: The first sentence (“A euphoriant is a substance used to produce euphoria or pleasurable mood effects”) is not explicitly stated or supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet supports only that arecoline “has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands”; it does not define euphoriant as a substance used to produce euphoria or pleasurable mood effects.; The second sentence narrows the claim to arecoline and adds context not needed for the term’s definition, so the requested sense of the term is not directly supported by the packet.; While the packet does say arecoline “has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands,” it does not provide the requested general definition of what an “euphoriant” is.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Arecoline” (D001115). · public-domain-US-government

• ex post facto design: The definition’s first sentence claims that an ex post facto design studies variables “as they already exist rather than manipulating them,” but the provided packet only states that the study used a “quantitative methodology based on non-experimental or ex post facto design” and does not explicitly describe variables as already existing or contrast against manipulation.; The packet does support that, in this instance, ex post facto design was used with “semi-structured and closed survey-questionnaire-type instruments” and that it included data on teachers’ “sociodemographic and professional profile” (participants’ characteristics) and “teachers' beliefs,” so the second sentence is broadly supported, but overall the definition fails due to the unsupported general characterization in the first sentence.; The packet supports a non-experimental/ex post facto quantitative survey-questionnaire design, but it does not explicitly state the broader general definition that this approach studies variables as they already exist rather than manipulating them.; The packet supports that the design collected participants’ sociodemographic/professional profiles and beliefs, but the wording “used to examine participants’ characteristics and beliefs” is a paraphrase that should stay tightly anchored to the packet’s specific description.

  Caro Valverde María Teresa; de Amo Sánchez-Fortún José Manuel; Domínguez-Oller Juana Celia. Implicit Teacher Theories Regarding the Argumentative Commentary of Multimodal Texts in the Teaching of Spanish as a Native and Foreign Language. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749426; article XML SHA-256 a3836b3d4b202a38ee1aa6f8fc732645cbe28dbdc9cc80f8d4f6134c4e07d916. “Implicit Teacher Theories Regarding the Argumentative Commentary of Multimodal Texts in the Teaching of Spanish as a Native and Foreign Language” (10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749426). · CC-BY-4.0

• EX/RP: The claim that patients confront feared situations or thoughts while refraining from compulsive responses is not stated in the packet.; The definition’s wording frames EX/RP as a specific “cognitive-behavioral treatment approach” and includes behavioral targets not explicitly described in the provided packet text beyond the general ERP focus.; The packet only states that CBT “focuses on exposure and response prevention (ERP)” as the primary psychological treatment for OCD, but it does not support the additional description that patients “confront feared situations or thoughts” while “refraining from their usual compulsive responses.”; The packet supports EX/RP only as part of the name of the Patient Exposure and Response Prevention (EX/RP) Adherence Scale (PEAS), not as the term for the treatment itself.; The sentence about adherence to EX/RP during and between sessions being measured as an indicator of treatment engagement is only partly supported; the packet says in- and between-session patient adherence was measured with PEAS and may reflect treatment engagement, but it does not state this as a general definition of EX/RP.; The statement that EX/RP is a cognitive-behavioral treatment approach for obsessive–compulsive disorder is not directly supported by the packet; the packet mentions ERP as the CBT focus, but not EX/RP in that sense.

  Berg Håvard; Tjelle Kristian; Solem Stian; Hansen Bjarne; Kvale Gerd; Björgvinsson Thröstur; Hagen Kristen. Motivation in the Bergen 4-day treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s12888-025-07218-z; article XML SHA-256 88f1866bd0729aa00175cc501c168e76be6f8b07d5c49b556ae128619d463e12. “Motivation in the Bergen 4-day treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder” (10.1186/s12888-025-07218-z). · CC-BY-4.0

• ex vivo: Because these substantive parts of the definition are not directly supported by the provided packet wording, the definition is not fully defensible.; The definition claims ex vivo offers “preserving more of the tissue’s natural features than standard cell culture,” but the packet supports only that ex vivo infection models provide “greater accuracy and physiological relevance” compared to “traditional cell culture systems,” not preservation of “natural features.”; The packet does not explicitly state that ex vivo refers to “living tissue taken out of an organism” (it discusses ex vivo corneal infection models but does not define the term in those exact terms).; The packet supports ex vivo infection models and their practical and ethical advantages, but it does not explicitly support the general definitional claim that ex vivo means living tissue taken out of an organism and studied outside the body.; The wording goes beyond the supplied source by presenting a broad dictionary-style definition rather than the narrower research-model usage shown in the packet.

  Foulkes Daniel M; Mclean Keri; Sharma Tarunima; Fernig David G; Kaye Stephen B. Stable topical application of antimicrobials using plumbing rings in an ex vivo porcine corneal infection model. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0319911; article XML SHA-256 49f713641d21aaf608684a9df6dd95ac58b9a7ae3ab2a0f1e16501645bde5882. “Stable topical application of antimicrobials using plumbing rings in an ex vivo porcine corneal infection model” (10.1371/journal.pone.0319911). · CC-BY-4.0

• exaltation: The definition claims the grandiose beliefs are “about one’s importance, power, wealth, or identity,” but the packet explicitly lists “importance” and “wealth” and related terms (e.g., strength), while “power” and “identity” are not stated in the provided text.; “Identity” is not supported by the source wording; the packet lists delusions of grandeur, vanity, unusual strength, importance, or wealth, but not grandiose beliefs about one’s identity.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Exaltation” (Exaltation). · public-domain-US

• exchange theory: The definition’s wording (“young people’s intentions to marry”) is slightly broader than the packet’s phrasing (“young adults’ marital intentions”), and the packet does not justify the general “relationship decisions in connection with economic conditions” claim.; The packet supports one study that examined economic pressure, marital intentions, and psychological capital; it does not establish a general definition of the theory as a framework for relationship decisions under economic conditions.; The packet supports that the study drew on “social exchange theory,” examined the impact of economic pressure on young adults’ marital intentions, and focused on a mediating role of psychological capital, but it does not explicitly define exchange theory as a “social framework” or describe it as “used to study relationship decisions” in general terms.; The source identifies the theory as “social exchange theory,” not the broader bare term “exchange theory,” so the sense is not exact.

  Liu Jihui; Shao Yuanyuan; Qiao Yan; Xu Fang. Research on the impact of economic stress on young adults’ marital intentions from the perspective of social exchange theory: a study on the mediating role of psychological capital. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1758280; article XML SHA-256 e44606c158cef2c928e4e8298634267b6c191c40602d40eac96c0a705108d7cd. “Research on the impact of economic stress on young adults’ marital intentions from the perspective of social exchange theory: a study on the mediating role of psychological capital” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1758280). · CC-BY-4.0

• excitatory postsynaptic potential: The definition adds an association with glutamatergic input, which is supported, but it presents this as a general definitional feature rather than the packet’s specific experimental context.; The definition states that the term is “the excitatory component of neuronal signaling,” but the packet only describes EPSP in the context of dendritic integration experiments/models and does not explicitly support this phrasing as a definitional characterization.; The phrase “the excitatory component of neuronal signaling” is broader than what the packet states; the source only describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) as a voltage value in a dendritic integration rule.; The wording is otherwise close, but it should stay tightly tied to the source’s statement that the EPSP is measured as a voltage value at the time it reaches its peak.; While the packet supports that the EPSP is a voltage value associated with excitatory glutamatergic input and that it is measured at the time when it reaches its peak, it does not explicitly define EPSP as “the voltage change produced in a postsynaptic neuron by excitatory input” in those exact terms.

  Zhou Douglas; Li Songting; Zhang Xiao-hui; Cai David. Phenomenological Incorporation of Nonlinear Dendritic Integration Using Integrate-and-Fire Neuronal Frameworks. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0053508; article XML SHA-256 b453d9b4221456b78064da5da819beb2b15de09d3b775a51e28861cb23d11f8f. “Phenomenological Incorporation of Nonlinear Dendritic Integration Using Integrate-and-Fire Neuronal Frameworks” (10.1371/journal.pone.0053508). · CC-BY-4.0

• executive attention: The definition states that executive attention is “involved in directing and controlling processing,” but the supplied packet only discusses executive attention’s involvement in conscious vs. unconscious processing and its links to temporal attention and working-memory subsystems; it does not define executive attention as directing/controlling processing.; The packet does not define executive attention as a form of attention involved in directing and controlling processing.; The packet supports a link to temporal attention and to the working-memory manipulation subsystem rather than the maintenance subsystem, but the definition overstates the packet by presenting these as the defining sense of the term.; The packet supports a role in unconscious processing, but it does not support the claim that executive attention also supports conscious processing.; The remainder of the definition (that evidence indicates executive attention supports both conscious and unconscious processing, and that it is linked to temporal attention and the working-memory manipulation system rather than the maintenance system) is consistent with parts of the packet, but the overall definition fails because of the unsupported first claim.

  Mao Xuechen; Huang Qin; Shi Jilong; Yu Yanglan; Li Anmin. Athletes demonstrate an advantage in unconscious processing under working-memory load specifically within sport-related domains. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1697078; article XML SHA-256 f19b1c9dc6d6abc89086e56e93abed0f274cc3fe585286a48adf71242501a2d1. “Athletes demonstrate an advantage in unconscious processing under working-memory load specifically within sport-related domains” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1697078). · CC-BY-4.0

• exercise adherence: Because the definition contains substantive claims beyond what the packet explicitly provides (especially the general time-based/behavioral extent wording), the definition cannot be accepted as supported by the supplied source packet.; The added gloss about being "especially as an intention to sustain exercise behavior, such as continuing to meet planned activity goals" goes beyond the packet’s wording; the packet discusses "exercise adherence intention" and sustaining exercise plans, but not that fuller definition or planned activity goals.; The definition’s first sentence (“extent to which a person keeps following an exercise plan or maintains regular physical activity over time”) is not explicitly supported as a definition in the provided packet text; the packet discusses exercise adherence intention and related effects, but does not supply this general operational meaning.; The packet supports exercise adherence in relation to sustaining exercise plans or behavior, but it does not explicitly define it as the extent to which a person keeps following an exercise plan or maintains regular physical activity over time.; The packet supports the latter portion about “intention to sustain exercise behavior/ plans” in the context of gamification and intention (it references “exercise adherence intention” and intention effects), but the definition combines this with an additional, broader characterization not stated in the packet.

  Sun Yi; Dong Hongchi; Jiang Wenyi. Is more always better? An S-shaped impact of gamification feature richness on exercise adherence intention. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1671543; article XML SHA-256 0825222ba8a7d03d8ead386a2e32baba47046159582b516cbb428e882722bb8d. “Is more always better? An S-shaped impact of gamification feature richness on exercise adherence intention” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1671543). · CC-BY-4.0

• exhaustive search: Because the packet is limited to a single use of the term in a systematic-review context, the broad characterization in the definition (including “all relevant… other information”) is an unsupported generalization.; The definition’s claims that the search aims to find “all relevant cases, studies, or other information” and specifically contrasts this with “only a selected sample” are not directly supported in the packet text provided.; The packet does not provide an explicit definition of “exhaustive search” (it only uses the phrase “performed an exhaustive search for case studies”).; The packet only supports an exhaustive search for case studies in a specific systematic review; the definition generalizes this to any cases, studies, or other information on a topic.; The wording implies a general dictionary sense of the term without clear support from the supplied source for that broader sense.

  Häuser Katja; Domahs Frank. Functional lateralization of lexical stress representation: a systematic review of patient data. 2014; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00317; article XML SHA-256 4427924e60e86f21e59bf7d6fde07ffad86b6428bcd33faedb2d27025631e41a. “Functional lateralization of lexical stress representation: a systematic review of patient data” (10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00317). · CC-BY-3.0

• exogenous cue: The definition claims it “help[s] orient attention under conditions of spatial uncertainty”; while the packet discusses “spatial uncertainty,” it does not explicitly connect that uncertainty to exogenous cues orienting attention in the stated way.; The definition says “it was used to manipulate attention before a visual target appeared”; the packet does not describe the timing relative to target onset beyond stating that targets were presented and attention was manipulated via an exogenous cue.; The definition states that an exogenous cue is “an external signal used to direct attention to a location”; the packet only mentions that attention was “manipulated … via an exogenous cue” and does not define exogenous cues as external signals directing attention to locations.; The packet supports only that attention was manipulated via an exogenous cue in a spatial cueing/detection task; it does not explicitly define the term as an external signal that directs attention to a location.; “Helping orient attention under conditions of spatial uncertainty” is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s wording.; “In this context, it was used to manipulate attention before a visual target appeared” is only implied, not directly supported by the packet.

  De Lestrange-Anginieur Elie; Kee Chea-su. Investigation of the impact of blur under mobile attentional orientation using a vision simulator. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0234380; article XML SHA-256 785bba5b6d2d410d068a0babbebab01fe71c7a4f94754fbcb8a5473d4d096204. “Investigation of the impact of blur under mobile attentional orientation using a vision simulator” (10.1371/journal.pone.0234380). · CC-BY-4.0

• exogenous variable: The definition adds an unsupported explanatory gloss about how exogenous variables function generally rather than restricting itself to the supported sense in the source article.; The definition’s general characterization of an “exogenous variable” as a factor “coming from outside the model’s internal pathways” and used as a “starting-point influence” is not explicitly supported anywhere in the provided packet text (the packet only states that one construct was “proposed as an exogenous variable”).; The packet supports only the specific modeling example; it does not state the general definition that an exogenous variable is a factor coming from outside the model’s internal pathways or serving as a starting-point influence on other variables.; The requested sense of the term is defensibly illustrated only by the packet’s specific usage (“successful academic identity as an exogenous variable” with mindfulness and academic self-efficacy as mediators), but the broader general definition is not supported by the packet.

  Chen Shuya. Structural modeling of Chinese students’ academic achievement identity and basic psychological needs: do academic self-efficacy, and mindfulness play a mediating role?. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s40359-024-01571-6; article XML SHA-256 0dd32d13b4004f9b46cf62bbf7b4e18c24e394632dcf64ea85277166a3fc1c5e. “Structural modeling of Chinese students’ academic achievement identity and basic psychological needs: do academic self-efficacy, and mindfulness play a mediating role?” (10.1186/s40359-024-01571-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• exogenous: The definition adds an unsupported contrast with being ‘produced within’ the body/organism; the packet only supports use of exogenous as coming from an external source or administration, not that explicit endogenous contrast.; The definition’s first sentence (“coming from outside the body or organism rather than being produced within it”) is not explicitly supported in the packet text; the packet only mentions “exogenous treatment” in relation to administering neuropeptides.; The second sentence’s specific example (“a substance such as a neuropeptide being given from an external source to increase its levels”) is only partially supported: the packet states “exogenous treatment with either peptide can improve social symptoms,” but it does not explicitly define exogenous as “being given from an external source” or specify “increase its levels.”

  Li Qin; Zhao Weihua; Xu Dan; Le Jiao; Kou Juan; Lan Chunmei; Xu Xinjie; Meng Fanchao; Li Xi; Shou Xiaojing; Zhang Rong; Kendrick Keith M.. Peripheral oxytocin but not vasopressin concentrations are associated with language skills in young autistic children. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1854532; article XML SHA-256 853e5ace3c3746abdad235750bd788fa89df9f3a174898efe6881be0fadbcf05. “Peripheral oxytocin but not vasopressin concentrations are associated with language skills in young autistic children” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1854532). · CC-BY-4.0

• exon: Field defensibility: the packet content is about molecular biology (RNA splicing, introns/exons, alternative splicing, transcriptome/proteome), not cognition/psychology, so using the requested field “cognition” is not well supported by the packet.; The definition is otherwise supported, but the requested field/sense does not match the supplied source context.; The field is not defensible from the packet: the source is molecular biology/genetics about RNA splicing, not cognition or psychology/counselling.

  Zhang Xunzhi; Yu Ze; Westfall Aundrea K.; Han Kunyi; Mootha V. Vinod; Xing Chao. Transcriptomic analysis implicates the involvement of RBM20 in Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy with TCF4 repeat expansion. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0332512; article XML SHA-256 3a944261a3b14358c2fbf0c2760b5a7081f106ca5de9d363a5dbe68c4aa9cc13. “Transcriptomic analysis implicates the involvement of RBM20 in Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy with TCF4 repeat expansion” (10.1371/journal.pone.0332512). · CC-BY-4.0

• exosystem: The definition’s second sentence claims these exosystem conditions “can influence family and parenting experiences,” but the packet only reports that exosystem-organizational/community factors (e.g., number of children in the household, neighborhood, hours spent with children, child’s illness/behavior problems, social support) were identified as associated with parental burnout; it does not explicitly support broader wording about influencing “family and parenting experiences.”; The packet supports exosystem as the organizational/community level in Ecological Systems Theory, but it does not support listing “household” as an exosystem condition.; “Time demands” is not stated in the packet; the closest supported wording is the number of hours spent with children.

  Ren Xiaohe; Cai Yingying; Wang Jingyi; Chen Ou. A systematic review of parental burnout and related factors among parents. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12889-024-17829-y; article XML SHA-256 b0db0b642dba296de6a93774abf5e95b8a27ccca97530bd1428be8ef570d9940. “A systematic review of parental burnout and related factors among parents” (10.1186/s12889-024-17829-y). · CC-BY-4.0

• experimental treatment: The definition adds broader claims about a treatment’s effects being under investigation and not taken as established, which are not stated directly in the packet.; The definition claims it “refers to methods being tried for psychiatric or neurologic disorders,” but the packet only explicitly supports this for the single method mentioned (fMRI NF), not as a general definitional scope for the term.; The definition’s phrasing about “questions remain about how they work” (as a defining characteristic of the term) is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet only notes particular concerns about how fMRI NF might work (placebo vs operant-conditioning principles).; The packet only provides a specific example (fMRI neurofeedback) being described as an “experimental treatment” and mentions disregarded concerns about placebo effects. It does not support the broader, general definition that an “experimental treatment” is characterized by effects/mechanisms “still being investigated rather than taken as established.”; The phrase about methods being tried for psychiatric or neurologic disorders goes beyond the source’s single example and should not be generalized as the term’s full sense from this packet alone.; The source only supports fMRI neurofeedback as an example of an experimental treatment; it does not establish a general dictionary definition of the term.

  Klöbl M.; Robinson S. D.; Silberbauer L. R.; Reed M. B.; Sahl A.; Gomola D.; Hahn A.; Lanzenberger R.. Subjective regulation success mediates the influence of neurofeedback performance on mood in the absence of training effects. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743425; article XML SHA-256 855b3cac524c8e3906f571796de8dda0f907180aa1b7adc976ac8e09e645ce11. “Subjective regulation success mediates the influence of neurofeedback performance on mood in the absence of training effects” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743425). · CC-BY-4.0

• expert performance: The definition claims expert performance “depends not only on technical ability but also” on perceiving demands and adjusting actions; the packet supports perceiving and adapting to acoustic conditions as crucial, but it does not support the “not only technical ability” part.; The definition narrows the term to musicians and acoustic environments in a way that goes beyond the packet’s stated general point that acoustic perception and adaptation are crucial to expert performance.; The definition states playing remains “expressive”; the packet details adaptations in terms of tempo, pedalling, voicing, dynamics, projection, clarity, and communication, but does not explicitly mention “expressive” as such.; The wording adds an explanatory gloss (“depends not only on technical ability but also on perceiving the demands of the setting and adjusting actions to fit them”) that is broader than the packet’s evidence and is not directly stated as a definition in the source.; “Expressive” is not supported by the packet; the source mentions clarity and communication, but not expressiveness as an outcome of acoustic adaptation.

  Shao Mutong; Williamon Aaron; Waddell George. Playing to the room: how solo pianists perceive, understand, and adapt to acoustic conditions. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1909431; article XML SHA-256 b103693cbc0791a3af68c34e395579c5ba538f2f7da2e4df498cf822c23bbf36. “Playing to the room: how solo pianists perceive, understand, and adapt to acoustic conditions” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1909431). · CC-BY-4.0

• expertise: The definition’s first sentence (‘Expertise is being seen as especially knowledgeable or skilled in a particular area’) is not explicitly supported by the provided packet text, which instead discusses inferring/attributing ‘domain-specific expertise’ from spatial proximity without defining expertise as knowledgeable/skilled.; The first sentence adds an unsupported gloss (“especially knowledgeable or skilled”); the packet only supports attributed domain-specific expertise, not that definition of the term.; The response should stick to what the study actually shows about expertise attribution from spatial proximity, rather than broadening the term beyond the supplied text.

  Friedrich Scarlett; Linne Roman. Close is clever! Spatial proximity shapes expertise attribution. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1763841; article XML SHA-256 a500e9424bb65090e10d28bf7708bbb82b9b31859daab3de594c3eed62466cae. “Close is clever! Spatial proximity shapes expertise attribution” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1763841). · CC-BY-4.0

• expert–novice differences: The first sentence defines “expert–novice differences” as “performance and attention differences” between “more highly trained people and less experienced beginners on the same task,” but the provided packet does not explicitly make or support that definitional framing.; The packet supports only a narrower claim: that “tactical training experience, rather than occupational tenure alone, contributes to more efficient gaze strategies under stress,” which is insufficient to justify the broader definition’s general wording about performance/attention differences on the same task.; The packet supports this term only in a narrow police use-of-force eye-tracking context; it does not establish the broad general definition about all tasks or the general claim of “performance and attention differences” between highly trained people and beginners.; “Performance differences” is not specifically supported in the packet; the packet’s support is for more efficient gaze strategies under stress and related decision-making findings, not a general performance-based definition.

  Li Yaoguang; Cui Wenlai. Cognitive decision-making in police use of force: a scoping review based on eye-tracking research. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1837475; article XML SHA-256 5caf1fc7e3a968f4a442a8148cf27b994a33fe7e5ac1c46b9cf54a7a37cf0dd5. “Cognitive decision-making in police use of force: a scoping review based on eye-tracking research” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1837475). · CC-BY-4.0

• explained variance: The EEG-specific gloss that higher global explained variance means a microstate class captures more of the brain signal’s overall activity pattern is an unsupported extrapolation beyond the packet.; The definition includes an EEG-specific interpretation (“microstate class captures… overall activity pattern”) that is not supported by any explicit explanatory text in the provided packet.; The definition’s claim that “higher global explained variance means a microstate class captures more of the brain signal’s overall activity pattern” is not explicitly stated in the packet.; The packet does not define “explained variance” (or “global explained variance”) as a general quantity of “overall variation in the data” accounted for by a pattern/factor.; The packet supports that microstate analysis reported a significantly enhanced global explained variance (GEV) for class D, but it does not define explained variance as the amount of overall variation accounted for by a pattern or factor.; While the packet reports “significantly enhanced global explained variance (GEV)” for class D (and an opposite effect for sad vs happy), it does not provide the requested conceptual interpretation or a description matching the wording of the definition.

  Gupta Ashish; Srivastava Chandan Kumar; Bhushan Braj; Behera Laxmidhar. A comparative study of EEG microstate dynamics during happy and sad music videos. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1469468; article XML SHA-256 be7bde025b642f73490fc152ea11ec105c9361c03bad5512280c3b652171523f. “A comparative study of EEG microstate dynamics during happy and sad music videos” (10.3389/fnhum.2024.1469468). · CC-BY-4.0

• explicit behavior: The added explanation that speaking makes language directly visible in what a person does is not stated or supported by the packet.; The definition adds a general characterization (“outward, observable action”) that goes beyond what the provided source text explicitly says.; The definition goes beyond the packet’s wording by presenting a broader general definition and a causal explanation not established by the source.; The definition’s first sentence (“Explicit behavior is an outward, observable action.”) is not supported by the packet, which only states that speaking is the “first explicit behavior of language” and that it makes language “directly visible.”; The packet supports only that speaking is described as the first explicit behavior of language; it does not define explicit behavior generally as an outward, observable action.

  Yin Sheng-Kai. A study of the effects of thematic language teaching on the promotion of multimedia design students’ listening and speaking skills. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915145; article XML SHA-256 438e89b62b90a45cc3cb5a27dfbec176c5a635bddc0f83fb7238fd02d3084ada. “A study of the effects of thematic language teaching on the promotion of multimedia design students’ listening and speaking skills” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915145). · CC-BY-4.0

• explicit prejudice: The definition includes additional specificity (e.g., the exact forms of directness/conscious reporting and the meaning of the response being “absolute, self-reported”) that is not supported by the provided packet text.; The packet contrasts explicit/absolute prejudice measures with comparative and IAT measures, but it does not define explicit prejudice as direct, conscious self-reports or as openly expressed negative attitudes.; The packet does not explicitly define “explicit prejudice” as “direct, conscious reports rather than indirect methods” or use phrasing that supports this characterization.; The phrase "on absolute, self-reported measures" is only partially supported; the packet says the study used absolute measures of prejudice that closely resembled the original study, but it does not state that explicit prejudice is generally defined by absolute self-report measures.; While the packet contrasts “explicit measures” with the Implicit Association Test (IAT), it does not state that explicit prejudice specifically involves “absolute, self-reported measures,” nor does it describe them as “openly expressed negative attitudes” on such measures.

  Thompson Jordan L.; Cassario Abigail L.; Vallabha Shree; Gnall Samantha A.; Rice Sada; Solanki Prachi; Carrillo Alejandro; Brandt Mark J.; Wetherell Geoffrey A.. Registered report: Stress testing predictive models of ideological prejudice. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0334152; article XML SHA-256 c373fb30dcc6bcfec8aacf30588f3cc6fad8cbecd7df854a096c9334ee78a5b4. “Registered report: Stress testing predictive models of ideological prejudice” (10.1371/journal.pone.0334152). · CC-BY-4.0

• exploratory drive: Because the defining/meaning claim is unsupported by the packet, the requested sense of the term is not defensible from the supplied source.; The packet does not provide a formal definition of “exploratory drive” as “how much an animal explores its environment”; it only reports that behavioral assessments showed age-related declines in “exploratory drive.”; The packet shows only that exploratory drive declined with age in the study; it does not define the term as an aspect of behavior reflecting how much an animal explores its environment.; The wording presents a gloss as if it were the packet’s meaning, but no fuller formal definition is given in the source text.

  Amiot Florent; Etchebest Antxon; Andriambelo Bijou; St-Germain Joannie; Avino Mariano; Plourde Mélanie; Laurent Benoit; Pifferi Fabien. Age-related molecular and functional remodeling of the choroid plexus in the gray mouse lemur. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0357233; article XML SHA-256 5004c1b393703d31c5c90e1af410532ecf424d7e8da9bed6a84a04b6d8c3cfbb. “Age-related molecular and functional remodeling of the choroid plexus in the gray mouse lemur” (10.1371/journal.pone.0357233). · CC-BY-4.0

• exploratory research: The definition asserts multiple substantive purposes (“refine concepts,” “define terms,” “identify useful questions and methods”) that are not explicitly listed or directly supported in the packet beyond mentioning “operational definitions,” “methodological considerations,” and “exploratory research questions.”; The definition’s reference to “later comparative or confirmatory studies” is not stated in the packet (the packet mentions “future comparative studies,” but not confirmatory studies or the specific sequencing implied).; The packet does not provide a definition of “exploratory research” matching the supplied wording; it only describes a “mini review” that proposes a “hypothesis-generating conceptual framework” and “exploratory research questions” for future work.; While the packet notes asymmetric/limited direct evidence (e.g., limited objective evidence in BFRBs) and presents a framework as “tentative,” it does not explicitly support the broader claims that exploratory research is “early,” used “when evidence is limited or uneven,” or that it is specifically intended to “refine concepts, define terms,” and “identify useful questions and methods for later comparative or confirmatory studies.”; “Early” is an extrapolation not stated in the packet, which describes the work as hypothesis-generating and exploratory but does not define exploratory research as an early-stage type of investigation.; “Later comparative or confirmatory studies” is not fully supported: the packet mentions future comparative studies, but not confirmatory studies.

  Zhang Yahui; Feng Meijing; Ma Rui; Xue Qiuyan; Li Xue; Liu Fangming. Candidate emotional awareness–interoceptive pathways in body-focused repetitive behaviors and somatic symptom disorder: a hypothesis-generating mini review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1867350; article XML SHA-256 314d74fd134eca629307555af1116e8287a2148582ddea0d2336e5c9216a3691. “Candidate emotional awareness–interoceptive pathways in body-focused repetitive behaviors and somatic symptom disorder: a hypothesis-generating mini review” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1867350). · CC-BY-4.0

• expressive language: The first sentence (“Expressive language is the ability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs.”) is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet describes expressive language as being impaired (speech, writing, signs) rather than defining it as an ability.; The packet’s record is for Broca aphasia, described as an aphasia with impaired expressive language and relatively preserved comprehension; the definition instead defines the general capacity of expressive language and shifts to a condition-specific claim.; The second sentence about Broca aphasia impairing the expressive aspect while comprehension/receptive abilities are relatively preserved is supported by the packet.; The statement about Broca aphasia is not a definition of the term ‘expressive language’ itself, so the requested sense does not match the source record.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Aphasia, Broca” (D001039). · public-domain-US-government

• externalizing–internalizing: Because the first sentence contains an unsupported characterization, the requested sense of the term is not fully defensible from the supplied packet.; The definition adds interpretive wording about the term’s meaning that is not stated in the source; the source only describes these as observed behavioral ratings within a prison behavior assessment study.; The definition’s description of “externalizing–internalizing” as “outwardly expressed” versus “inwardly directed” behavior is not stated or explicitly supported in the provided packet text (the packet mentions the labels “externalizing” and “internalizing” but does not define them in these directional terms).; The packet supports that prison officers rated externalizing and internalizing behavior, but it does not define externalizing–internalizing as the combined consideration of two broad behavior patterns or explain them as outwardly vs. inwardly directed behavior.

  Hausam Joscha; Lehmann Robert J. B.; Dahle Klaus-Peter. A Person-Centered Approach to Prison Behavior Based on Officers’ Observations: Relations to Risk, Prison Misconduct, and Recidivism. 2020; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00241; article XML SHA-256 fc1865c1fc019ee837bf44656225ffe4d81feaf757fa4e7cdce273fefd7e3248. “A Person-Centered Approach to Prison Behavior Based on Officers’ Observations: Relations to Risk, Prison Misconduct, and Recidivism” (10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00241). · CC-BY-4.0

• extracellular space: Because the definition includes a substantive claim (“outside cells”) not directly supported by the provided packet text, the definition is not fully defensible.; The definition adds a broader general definition not established by the source packet, rather than staying within the source’s specific usage.; The packet only supports the usage that exosomes are released into the extracellular space; it does not explicitly define extracellular space as “the area outside cells.”; The packet supports that exosomes are “released into the extracellular space,” but it does not explicitly state that the extracellular space is “the area outside cells.”

  Sadeghi Atefeh; Noorbakhshnia Maryam; Khodashenas Shabanali. Protective potential of BM-MSC extracted Exosomes in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0320883; article XML SHA-256 646c2ede2cbce7f78b26af3bac87bb1eff55a63e04a7258de70bf412490321f0. “Protective potential of BM-MSC extracted Exosomes in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease” (10.1371/journal.pone.0320883). · CC-BY-4.0

• extrastriate cortex: Because the first substantive sentence is unsupported by the packet, the overall definition does not meet the requirement that every substantive claim be supported by the supplied source packet.; The definition should stay tied to the source’s specific finding; the packet only reports an interaction between simplicity and prototypicality evaluations in the right extrastriate cortex, not a broader consensus description of the term.; The definition’s claim that the extrastriate cortex is “involved in visual processing beyond the earliest stages” is not explicitly supported in the provided packet. The packet only describes “early ventral stream” versus “late ventral stream” involvement and reports an “interaction … in the extrastriate cortex in the right hemisphere,” without stating that the extrastriate cortex is specifically “beyond the earliest stages.”; The first sentence adds a general anatomical definition (“a region of the cerebral cortex involved in visual processing beyond the earliest stages”) that is not stated in the packet.

  Cho Erin; Yoon Shin-Ae; Park Hae-Jeong. Neural processing of prototypicality and simplicity of product design in forming design preferences. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0297148; article XML SHA-256 a42841ffb1a6c955728c1f531b5871c205a8813b0fb734d8ee2202b7c7b419d8. “Neural processing of prototypicality and simplicity of product design in forming design preferences” (10.1371/journal.pone.0297148). · CC-BY-4.0

• eyelid conditioning: The definition adds an unsupported mechanistic detail: a “previously neutral cue” being linked to something that triggers blinking is not stated in the packet.; The packet does not mention “triggers blinking” as an explicit outcome; it only refers to eyelid closure.; The packet only states “reflex closure of the eyelid occurring as a result of classical conditioning” and does not explicitly support that the reflex is “learned,” that a “previously neutral cue” is used, or that the cue is “linked” through conditioning.; The packet supports only “reflex closure of the eyelid occurring as a result of classical conditioning,” so the expanded causal explanation goes beyond the supplied source.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Conditioning, Eyelid” (D003215). · public-domain-US-government

• eyewitness memory: The definition adds a broader memory description (“memory for an event a person has seen and later reports in testimony”) that is only partially grounded in the packet’s wording about testimonies about a witnessed event; the packet does not define the term as such.; The packet does not explicitly define “eyewitness memory” as “memory for an event a person has seen and later reports in testimony.”; The packet provides context and study findings about peripheral details in testimonies, but it does not provide an overall definitional characterization matching all parts of the proposed definition.; The packet supports eyewitness memory as testimony about a witnessed event and the inclusion of peripheral details, but it does not support the added claim about central information.; While the packet mentions “eyewitness testimonies” after viewing a video and relates a measure to “peripheral” details, it does not support the specific claim that this definition “includes…central and…peripheral information.”

  Badiola-Lekue Ixone; Arriola Naiara; Rodríguez Gabriel. The relationship between latent inhibition, divergent thinking, and eyewitness memory: A study on attention to irrelevant stimuli. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0315158; article XML SHA-256 d05d67d307e87a0fd4eb060d56e043ba3832b9ee7b7def4385748252c3576215. “The relationship between latent inhibition, divergent thinking, and eyewitness memory: A study on attention to irrelevant stimuli” (10.1371/journal.pone.0315158). · CC-BY-4.0

• F value: The definition should stay tightly within the supplied source passage; it goes beyond the passage by generalizing to analyses such as ANOVA without that being directly defined for the term here.; The first sentence adds an unsupported characterization of an F value as expressing the size of an effect relative to error or unexplained variation; the packet only says an F value and its degrees of freedom can be used to calculate partial eta squared.; The packet does not define what an “F value” is or say that it expresses the size of an effect relative to “error or unexplained variation.” It only discusses how partial eta squared (η²p) can be computed from an F value and its degrees of freedom.

  Frontiers: Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science. 2013 volume 4; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863. “Calculating and reporting effect sizes” (9b939b04f5240b5c5c85). · CC-BY-4.0

• face-to-face group: The definition claims that a face-to-face group is “an in-person meeting … who give and discuss their judgments together,” but the packet does not state that participants jointly discuss judgments; it describes a “face-to-face group elicitation procedure” whose central element is a trial roulette question eliciting experts’ judgments.; The packet says the procedure elicits experts’ judgments expressed as distributions; it does not support the broader generic definition of a face-to-face group as a meeting of participants who discuss judgments, beyond this specific elicitation context.; The packet supports an in-person face-to-face group elicitation procedure, but it does not state that participants “give and discuss their judgments together.”

  Zondervan-Zwijnenburg Mariëlle; van de Schoot-Hubeek Wenneke; Lek Kimberley; Hoijtink Herbert; van de Schoot Rens. Application and Evaluation of an Expert Judgment Elicitation Procedure for Correlations. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00090; article XML SHA-256 70230cf9e071d999c8bc0ce5101aab3ec903b867fa519b6a5cd7e28fcd59eb2e. “Application and Evaluation of an Expert Judgment Elicitation Procedure for Correlations” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00090). · CC-BY-4.0

• facial disfigurement: The claim that facial disfigurement “can change how observers visually attend to a face and how positively they appraise it” goes beyond the packet’s wording and generalizes a study finding about cleft-affected infant faces into a broader definitional statement.; The definition equates the general term “facial disfigurement” with “cleft lip and/or palate,” but the packet discusses “cleft-affected infant faces” and does not explicitly map the broader term to that example as a definition.; The definition should stay tightly tied to the packet’s specific sense (cleft-affected infant faces / congenital facial malformation) rather than presenting broader, unsupported general wording.; The packet describes the effect as “adversely affected” and discusses “aversive behaviour” / cuteness ratings; it does not support the specific framing that observers’ appraisal changes “how positively they appraise it.”; The packet supports congenital facial malformation examples such as cleft lip and/or palate, but it does not explicitly define facial disfigurement as any “visible difference in the face.”; The packet supports that congenital facial malformation (e.g., cleft lip/palate) affects adults’ visual scanning and subjective appraisal of infant faces, but it does not explicitly define “facial disfigurement” as a general “visible difference in the face.”

  Hunt Benjamin W; De Pascalis Leonardo. In the eye and mind of the beholder: The effects of familiarisation on the perception of atypical infant facial configurations. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0311763; article XML SHA-256 caa160a5552762ea5da1f17b170a5bb8dfdc5a6fee3aa869050cc2acda16c0e0. “In the eye and mind of the beholder: The effects of familiarisation on the perception of atypical infant facial configurations” (10.1371/journal.pone.0311763). · CC-BY-4.0

• facial feedback hypothesis: Field mismatch: the provided packet is a narrative review about psychological/psychiatric outcomes and mechanisms of upper facial botulinum toxin, not a diagnostic entry, diagnostic criteria, or diagnostic framing for a specific disorder.; The first sentence is slightly overgeneralized beyond the packet’s scope, which supports the hypothesis in relation to upper facial BoNT-A, corrugator/procerus inhibition, and limbic signaling rather than establishing the broader claim for all facial muscle activity.; The requested field is mismatched: this term is a psychological hypothesis/theory, not a diagnosis, and the packet only discusses it in the context of psychodermatology and BoNT-A effects.

  Loewen Álvaro; Aranda-Guerrero Sabina; Tajima-Pozo Kazuhiro. Beyond aesthetic outcomes: psychodermatological benefits of botulinum toxin treatment in the upper facial third. A narrative review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1822916; article XML SHA-256 81ff9b48ae9dc70f306b12e4024079eb85108a9ac9bd2f0d86e7bcb9380d8057. “Beyond aesthetic outcomes: psychodermatological benefits of botulinum toxin treatment in the upper facial third. A narrative review” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1822916). · CC-BY-4.0

• factor theory of intelligence: Because the packet provides only a brief contextual mention, the requested “factor theory of intelligence” sense (including the general framing and the “two main components” description) is not supported by the supplied text.; The definition adds explanatory detail not present in the source packet and should not present historical theory as a supported current meaning without evidence.; The definition claims that Cattell’s two-factor theory “treats intelligence as having two main components”; the packet does not state what the components are or that intelligence is modeled explicitly as “two main components” in that way—only that it is “two-factor.”; The packet does not define “factor theory of intelligence” as a general view explaining cognitive ability in terms of underlying factors; it only mentions that the study applies “the two-factor theory of intelligence by Cattell.”; The packet does not state that Cattell’s theory treats intelligence as having two main components, so that specific gloss is unsupported.; The packet only shows that the study applied Cattell’s two-factor theory of intelligence; it does not support the general definition of “factor theory of intelligence” as a view explaining cognitive ability in terms of underlying factors.

  McCutcheon Lynn E; Zsila Ágnes; Demetrovics Zsolt. Celebrity worship and cognitive skills revisited: applying Cattell’s two-factor theory of intelligence in a cross-sectional study. 2021; DOI 10.1186/s40359-021-00679-3; article XML SHA-256 3be084bd6b1f789bdbbb70d908b11c8e77c020aeef2c062ba034259c9e00017f. “Celebrity worship and cognitive skills revisited: applying Cattell’s two-factor theory of intelligence in a cross-sectional study” (10.1186/s40359-021-00679-3). · CC-BY-4.0

• false analogy: The definition adds a specific gloss about a word form being "wrongly reshaped to fit a familiar pattern" that is not stated in the source packet.; The definition includes wording (“ordinary analogical reshaping,” “rather than as mistakes”) that is not directly stated or clearly entailed by the provided text.; The first sentence relies on a historical sense and framing that are not clearly established by the packet; the source instead explains analogy as ordinary historical change without a correctness/incorrectness distinction.; The packet does not support the claim that “false analogy” was used as an older grammatical label for “a word form seen as wrongly reshaped to fit a familiar pattern.” It discusses “analogy” in older grammar, but does not describe “false analogy” as an older label for incorrectly reshaped forms.; The packet does not support treating "false analogy" as an accepted older grammatical term; it says modern historical grammar "cannot speak of 'false' analogy."; While the packet does support that, in the historical view, “false” analogy is not spoken of (it states that modern historical grammar “cannot speak of ‘false’ analogy”), it does not explicitly frame this as “not accepted” because changes are understood as ordinary analogical reshaping rather than mistakes.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Analogy (linguistic)” (Analogy (linguistic)). · public-domain-US

• false detection: The definition’s general characterization (“incorrect identification of something as present or as belonging to the wrong category during a detection task”) is not explicitly stated in the provided packet text; the packet only refers to “challenges of false detection” and mentions a “misclassification problem” for left/right gestures.; The packet does not provide a direct, standalone description of “false detection” as a concept/definition; it uses the term within the context of a specific gesture-detection task and model, so the requested broad detection-task wording is unsupported.; The packet supports that the paper addresses false detection in traffic police gesture recognition and mentions misclassification of left-turn vs right-turn gestures, but it does not define false detection as the general concept of incorrectly identifying something as present or as belonging to the wrong category.; The source context is narrower than the definition: it concerns detection/model errors in image-based gesture recognition, not a general detection-task definition across settings.; While the packet does mention misclassification between “left-turn and right-turn gestures,” the provided definition adds additional general-scope phrasing (e.g., “present” and “wrong category”) that is not supported by the packet.

  Zhang Xiaoyu; Guo Baohua; Anthony Sigama; Bassir David; Zhang Yuandi. FDMB-YOLOv11: Traffic police command gesture recognition method under different lighting conditions. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0357212; article XML SHA-256 cc0dbf08bde32277fee8bec5eb4ff85934708d0610885f7214d1178576901e73. “FDMB-YOLOv11: Traffic police command gesture recognition method under different lighting conditions” (10.1371/journal.pone.0357212). · CC-BY-4.0

• falsifiability: The packet does not provide an explicit or definitional description of “falsifiability” as a general property of claims/research approaches being open to being tested in ways that could show them to be wrong, so the definition’s first sentence is unsupported by the supplied source.; The packet uses “falsifiability” only in the narrow sense of preserving a study’s testability while revising methods; it does not support the broader general definition as the quality of any claim or research approach that can be shown wrong.; While the packet mentions “preserving falsifiability” in the context of reframing methodology (and discusses adjusting approaches to better match the dynamics of the OBE state), it does not state the specific meaning given in the definition’s second sentence (that falsifiability here means designing studies so they remain scientifically testable even when methods are adjusted to better fit the experience).; “Keeps it open to being tested in ways that could show it to be wrong” and similar wording is not stated in the packet and is an unsupported generalization beyond the source text.

  Weiler Marina; Pehlivanova Marieta; Cozzolino Philip J.. From laboratory targets to experiential authenticity: reframing the study of veridicality in OBEs. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1720998; article XML SHA-256 d348433596659944266e98c341dc94c2e23034a2eec406439f430b69be384d1e. “From laboratory targets to experiential authenticity: reframing the study of veridicality in OBEs” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1720998). · CC-BY-4.0

• familial Turner syndrome: The definition is more expansive than the packet in wording and framing, including generalized phrasing such as “pattern of physical and hormonal differences,” which is not stated that way in the source.; The definition’s opening claim (“older name for Noonan syndrome”) is therefore unsupported by the provided packet.; The packet does not state that “familial Turner syndrome” is an older name for “Noonan syndrome.” It describes a condition labeled under “Noonan Syndrome,” but it does not explicitly link the term “familial Turner syndrome” as an older/alternate name for Noonan syndrome.; The packet supports that this term is the Noonan syndrome descriptor and that Noonan syndrome is genetically heterogeneous, affects both sexes with a normal karyotype, and can include short stature, webbed neck, skeletal malformations, hormonal imbalance, cardiac abnormalities, and intellectual disability, but it does not support the claim that this is an older name for Noonan syndrome.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Noonan Syndrome” (D009634). · public-domain-US-government

• familiarity: The definition introduces a general dictionary meaning of familiarity as ‘being in an environment or situation that feels known rather than novel,’ but the packet only supports familiarity in the narrower context of familiar environments and does not define the term this way.; The packet does not explicitly define familiarity as “the state of being in an environment or situation that feels known rather than novel”; it only discusses familiarity in relation to emotional responses in familiar vs unfamiliar environments.; The packet supports non-uniform effects across individuals, but the definition’s first-sentence framing (“feels known rather than novel”) and the “discomfort” wording are not directly supported by the provided text.; The packet supports “emotional security” and “reduced negative affect,” but it does not explicitly support the phrasing “lowering discomfort.”; The wording is broader than the packet’s supported sense, which is about personality–familiarity interactions in affective responses, not familiarity as a general psychological state.; ‘Often increasing a sense of security and lowering discomfort’ overstates the packet, which says these effects may occur for some individuals and may vary by personality; it does not support a general or frequent effect claim.

  Liu Jie; Hu Hanyang; Jiang Mengyin; Jia Yunpeng. Personality and spatial familiarity interact to shape affective responses in urban parks: a VR study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1700552; article XML SHA-256 ce6a13f24a96b22af84d0ad8304fd1aa1354fa8d31e055aac38c802d0d36a94d. “Personality and spatial familiarity interact to shape affective responses in urban parks: a VR study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1700552). · CC-BY-4.0

• family systems theory: The definition presents the theory as a general clinical/psychological account, but the packet provides only one study’s findings and should not be used to generalize the theory’s meaning beyond that evidence.; The packet does not define family systems theory as a developmental perspective; it only says the study is based on family systems theory.; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that family systems theory is “a developmental perspective.” It only states “Based on family systems theory” and then reports a longitudinal study.; The packet supports longitudinal reciprocal associations between “family functioning” and “externalizing problems,” but the definition generalizes this to “an adolescent’s behavior” and “changes in family functioning… and a young person’s externalizing problems can influence each other over time” without explicit wording equivalent to “adolescent’s behavior” or a direct definitional statement connecting family systems theory to that developmental framing.; The phrase about understanding an adolescent’s behavior in relation to how the family functions as a whole is broader than the packet’s evidence, which only supports a reciprocal relationship between family functioning and externalizing problems in this study population.

  Liang Zhugui; Tang ShiWei; Li ZhiHua. The dynamic association between family functioning and externalizing problems in adolescents from low-income families: a latent change score model study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1768618; article XML SHA-256 1f8e2f6241545410d2ffd321eda85f084a16cd367d19d50613a989139b9d258f. “The dynamic association between family functioning and externalizing problems in adolescents from low-income families: a latent change score model study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1768618). · CC-BY-4.0

• fascination: The definition claims “fascination refers to the exercise or experience of a peculiar captivating influence over a person.” This idea is only implied by the packet’s definition of “Charm” (verb sense 2: “exercise a peculiar or fascinating influence”), but the packet does not explicitly connect that to “fascination” as a term’s meaning.; The definition’s reference to “older discussions placed it alongside trance, hypnosis, and magical influence” is not directly supported as a statement about “fascination” itself; the packet mentions the trio and then discusses magic in the general usage of “charm,” without defining “fascination.”; The packet does not provide a definition of the term “fascination”; it only mentions “so-called FASCINATION, TRANCE, and HYPNOSIS” as contexts where the verb “to exercise a peculiar or fascinating influence” is used.; The packet supports an active sense of “to exercise a peculiar or fascinating influence,” but it does not support adding “the experience of” that influence.; Therefore, substantive claims about “fascination” and the requested sense of the term are not fully supported by the supplied packet.; “Magical influence” goes beyond the packet, which links the term to the practice of magic rather than defining fascination itself as magical influence.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Charm” (Charm). · public-domain-US

• fashion: The added characterization of fashion as involving "personal expression, social significance, aesthetic appeal, emotional response, and sustainability concerns" is only partially reflected in the study’s variables and conclusions, and is not supported as a definition of fashion from the packet.; The definition’s linkage to Gen Z continuing to use slow fashion apparel is only supported as the study outcome variable, not as a definitional meaning of “fashion.”; The packet does not define the term "fashion" itself in this sense; it studies personal and social fashion consciousness in relation to slow fashion apparel, so the entry shifts the term to a broader, unsupported meaning.; The packet does not provide a definition of “fashion” as “clothing-related choices and meanings shaped by personal expression, social significance, aesthetic appeal, emotional response, and sustainability concerns.”; The packet frames “personal and social fashion consciousness” and measured value variables (aesthetic, emotional, social, green) as predictors of “willingness to continue using slow fashion apparel,” but it does not state that these elements define “fashion.”; The sentence mixes the term definition with a study result about values linked to Gen Z consumers’ willingness to continue using slow fashion apparel, which is not a definition of the term.

  Zhu Jiayu; Liu Anding. The mechanism of fashion consciousness influencing Gen Z’s Willingness to continue using slow fashion apparel in a sustainable context. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0357599; article XML SHA-256 8c6082c7e2b44e7f58fb3371d26b70f8c829b966da2cb3399a6e8f439dfbbfab. “The mechanism of fashion consciousness influencing Gen Z’s Willingness to continue using slow fashion apparel in a sustainable context” (10.1371/journal.pone.0357599). · CC-BY-4.0

• FBA: The definition leans on neuroscience/neuroimaging terminology that is outside the supplied psychology/counselling context of the task.; The packet supports FBA as a white-matter diffusion MRI/fixel-based analysis method, not a term in the field of learning; the requested field is not defensible from the source.; The packet supports that FBA uses a study-specific population template for group analysis, but it does not clearly support the qualifier “typically uses” (the packet only states that it “utilized” a population template in this study).

  Wei Yi-Chia; Kung Yi-Chia; Lin Ching-Po; Chen Chih-Ken; Lin Chemin; Tseng Rung-Yu; Chen Yao-Liang; Huang Wen-Yi; Chen Pin-Yuan; Chong Shin-Tai; Shyu Yu-Chiau; Chang Wei-Chou; Yeh Chun-Hung. White matter alterations and their associations with biomarkers and behavior in subjective cognitive decline individuals: a fixel-based analysis. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12993-024-00238-x; article XML SHA-256 18cae0fdac8df03821cc603912e05593ea42a416de79c9772c8a72f3d62cb01a. “White matter alterations and their associations with biomarkers and behavior in subjective cognitive decline individuals: a fixel-based analysis” (10.1186/s12993-024-00238-x). · CC-BY-4.0

• fear response: The packet does not establish that the term broadly refers to an innate fear reaction that can be altered; it shows one specific altered fear-response finding in a particular study.; The packet does not state a general definition that a “fear response” is a behavioral reaction to something threatening or fear-provoking; it only describes that the mice show a “delayed innate fear response.”; The packet only reports a delayed innate fear response in a mouse model; it does not support a general dictionary definition of fear response as an organism’s behavioral reaction to threatening or fear-provoking stimuli.; The phrase “innate fear reaction that can be altered, such as appearing later than expected” is only weakly supported by the packet’s mention of a “delayed innate fear response,” but the overall definition includes additional unsupported generalization in the first sentence.

  Shahapal Anu; Park Sumi; Yoo Sangjin; Ma Shi-Xun; Lee Jongha; Kwak Hoyun; Hwang Jong-Ik; Seong Jae Young. Partial FAM19A5 deficiency in mice leads to disrupted spine maturation, hyperactivity, and an altered fear response. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0327493; article XML SHA-256 35f38ddf3333a7e4466dc7a8894644e2186e4f840251384dc894155ece76c9c9. “Partial FAM19A5 deficiency in mice leads to disrupted spine maturation, hyperactivity, and an altered fear response” (10.1371/journal.pone.0327493). · CC-BY-4.0

• Fear Survey Schedule: The definition’s characterization of the measure as being used to study “patterns of emotional and behavioral reactivity” is only indirectly supported; while the packet links aggression, impulsivity, and fear to a “reactivity” factor, it does not explicitly frame the study as “emotional and behavioral reactivity” patterns.; The packet does not explicitly describe the Fear Survey Schedule as a “psychological survey” or as measuring a person’s “level of fear”; it only states that participants completed the Fear Survey Schedule and that “fear” loaded positively on a reactivity factor.; The packet only shows the Fear Survey Schedule as one of several questionnaires completed in a specific study; it does not support a general definition of the instrument as a survey used to measure a person’s level of fear for research purposes.; The second sentence goes beyond the source by claiming it was used to study 'patterns of emotional and behavioral reactivity'; the packet says only that fear, aggression, and impulsivity loaded on a 'reactivity' factor in a principal components analysis, not that this is the schedule’s intended use or established meaning.

  Boothroyd Lynda G; Cross Catharine P. Father absence and gendered traits in sons and daughters. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0179954; article XML SHA-256 b39e08e8d1b6b38aea10e2d349b47adcfe38bf0da815584b70e10f250c94401f. “Father absence and gendered traits in sons and daughters” (10.1371/journal.pone.0179954). · CC-BY-4.0

• feasibility test: The definition’s second-sentence referent (“testing whether a new way of visualizing moving tumour and dose patterns could be produced and used meaningfully”) is not fully supported as written: the packet describes producing a movie visualization technique and discussing consequences, but does not explicitly claim the test was “used meaningfully.”; The packet does not support the general characterization “initial tryout used to see whether a proposed method or procedure can be carried out in practice.” It only states that the described work “is a feasibility test for a visualisation of tumour and isodose motion,” without defining feasibility test in general terms.; The packet supports that this was a feasibility test, but it does not support placing the term in the cognition field; the source is a radiotherapy/medical-imaging article, not a cognition context.; The second sentence narrows the meaning to a specific visualization of moving tumour and dose patterns, which is source-specific rather than a general dictionary definition of the term.

  Dzierma Yvonne; Nuesken Frank G.; Fleckenstein Jochen; Kremp Stephanie; Licht Norbert P.; Ruebe Christian. Visualisation of Respiratory Tumour Motion and Co-Moving Isodose Lines in the Context of Respiratory Gating, IMRT and Flattening-Filter-Free Beams. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0053799; article XML SHA-256 4cb8bd675934aff46ae2eeeb5b3784c27ad37381d44e95f35aeecb807b31d33a. “Visualisation of Respiratory Tumour Motion and Co-Moving Isodose Lines in the Context of Respiratory Gating, IMRT and Flattening-Filter-Free Beams” (10.1371/journal.pone.0053799). · CC-BY-4.0

• feature model: The claimed specific sense is not established by the packet as a general definition of “feature model”; it is only a paper-specific method for border binary detection.; The definition adds unsupported details such as “measurable characteristics,” “turning them into a feature vector,” and “binary features”; the packet only supports a multidimensional feature model used to extract feature vectors from binaries for detection.; The definition states that, in this source, the feature model refers to “a multidimensional set of binary features.” The provided packet only mentions a “multidimensional feature model (MDFM)” and extracting “feature vectors,” but it does not support the claim that the features are specifically binary.; The packet is about firmware security analysis and border binary detection, not a psychology/counselling sense in the field of learning.

  Yue Shudan; Zhang Guimin; Li Qingbao; Zhang Wenbo; Li Xiaonan; Jiao Weihua. BBDetector: Intelligent border binary detection in IoT device firmware based on a multidimensional feature model. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0329469; article XML SHA-256 dd5cb90d447f96ad4afa03c013e312c747c35feac656b9f2a58e7d470fb28ad0. “BBDetector: Intelligent border binary detection in IoT device firmware based on a multidimensional feature model” (10.1371/journal.pone.0329469). · CC-BY-4.0

• feedback system: The definition adds a treatment-context explanation and use in substance use disorder care that are not stated in the supplied packet text, so the requested sense is not fully supported.; The definition includes specific contextualization (“Here, it is discussed in substance use disorder treatment.”) that is not supported beyond the presence of “Substance use disorders” and “Routine outcome monitoring” as keywords.; The packet does not define “feedback system” or specify its sense in the requested psychology/diagnosis field; therefore the provided definition’s substantive claims are not evidenced by the supplied packet.; The packet only supports that the article concerns routine outcome monitoring, feedback systems, and substance use disorders; it does not define a feedback system as a clinical tool or support the specific claim that it tracks a patient’s progress during treatment and provides feedback about that progress.; The packet text provided contains only the keyword list (including “Feedback system,” “Routine outcome monitoring,” and “Substance use disorders”), and does not support the claim that a “feedback system” is a “clinical tool,” nor that it is “used in routine outcome monitoring,” nor that it “tracks a patient’s progress during treatment” or “provide[s] feedback about that progress.”

  Grindheim Øyvind; Brattland Heidi; Moltu Christian; McAleavey Andrew; Tømmervik Kristin; Govasmark Hege; Iversen Valentina. Tracking progress via clinical feedback systems in treatment of substance use disorders: a qualitative study exploring patients’ response processes. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s40359-025-03377-6; article XML SHA-256 3eb696531aea287b743926895751020b744f7396e5bf7d34d5fdbc1e3c5fd988. “Tracking progress via clinical feedback systems in treatment of substance use disorders: a qualitative study exploring patients’ response processes” (10.1186/s40359-025-03377-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• feedback: The claim that feedback’s valence can ‘strongly shape’ responses is broader than the packet’s wording and should be limited to what the source states about a ‘considerable’ cognitive influence and responses that are ‘often shaped’ by valence.; The packet discusses that emotional and behavioral responses to feedback are shaped by its valence (positive/negative) and that feedback systems exert cognitive influence, but it does not explicitly support the full phrasing that valence can strongly shape cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses in the general way stated.; The packet does not define “feedback” as information people receive about their performance or behavior.; The packet supports feedback valence as positive or negative and notes cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses, but it does not support defining feedback specifically as information about a person’s performance or behavior.

  Bartos Adel; Marosi Monika; Karsai Istvan; Schwartz Kristof. Feedback systems as interferers in perfectionism: a systematic literature review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1732312; article XML SHA-256 131fab158f74646e645c9b145e21ef0a603bb0e9f6e5af441131d220a618667e. “Feedback systems as interferers in perfectionism: a systematic literature review” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1732312). · CC-BY-4.0

• fetal infection: The definition asserts that, in the supplied source, fetal infection refers specifically to human cytomegalovirus reaching the fetus during pregnancy; while the packet discusses fetal/ congenital hCMV infection, it does not explicitly equate the general phrase “fetal infection” with “human cytomegalovirus reaching the fetus during pregnancy” as a direct definitional mapping.; The definition’s first sentence (“Fetal infection is an infection that occurs in the developing fetus before birth”) is not stated or defined in the supplied packet text, so the core meaning is unsupported.; The definition’s listed later developmental problems (hearing, balance, cognitive, and motor difficulties) are only partially supported: the packet mentions sensorineural hearing loss, vestibular impairment, and cognitive/motor developmental delay, but it does not support this exact set as the specific consequences “such as” in a definitional sense.; The opening sentence generalizes beyond the source packet; the packet does not define fetal infection in general terms.; The packet supports a specific sense of fetal infection as congenital human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection, not a general definition of any infection occurring in the fetus before birth.; The source supports hearing loss, vestibular impairment, and cognitive/motor developmental delay, but it does not specifically state the broader phrase “balance, cognitive, and motor difficulties” as a general description of fetal infection.

  Grijpink Lucia C M; van der Valk Wouter H; van Beelen Edward S A; de Groot John C M J; Locher Heiko; Vossen Ann C T M. Cytomegalovirus host receptor expression in the human fetal inner ear. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0320605; article XML SHA-256 6b4d736e0996561bdc459ec96dc8d3a8d30538d1e5dffea05d13fd12fad6cb9c. “Cytomegalovirus host receptor expression in the human fetal inner ear” (10.1371/journal.pone.0320605). · CC-BY-4.0

• FFS: The definition claims that FFS is “calculated from visual field test results”; the packet only states that FFS was calculated according to the AMA Guides, but it does not explicitly specify the input being visual field test results (e.g., Goldmann perimetry) for FFS.; The definition’s comparison that FFS had “weaker or less consistent links with reading performance than the Functional Acuity Score” is only indirectly supported: the packet says field-based measures showed weak or inconsistent associations and that FAS showed the strongest associations, but it does not explicitly single out FFS versus FAS for that comparison.; The packet says field-based measures showed weak or inconsistent associations with reading parameters, but it does not specifically show that FFS had weaker or less consistent links than the Functional Acuity Score.; The packet supports that FFS was calculated according to the AMA Guides, but it does not explicitly define it as a measure calculated from visual field test results.

  Tsuruoka Mieko; Inoue Kenji. Functional acuity score as a surrogate of reading performance in low vision: A Japanese disability evaluation cohort study. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0358323; article XML SHA-256 afc952b6e96ac34fb65bcf2b7a0dccbfc51b71fdd694cecf84a8e929db45fa9e. “Functional acuity score as a surrogate of reading performance in low vision: A Japanese disability evaluation cohort study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0358323). · CC-BY-4.0

• FI: The claim that it “reflect[s] flexibility-related executive functioning” is an added interpretation not stated in the source text.; The definition says the combined result “reflect[s] flexibility-related executive functioning,” but the packet only states that FI is an index combining the Shift and Emotional Control scales; it does not explicitly describe the construct as “flexibility-related executive functioning.”; The packet supports FI as the Flexibility Index, an index of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Preschool Version that combines the Shift and Emotional Control scales, but it does not support calling it a “score.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Flexibility Index” (C121479). · CC-BY-4.0

• field dependence: The definition goes beyond the packet by presenting a general cognitive-style characterization rather than restricting the sense to the specific empirical findings described in the source.; The definition’s first sentence describes field dependence as being driven by “surrounding information” and causing a tendency to “shift focus with changes in the task context,” but the provided packet does not define field dependence in those terms (it only examines effects of “field dependence/independence” on Bayesian-reasoning eye-tracking outcomes).; The opening sentence gives a broad definitional gloss for field dependence (“attention and reasoning are more shaped by surrounding information” and “more likely to shift focus with changes in the task context”) that is not directly supported by the packet, which only reports results about eye-tracking measures, attention allocation, and base-rate neglect in Bayesian reasoning tasks.; The packet does not establish the “cognitive style” characterization in the specific explanatory wording used by the definition (the packet discusses empirical effects on attention allocation and base-rate neglect rather than providing a general definitional characterization).; The second sentence is only partially supported: the packet reports that high hit rates amplified “field-dependent participants’ base rate neglect” and that field-independent individuals maintained more stable attention allocation, but the definition’s phrasing combines multiple claims (“less stable attention allocation and greater base-rate neglect … during Bayesian reasoning tasks”) without all details being explicitly stated as such.

  Yin Lin; Shi Zifu; Liu Mei; Chen Huohong. Effect of hit rate and cognitive style on Bayesian reasoning: evidence from eye movements. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1485283; article XML SHA-256 bd6dc3d3113ae48deba236f1987817870766f1b3cf8ff409816d09335d935023. “Effect of hit rate and cognitive style on Bayesian reasoning: evidence from eye movements” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1485283). · CC-BY-4.0

• fight-or-flight response: The definition generalizes beyond the packet: it presents fight-or-flight as a general rapid reaction to a stressor that prepares the body to deal with threat, but the packet only describes this response in Thoroughbred horses and does not support that broader formulation.; The packet does not explicitly support that the physiological activation is “to deal with threat.”; The packet supports activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and cortisol release in response to a stress stimulus, but not the added phrasing about the body becoming physiologically activated to deal with threat.; The packet supports that in horses, the fight-or-flight response involves activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis releasing cortisol, but it does not explicitly state that this is a “rapid reaction” to a stressor.

  Holtby Amy R.; McGivney Beatrice A.; Browne John A.; Katz Lisa M.; Murphy Keith J.; Hill Emmeline W.. Variation in salivary cortisol responses in yearling Thoroughbred racehorses during their first year of training. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0284102; article XML SHA-256 e843212f2ecd6b10db44d07ba7de1946414d8a0c59a7b0c568d61f40187740ad. “Variation in salivary cortisol responses in yearling Thoroughbred racehorses during their first year of training” (10.1371/journal.pone.0284102). · CC-BY-4.0

• figural aftereffect: The definition adds an interpretive Gestalt claim about the whole field that is not stated in the packet.; The definition claims it “has been used in Gestalt psychology to show that perception is influenced by relationships across the whole field,” but the packet only states that it is used to demonstrate that events in one part of the perceptual field may affect perception in another part; it does not mention “relationships across the whole field.”; “relationships across the whole field” is broader than the source, which only says events in one part of the perceptual field may affect perception in another part.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Figural Aftereffect” (D005366). · public-domain-US-government

• Finger Tapping Test: The definition adds broader general-purpose description (“often to assess how fast and consistently the movement can be performed”) that is not stated in the packet as a definition of the test itself.; The definition also attributes bradykinesia features to “reduced movement size,” which is not explicitly stated in the packet; while the packet reports differences in “tapping amplitude” measures, it does not directly characterize these as “reduced movement size.”; The definition claims the test assesses “how fast” movements can be performed and that bradykinesia features include “lower speed,” but the supplied packet describes using finger-tapping to detect bradykinesia via machine-vision features (e.g., “tapping scores,” “tapping amplitude variation,” and “amplitude decremental parameters”) without explicitly stating that the test’s relevant bradykinesia feature is “lower speed.”; The supplied source is about Parkinson’s disease/bradykinesia assessment, not the psychology/counselling field of learning, so the requested field is not defensible from the packet.

  Kasemsap Narongrit; Tikkapanyo Purinat; Wanjantuk Panupong; Vorasoot Nisa; Kongbunkiat Kannikar; Panitchote Anupol. Screening for Parkinson’s disease using “computer vision”. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0330373; article XML SHA-256 843f199043db5416086a2ada66de75527092636a38d3179fa7389d17dd11ef4c. “Screening for Parkinson’s disease using “computer vision”” (10.1371/journal.pone.0330373). · CC-BY-4.0

• first admission: The definition asserts “treatment of schizophrenia” tied to the first hospital admission, but the packet text only describes the trial objective and population generally, not the definitional linkage for the term.; The distinction from people with previous admissions is not stated in the source; that interpretation goes beyond the packet text.; The only support in the packet is that the study concerns “first-admission patients with schizophrenia,” without specifying the requested details about hospitalization and distinguishing newly admitted patients from those with previous admissions.; The packet does not define what “first admission” means (e.g., whether it is the person’s first hospital admission, how it is determined, or what prior admission history means).; The packet supports a subgroup of “first-admission patients with schizophrenia,” but it does not support the added detail that the admission is specifically “for treatment.”; This term is not itself a diagnosis, so placing it under the diagnosis sense is not defensible from the supplied source.

  Ishii Mio; Okumura Yasuyuki; Sugiyama Naoya; Hasegawa Hana; Noda Toshie; Hirayasu Yoshio; Ito Hiroto. Efficacy of shared decision making on treatment satisfaction for patients with first-admission schizophrenia: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. 2014; DOI 10.1186/1471-244x-14-111; article XML SHA-256 245221c49c732f327d567c58a60b7e18789fa46d45d7d8b224ab8aa079c1e63f. “Efficacy of shared decision making on treatment satisfaction for patients with first-admission schizophrenia: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial” (10.1186/1471-244x-14-111). · CC-BY-4.0

• first-episode schizophrenia: The packet does not explicitly define “first-episode schizophrenia” as schizophrenia at the time of a person’s initial illness episode; it only uses the shorthand “first episode schizophrenia (FOS)” to label participants in the study without stating the definitional meaning of the term.; The packet supports first-episode schizophrenia as a patient group in the early stage of schizophrenia and as a context for exploring biomarker utility, but it does not define the term as schizophrenia “at the time of a person’s initial illness episode.”; The packet supports the idea of using exosome-related measures as biomarkers for FOS, but the definition’s phrasing (“more objective diagnostic biomarkers may be useful”) is broader/interpretive than what is explicitly stated as a point tied to diagnostic biomarkers for first-episode schizophrenia.; The statement that it “typically aris[es] in adolescence or early adulthood” is a general claim about schizophrenia in the background text, not a supported definition of first-episode schizophrenia in the source.; While the packet states that “SZ often occurs in adolescence and early adulthood” and that finding objective biomarkers is meaningful, it does not link this adolescence/early-adulthood timing specifically to “first-episode schizophrenia.”

  Du Xinzhe; Lv Jinzhi; Feng Jianping; Li Xinrong; Gao Yao; Wang Xiao; Zhao Wentao; Ren Zhiyong; Zhang Ruifang; Cao Xiaohua; Liu Sha; Xu Yong. Plasma exosomes lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network construction and its diagnostic efficacy identification in first-episode schizophrenia. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12888-023-05052-9; article XML SHA-256 9d5ba8b12f0803f40b16af31e61a665cf7162f7d2fba0183a2f9855c55148ed8. “Plasma exosomes lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network construction and its diagnostic efficacy identification in first-episode schizophrenia” (10.1186/s12888-023-05052-9). · CC-BY-4.0

• first-order factor: The definition adds psychometric/general explanatory claims that are broader than the source evidence and are not supported as a definitional sense of the term.; The definition states that a first-order factor model “means the observed ratings are organized into these primary factors without adding a higher-level factor above them.” The packet does not mention or contrast the presence/absence of a higher-level factor (e.g., no description of higher-order factors).; The definition’s framing about explaining “patterns in interview scale scores” is not explicitly stated in the packet (the packet reports a factor structure and model fit, but not this interpretive wording).; The packet does not support the claim that a “first-order factor” is a “directly measured dimension” (no definition of first-order factor is provided).; The packet supports only that a first-order factor model with four correlated factors fit the interview data; it does not define a first-order factor as a directly measured dimension.; The statement that observed ratings are organized into primary factors without a higher-level factor is not established by the packet and goes beyond the cited model description.; While the packet mentions “a first-order factor model with four correlated factors,” it does not provide enough detail to substantiate the additional specific characterization used in the definition.

  Kohl Lea Teresa; Oswald Felix; Thöne Ann-Kathrin; Rausch Jana; Görtz-Dorten Anja; Dose Christina; Hautmann Christopher; Treier Anne-Katrin; von Wirth Elena; Ketter Johanna; Kasperzack Daria; Banaschewski Tobias; Brandeis Daniel; Kaiser Anna; Jans Thomas; Geissler Julia; Legenbauer Tanja; Renner Tobias; Poustka Luise; Konrad Kerstin; Kölch Michael; Bienioschek Stefanie; ESCAlife-consortium; Becker Katja; Döpfner Manfred. Psychometric evaluation of a DSM-5-based semi-structured parent interview for externalizing disorders in preschool children. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0357785; article XML SHA-256 003f4f46da0f218f94a8f835f25ee402093df322fb2de2aae0b266df666447ca. “Psychometric evaluation of a DSM-5-based semi-structured parent interview for externalizing disorders in preschool children” (10.1371/journal.pone.0357785). · CC-BY-4.0

• fissure: The definition begins with a general description (“a crack or narrow opening in rock”), but the provided packet does not supply that general definition of “fissure”; it only discusses “rear-edge vertical fissures” in bedding rock slopes.; The packet supports a rear-edge vertical fissure in a gently dipping bedding rock slope, and that water conditions and fissure position affect stability; however, it does not support the broader general definition “a crack or narrow opening in rock.”; The requested field is listed as learning, but the source packet is about slope/rock engineering rather than psychology or counselling learning terminology, so the field is not defensible from the packet.; The second sentence’s claims about location and water presence affecting slope stability and sliding risk are only indirectly supported: the packet says fissure position affects stability/hazard prediction and that water pressure significantly alters the most unfavorable fissure position, but it does not explicitly use the wording “sliding risk” or “whether it contains water” as a directly defined determinant.; The specific additional claim that the fissure refers “specifically to a rear-edge vertical crack in a bedding rock slope” is supported in substance by the packet’s repeated focus on “rear-edge vertical fissures” in “bedding rock slopes,” but the first sentence’s general definition is not supported.

  Ren Zhenghang; Liu Junhao; Yang Rui; Wu Licheng; Zan Peng; Tang Haifu. A method for calculating the downslope sliding force of gently dipping bedding rock slopes while accounting for the uncertainty of rear-edge vertical fissures. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0342903; article XML SHA-256 c655eeb6e682eaf23b711df67284d3c14a54672e8ea37e663f3af6c1d11f6924. “A method for calculating the downslope sliding force of gently dipping bedding rock slopes while accounting for the uncertainty of rear-edge vertical fissures” (10.1371/journal.pone.0342903). · CC-BY-4.0

• five-factor personality model: The definition overstates the packet by presenting the five-factor personality model as closely aligning with dimensional maladaptive-trait measures as a defining feature, rather than as a contextual alignment shown for specific instruments in this article.; The definition’s phrase “dimensional measures of maladaptive personality traits” is not directly supported as written; the packet discusses “personality pathology” and five pathological domains, but it does not specifically describe these as “maladaptive personality traits” in the same terms.; The packet does not explicitly state that the five-factor personality model is “describing personality in terms of five broad trait dimensions”; it only refers to the “five-factor personality model/FFM” in relation to other measures without clearly defining those five dimensions within the provided text.; The packet supports the five-factor model’s relevance to personality pathology and personality disorder prediction, but it does not explicitly define the model as a way of describing personality in terms of five broad trait dimensions.

  Aluja Anton; Balada Ferran; Atitsogbe Kokou A; Rossier Jérôme; García Luis F. Convergence of the dimensional assessment of personality pathology (DAPP-BQ) and the five-factor personality inventory for the international classification of diseases 11th edition (FFiCD) in the context of the five-factor model and personality disorders. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12888-024-05835-8; article XML SHA-256 117363365b69913e4f1740e33c863c45490918d4d1d86f2575cc26f9ecc380ea. “Convergence of the dimensional assessment of personality pathology (DAPP-BQ) and the five-factor personality inventory for the international classification of diseases 11th edition (FFiCD) in the context of the five-factor model and personality disorders” (10.1186/s12888-024-05835-8). · CC-BY-4.0

• fixation point: The packet specifies correspondence to “the stimulation of the centre of the fovea centralis,” and the provided definition’s “central part of the retina used for the sharpest seeing” goes beyond what is explicitly supported in the supplied text.; The packet states that the fixation point is the external point both eyes fixate in normal vision, but it does not explicitly describe the retina region as “used for the sharpest seeing.”; The second sentence adds unsupported material: the source says the fixation point corresponds to stimulation of the centre of the fovea centralis, but it does not state that this is the part of the retina used for the sharpest seeing.; The wording “point in the visual field” and “single external point” are close to the source, but the definition should stay within what the packet explicitly supports without adding interpretive gloss.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Fixation Point” (Fixationp). · public-domain-US

• fixed action pattern: The added claim that the form is carried out in a consistent, species-specific way is not stated in the packet as the definition of the term.; The definition’s first sentence describes fixed action patterns as a “highly stereotyped sequence… carried out in a consistent, species-specific way,” but the packet only states that certain repetitive startle-like maneuvers have a “highly stereotyped appearance resembling Fixed Action Pattern sequences.”; The packet does not define fixed action pattern as a general behavioral category; it only says the fish’s repetitive startle-like maneuvers had a highly stereotyped appearance resembling fixed action pattern sequences.; The packet does not provide enough information to support the “sequence of behavior” and “consistent, species-specific” framing as the requested meaning of the term within this dataset.; The requested field "learning" is not supported by the packet, which is about fish behavioral responses to acute warming rather than a learning concept.; While the definition’s second sentence (repetitive startle-like movements with notably uniform form) is broadly aligned with the packet’s “repetitive startle-like maneuvers” and “highly stereotyped appearance,” the unsupported first sentence prevents a pass.

  Ismailov Iskander I.; Scharping Jordan B.; Andreeva Iraida E.; Friedlander Michael J.. Antarctic teleosts with and without hemoglobin behaviorally mitigate deleterious effects of acute environmental warming. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0252359; article XML SHA-256 a13050239359fe81acd201d4805d7b9aced7f74d2210cd33a9fee1ebaed4618c. “Antarctic teleosts with and without hemoglobin behaviorally mitigate deleterious effects of acute environmental warming” (10.1371/journal.pone.0252359). · CC-BY-4.0

• fixed parameter: The definition is not in a defensible psychology/cognition sense; the packet’s source is a control-engineering article about PID control in agricultural irrigation, not a cognition term or counselling/psychology usage.; The packet does not explicitly define a “fixed parameter” as a general notion of “a setting that stays unchanged during operation rather than being adjusted in real time.” It only describes “static parameters” in PID as a limitation, without giving the requested general one-sentence definition.; The provided packet content is about control engineering (PID/fuzzy PID control for irrigation), not cognition/psychology; the “field” label “cognition” is unsupported by the packet.; The wording about a fixed parameter staying unchanged and limiting adaptation is supported, but the entry imports a technical control-systems meaning rather than a cognition-domain definition.

  Zhang Wanjun; Tong Jingsheng; Zhang Feng; Zhang Wanliang; Zhang Jingxuan; Zhang Jingyi; Zhang Jingyan; Sun Honghong; Northwood Derek O.; Waters Kristian E.; Ma Hao. Integrated irrigation of water and fertilizer with superior self-correcting fuzzy PID control system. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0324448; article XML SHA-256 78827ba20823e1569b55f7e8291c35840342c9479aa0d50d5b85e5f0db7a2872. “Integrated irrigation of water and fertilizer with superior self-correcting fuzzy PID control system” (10.1371/journal.pone.0324448). · CC-BY-4.0

• flanker task: The definition’s phrasing is slightly overgeneralized in treating the task as a way to assess inhibitory control directly; the packet specifically says it is used as an index of interference control, a component of inhibitory control.; The field is not defensible from the packet: the source describes the flanker task as a cognitive task/measure of interference control, not as a diagnosis term.; The provided “field” is labeled “diagnosis,” but the definition itself does not state any diagnostic purpose or criteria—only that it is a psychological task assessing interference control. The packet discusses clinical samples in general, yet the definition does not connect the task to diagnosing any condition, so the field label “diagnosis” is not well supported by the definition.

  Zhang Shao-Shuai; Zhong Yu-qing; Li Xu; Peng Ming. Dissociation of prepotent response inhibition and interference control in problematic internet use: evidence from the Go/No-Go and Flanker tasks. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s40359-024-01698-6; article XML SHA-256 9605e331f64b2b914da4fe21f31be0850fd3a22fa423d7f93b699679401c0d52. “Dissociation of prepotent response inhibition and interference control in problematic internet use: evidence from the Go/No-Go and Flanker tasks” (10.1186/s40359-024-01698-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• fMRI: The final sentence adds “in psychology and counselling contexts,” which is not supported by the packet; the packet only says fMRI is most commonly used in studies of brain function.; The packet supports that functional MRI takes images in quick succession and statistically analyzes differences, and that it is most commonly used in studies of brain function. It does not explicitly support the additional claim that in psychology and counselling contexts it is “most often” used for studying brain function.; The rest of the definition is broadly supported, but the added context makes the definition go beyond the supplied source.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging” (C17958). · CC-BY-4.0

• focused attention: The definition claims it is “studied as a brief mental practice” and links it to decision quality, cognitive bias, and dealing with difficult trade-offs; the packet mentions a “brief FA induction” and examines decision quality/probability weighting bias and emotional trade-off difficulty, but it does not clearly support the full breadth of this phrasing (e.g., the explicit claim about “how people deal with difficult trade-offs”).; The definition contains multiple specific claims that are only partially supported by the provided packet text.; The packet excerpt does not define focused attention as “a type of meditation used to direct and sustain attention in a deliberate way,” so that substantive characterization is unsupported.; The packet supports focused attention meditation as a brief meditation/induction, but it does not support the added definitional claim that it is a practice “used to direct and sustain attention in a deliberate way.”; The source discusses proposed effects on decision quality, cognitive bias, probability weighting bias, and emotional trade-off difficulty, but the definition overgeneralizes these study aims into a broader statement about how people deal with difficult trade-offs.

  Zhi Chuyu; Li Biqin. Does focused attention meditation improve probability weighting bias? The role of emotional trade-off difficulty and compensatory decision making. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s40359-026-04053-z; article XML SHA-256 6f57b8bc84fd2afe8a756883349502e5c2565fc8a20c5d073595947c3efc9aee. “Does focused attention meditation improve probability weighting bias? The role of emotional trade-off difficulty and compensatory decision making” (10.1186/s40359-026-04053-z). · CC-BY-4.0

• focusing mechanism: The definition’s claims about “selective focusing” in cognitive terms and handling complex input are not stated in the packet and go beyond the source wording.; The definition’s wording is more general (“assigns attention…so a system is more sensitive…”) than the packet, which specifically mentions allocating attention weights across scales to improve responsiveness in a model for object detection (channel, spatial orientation, positional information, and object detection precision).; The packet describes a machine-learning “dynamic focusing mechanism” within an object-detection model (using multi-scale attention and wise-IoU), not a clearly defined cognition/psychology process; the definition’s “In cognitive terms” framing is not supported by the packet.; The packet supports allocating attention across scales to improve model responsiveness to channel, spatial orientation, and positional variations, but not the broader generalized definition given.; The packet uses “focusing mechanism” in an object-detection / attention-model context, not as a psychology or cognition term.; While the packet supports multi-scale attention allocating attention weights and responsiveness to spatial orientation/positional information, it does not support the additional interpretation that this constitutes a “selective focusing” cognitive function for handling complex input more accurately as a general cognitive mechanism.

  Zhang Yang; Zhou Bin; Zhao Xue; Song Xiaomeng. Enhanced object detection in low-visibility haze conditions with YOLOv9s. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0317852; article XML SHA-256 65c675e74ef9d7f787cb437b9a3170ea0d690bdd669ca29117c5c4d801966158. “Enhanced object detection in low-visibility haze conditions with YOLOv9s” (10.1371/journal.pone.0317852). · CC-BY-4.0

• follow-up counseling: The definition’s first sentence gives a general purpose (“help the person understand and adjust to the information over time”) that is not explicitly supported in the packet text, which only describes that disclosure was often a one-time event lacking post-disclosure follow-up counseling.; The first sentence gives a broad generic definition (“counseling provided after an important disclosure or conversation…”) that is not stated in the source packet.; The packet supports only the HIV-disclosure context: it says there was no focused post-disclosure follow-up counselling after children were told their HIV status, not a general definition of the term.

  Kairania Robert; Onyango-Ouma Washington; Ondicho Tom G; Kagaayi Joseph; Kigozi Godfrey. ‘Mummy told me that I have HIV , that is the only thing she told me’ : Experiences of HIV status disclosure to children in Masaka Region, Uganda. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0285990; article XML SHA-256 d6cc178d3f9f03301abe0d4e950cbb16d14ed6b818a61a121933ae0912c9ec36. “‘Mummy told me that I have HIV , that is the only thing she told me’ : Experiences of HIV status disclosure to children in Masaka Region, Uganda” (10.1371/journal.pone.0285990). · CC-BY-4.0

• following behavior: The definition frames the term as a traffic-driving concept; this is not the requested learning sense of the term.; The definition’s first sentence (“adjusts speed, spacing, and braking while traveling behind another vehicle”) is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet discusses “car-following behavior” in fog (e.g., reaction time, headway, speed variation, braking force) but does not define it in those exact terms or as a direct description of speed/spacing/braking adjustments.; The supplied packet is about traffic/car-following behavior in foggy highway driving, not the requested psychology/counselling field of learning, so the field and sense are not defensible from the source.

  Chen Rui; He Xiaolei. Control strategy for connected automated vehicles to reduce car-following risks and energy consumption on foggy highway. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0326118; article XML SHA-256 05748bbe3ab6de01d0616035a071d378fc2d0bf735c25b7b775596c953ca7e48. “Control strategy for connected automated vehicles to reduce car-following risks and energy consumption on foggy highway” (10.1371/journal.pone.0326118). · CC-BY-4.0

• foraging: Because the packet content only describes “crop foraging by primates” in the context of human-wildlife conflict and maize damage, the general behavioral definition in the first sentence is an unsupported generalization from the packet.; The definition adds a conflict-with-farmers explanation as if it were part of the term’s meaning; the packet describes human-wildlife conflict as a consequence/context, not a definitional component.; The field is given as "learning," but the packet content is about primate crop-foraging and human-wildlife conflict, not a learning term in psychology/counselling.; The first sentence (“Foraging is the behavior of searching for and obtaining food.”) is not directly stated or defined in the provided packet text.; The packet supports only the specific sense of crop foraging by primates in maize fields; it does not support the broader general definition of foraging as searching for and obtaining food.

  Deneke Yigrem; Megaze Aberham; Tekalign Wondimagegnehu; Dobamo Taye; Leirs Herwig. Patterns of primates crop foraging and the impacts on incomes of smallholders across the mosaic agricultural landscape of Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0313831; article XML SHA-256 810132a4985bd0626c6bcb804b3fb6bd33dbf3b3788f9642a0afd94cb835a38f. “Patterns of primates crop foraging and the impacts on incomes of smallholders across the mosaic agricultural landscape of Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia” (10.1371/journal.pone.0313831). · CC-BY-4.0

• forethought: The definition’s framing that a “lack of forethought is reflected in impulsive behavior” is not explicitly stated in the packet text; the packet only labels the record as “Impulsive Behavior,” without defining the relationship in the text provided.; The packet supports a notion of acting without forethought (impulsive behavior), not a definition of forethought itself as thinking ahead.; The packet text only describes initiation of actions without forethought (i.e., a lack of forethought) rather than defining forethought itself as “thinking ahead.”; The second sentence adds an inference about how lack of forethought is reflected in impulsive behavior; that relationship is not stated in the packet as a definitional claim for forethought.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Impulsive Behavior” (C93213). · CC-BY-4.0

• formal reasoning: The definition attributes a broader general sense to the term than the source provides; the packet only mentions formal reasoning in the specific context of judicial decisions.; The packet does not define formal reasoning as being “based on explicit logical or rule-based thinking”; it only states that “Judicial decisions must rest on formal reasoning” without describing its basis.; The packet supports that formal reasoning is contrasted with informal reasoning in judicial judgment making, but it does not support the added gloss that it means decision-making based on explicit logical or rule-based thinking.; While the packet does contrast formal reasoning with “informal reasoning” driven by “cognitive and motivational biases,” the definition’s first sentence adds details (explicit logic/rules) that are not supported by the provided text.

  Camplá Xaviera; Gancedo Yurena; Sanmarco Jéssica; Montes Álvaro; Novo Mercedes. Study of informal reasoning in judicial agents in sexual aggression cases. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.866145; article XML SHA-256 5891b8d034b0ae112f8b7f05dcb6b3c430cca007fef525811a541b9933b41f75. “Study of informal reasoning in judicial agents in sexual aggression cases” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.866145). · CC-BY-4.0

• Four As: The definition goes beyond the packet by assigning specific functional roles to each A that are not stated in the source text.; The packet does not support the definition’s claims about “adaptive resources and actions” or that the process leads to “later adjustment outcomes.”; The packet supports that the CCMA conceptualizes career development through four interconnected dimensions labeled adaptivity, adaptability, adapting, and adaptation (“four As”), but it does not support the definition’s phrasing that they describe a process “moving from a person’s readiness or tendency to adapt.”; The packet supports that the “four As” are adaptivity, adaptability, adapting, and adaptation within the Career Construction Model of Adaptation, but it does not support the added explanation that they describe a process from “readiness or tendency to adapt” through “adaptive resources and actions” to “adjustment outcomes.”; While the packet mentions a supported serial mediation sequence (adaptivity to adaptation, via adaptability and adapting), the specific process description in the definition (readiness/tendency → resources/actions → adjustment outcomes) is not explicitly present in the provided packet.

  Sam Yoke Loo; Christopoulos Georgios; Uy Marilyn A; Annabel Chen Shen-Hsing; Hendriks Henriette; Robbins Trevor W; Sahakian Barbara; Leong Victoria; Kourtzi Zoe; The CLIC Consortium. A psychometric examination of the career construction model of adaptation in working adults and students. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1799936; article XML SHA-256 814f58a1ff50a13a3ce1504a45b6b4e76d9a4c52ee0741779bebe1cab01f15ad. “A psychometric examination of the career construction model of adaptation in working adults and students” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1799936). · CC-BY-4.0

• frame of reference: Although the second sentence’s details closely match the packet’s description (somatotopic vs spatiotopic/peripersonal, including body limb position in external space and nearby external objects), the definition is not limited to the packet’s specific context (nociceptive localization).; The contrast "either by where they fall on the body itself or by where the body and nearby objects are positioned in external space" is broader and more categorical than the packet, which only says a somatotopic frame is insufficient and examines a spatiotopic/peripersonal frame for nociceptive stimuli.; The definition generalizes “the spatial system the mind uses to locate events or sensations” broadly, but the packet only investigates localization of nociceptive stimuli using (somatotopic vs spatiotopic/peripersonal) frames of reference.; The definition overgeneralizes beyond the packet: the source discusses localization of nociceptive stimuli, not a general spatial system the mind uses to locate events or sensations.

  De Paepe Annick L.; Crombez Geert; Legrain Valéry. From a Somatotopic to a Spatiotopic Frame of Reference for the Localization of Nociceptive Stimuli. 2015; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0137120; article XML SHA-256 ec22914ff6d54b1638ee8a01fa095594f76392025afe0f4accb6019735734764. “From a Somatotopic to a Spatiotopic Frame of Reference for the Localization of Nociceptive Stimuli” (10.1371/journal.pone.0137120). · CC-BY-4.0

• free energy: The definition shifts from the term “free energy” to “expected free energy” without the packet clearly establishing that sense as the intended entry for this term.; The definition states that “free energy is a quantity an agent seeks to reduce” while building and updating a model, but the provided packet text only explicitly mentions deriving a policy by “minimizing the expected free energy.” It does not define free energy itself as a reducible quantity in that manner.; The definition’s distinction and phrasing about “Expected free energy refers to the predicted amount of this quantity under different possible actions” is not supported by the packet text; the packet only says the policy is derived by minimizing expected free energy, without describing what expected free energy represents in terms of predicted amounts across actions.; The packet supports minimizing expected free energy to derive a policy, but it does not define free energy itself as a quantity an agent seeks to reduce while building and updating a model from limited observations.; The wording goes beyond the packet’s claims by presenting a general active-inference explanation of perception and action as if it were a definitional account.; While the packet supports that agents interact with a “world model” built from “partially observable environments” and that policies come from minimizing expected free energy, the additional claims about free-energy reduction during model building and the specific interpretation of “expected free energy” are not substantiated in the supplied excerpt.

  Pazem Joséphine; Krumm Marius; Vining Alexander Q; Fiderer Lukas J; Briegel Hans J. Free Energy Projective Simulation (FEPS): Active inference with interpretability. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0331047; article XML SHA-256 44d621a0f6d3199a8ed1f82710433c56c861e5ff6b94a4d354fabffde6745e36. “Free Energy Projective Simulation (FEPS): Active inference with interpretability” (10.1371/journal.pone.0331047). · CC-BY-4.0

• free operant: The definition’s first sentence claims that a free operant is a procedure where a response can be made “at any time rather than only when a specific trial is presented.” This specific characterization is not stated in the provided packet text.; The first sentence adds a general procedural contrast (“rather than only when a specific trial is presented”) that is not supported by the packet.; The packet only explicitly describes free-operant temporal avoidance (Sidman avoidance) in which an animal receives a shock if an interval passes without a specified response; the “trial presented” contrast is not supported.; The packet supports free-operant temporal avoidance as a timed avoidance procedure, but it does not define the broader term as a response available at any time independent of trial presentation.

  Zentall Thomas R.. Basic Behavioral Processes Involved in Procrastination. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769928; article XML SHA-256 999a28f01a943a0c9540fb9f3826d4c37ae51bcac466ef84154f7c74c1c0d743. “Basic Behavioral Processes Involved in Procrastination” (10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769928). · CC-BY-4.0

• frontal section: The definition adds an unsupported characterization (“rather than a psychological concept”) that is not stated in the packet.; The definition claims the term is “used as an anatomical measurement area rather than a psychological concept,” but the provided packet does not explicitly contrast it with psychological meaning; it only describes anatomical/measurement usage.; The field is not defensible from the source packet: the term is used in an anatomy/dentofacial study, not an ethics or psychology concept.; The phrasing “side facial profile” is looser than the packet’s wording (“lateral profile”), so the sense is only partially supported.

  Zheng Xiuyun; Ding Siqi; Mei Qin; Wu Chuan; Zhang Qunyan; Fu Chunfeng; Han Quancheng; Jin Shiyu; Yu Ruiqi; Yu Muchen; Ye Zixian; Shen Jun; Xu Jianguang; Liu Xiaoyu; Wu Tingting. A cross-sectional study: correlation of forehead morphology and dentoskeletal malocclusion in Chinese people. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12903-023-03795-1; article XML SHA-256 d84df861a18dae41889b9b6e23ac2be43cf41902c40a10c270cc12b2d1454e9e. “A cross-sectional study: correlation of forehead morphology and dentoskeletal malocclusion in Chinese people” (10.1186/s12903-023-03795-1). · CC-BY-4.0

• frontal: The definition’s claim that changes in frontal activity are “signs of how intensively a person is engaging mental control and effort” is not directly supported; the packet instead links Fm theta power with “cognitive processing” and “cognitive strain,” not explicitly “mental control and effort.”; The packet does not explicitly define “frontal” as the front part of the brain; it only discusses “frontal midline theta (Fm theta)” without stating that “frontal” refers to the front brain region.; The packet does support associations between task-related Fm theta power and cognitive processing/cognitive strain, but the definition goes beyond that by specifying the broader “mental control and effort” interpretation.; The packet supports frontal midline theta activity as a measure related to cognitive processing, but it does not define the term “frontal” as the front part of the brain in general.; “Mental control and effort” is not stated in the packet; the source only says frontal midline theta power is a key indicator of cognitive processing and reduced cognitive strain.

  Kanatschnig Thomas; Berger Lisa Maria; Schrapf Norbert; Tilp Markus; Kober Silvia Erika. The theta paradox—delayed reduction of frontal midline theta following downregulation neurofeedback training. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1806951; article XML SHA-256 9d5f22c9a0f5c348619ec0399aa58b4af3dbbc5274458d172a822ba6c77fc61d. “The theta paradox—delayed reduction of frontal midline theta following downregulation neurofeedback training” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1806951). · CC-BY-4.0

• fun-seeking: The definition frames the term within the field “diagnosis,” but the packet presents fun-seeking as part of reinforcement sensitivity linked to alcohol misuse outcomes (e.g., risky single-occasion drinking and alcohol use disorder), not as a diagnostic concept or diagnostic criterion.; The definition’s first sentence states that fun-seeking “reflects sensitivity to rewarding, positively reinforcing experiences,” but the packet only describes BAS as including “fun seeking, drive, reward responsiveness” as distinct neurobiological systems, and does not explicitly define fun-seeking in terms of sensitivity to rewarding/positively reinforcing experiences.; The first sentence goes beyond the packet by defining fun-seeking as “sensitivity to rewarding, positively reinforcing experiences”; the source only identifies fun seeking as a BAS facet and does not explicitly define it that way.; The wording “behavioral activation system” and the reward-sensitivity description are generalized from the broader BAS framework rather than specifically supported for fun-seeking in the packet.

  Studer Joseph; Baggio Stéphanie; Dupuis Marc; Mohler-Kuo Meichun; Daeppen Jean-Bernard; Gmel Gerhard. Drinking Motives As Mediators of the Associations between Reinforcement Sensitivity and Alcohol Misuse and Problems. 2016; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00718; article XML SHA-256 b4b821d956c3b8d1b15a550aa7051563c1ef4f5b8a949ba2e30b4d47223e0c63. “Drinking Motives As Mediators of the Associations between Reinforcement Sensitivity and Alcohol Misuse and Problems” (10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00718). · CC-BY-4.0

• Functional Independence Measure: The definition adds a narrower “commonly used to evaluate bowel-related functioning” claim that is more specific than the packet’s wording and is not directly supported.; The packet states that the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) subscale is “the most common scale used to assess neurogenic bowel disease,” but it does not support that the FIM is used to “gauge how independently a person manages bowel function.”; The packet supports that the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) subscale is used to assess neurogenic bowel dysfunction, but it does not state that this is a bowel-specific subscale or that it measures how independently a person manages bowel function.

  Zandalasini Matteo; Pelizzari Laura; Ciardi Gianluca; Giraudo Donatella; Guasconi Massimo; Paravati Stefano; Lamberti Gianfranco; Frizziero Antonio. Bowel dysfunctions after acquired brain injury: a scoping review. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1146054; article XML SHA-256 db9a622dfb72095ddba7460e543ddadf1c539823fa988d351520752535313baf. “Bowel dysfunctions after acquired brain injury: a scoping review” (10.3389/fnhum.2023.1146054). · CC-BY-4.0

• functional plateau: The definition is about diabetic macular edema, which is a medical/ophthalmology concept, so the requested field "cognition" is not defensible from the packet.; The packet supports the idea of “functional plateau” as “poor vision despite resolved edema” in diabetic macular edema, but the definition is not aligned with the supplied field label (“cognition”).; The packet supports the phrase "functional plateau" as "poor vision despite resolved edema," but the definition’s broader framing as a general mismatch between anatomical and functional recovery is only indirectly supported in this source and should not be generalized beyond the DME context.; The provided definition describes diabetic macular edema (an ophthalmology/vision concept), not something in the field of cognition as requested.

  You Zichao; Jiang Li; Liu Ying-rui; Yang Ming Ming. Phenotype-driven management of diabetic macular edema: multimodal imaging biomarkers and individualized therapy. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fmed.2026.1859928; article XML SHA-256 b6f299b88887f2c9835903db109cb81a5daf336217a7d3f2a9a5858e557c58af. “Phenotype-driven management of diabetic macular edema: multimodal imaging biomarkers and individualized therapy” (10.3389/fmed.2026.1859928). · CC-BY-4.0

• fundamental rule: The definition broadens the packet’s claim from conversation to social interaction generally; the packet only supports turn-taking as a fundamental rule in conversation.; The explanation of the term is otherwise supported, but the broader organizing-principle wording is an unsupported generalization.; The packet does not define “fundamental rule” as a “basic organizing principle of social interaction”; it only states that “turn-taking is a fundamental rule in conversation.”; The packet supports turn-taking being a fundamental rule, but it does not explicitly claim that “people normally alternate when they speak.”

  Landman Rogier; Sharma Jitendra; Hyman Julia B.; Fanucci-Kiss Adrian; Meisner Olivia; Parmar Shivangi; Feng Guoping; Desimone Robert. Close-range vocal interaction in the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ). 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0227392; article XML SHA-256 ddd90e3451818fc66a7cdfa2af99e4e90b68e156079657c56c70525066e8e2c2. “Close-range vocal interaction in the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus )” (10.1371/journal.pone.0227392). · CC-BY-4.0

• G protein: The first sentence (“A G protein is a signaling molecule involved in regulating cell activity through G-protein-coupled receptor pathways”) is not explicitly supported by the supplied source packet text.; The first sentence adds a broad general definition (“a signaling molecule involved in regulating cell activity through G-protein-coupled receptor pathways”) that is not stated in the supplied source packet.; The packet only describes specific effects of G-protein-coupled receptors on CaV2.2 N-type Ca2+ channels via fast/slow pathways and does not provide the general definition of what a “G protein” is as a standalone signaling molecule.; The packet supports only the specific role of G-proteins in regulating CaV2.2 N-type Ca2+ channels via fast voltage-dependent and slow voltage-independent pathways; it does not support the broader generalization about cell activity regulation.

  Thomas Jessica R.; Sun Jinglang; De la Rosa Vazquez Juan; Lee Amy. Complex regulation of Ca v 2.2 N-type Ca 2+ channels by Ca 2+ and G-proteins. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0314839; article XML SHA-256 eab1ec0327acd1914e6562fe0693d0a6cc1b29ef4d215b26d22b8a194e8b356b. “Complex regulation of Ca v 2.2 N-type Ca 2+ channels by Ca 2+ and G-proteins” (10.1371/journal.pone.0314839). · CC-BY-4.0

• gain score: Because the definition’s explanation of gain scores as a change-over-time measure is not explicitly supported by the provided packet, the definition contains an unsupported substantive claim.; The packet only shows that ‘gain score analyses’ were used to test between-group improvement differences; it does not define a gain score as a general measure of change over time or as a before/after score difference.; The packet states that “Gain score analyses” showed differences between the groups, but it does not define what a “gain score” is (e.g., that it measures how much a person’s score changes over time from before to after).; The phrasing ‘in this context’ and the implied explanation of how gain scores work go beyond the packet’s evidence and add unsupported generalization.

  Plotnikova Valeriya; Veraksa Aleksandr; Sukhikh Vera. Group play as a buffer against stress in preschoolers: reductions in externalizing but not internalizing symptoms. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1874167; article XML SHA-256 51c24c141f1c1c25ed377269b7b427deee5bdd5e608513c656d806be119bc474. “Group play as a buffer against stress in preschoolers: reductions in externalizing but not internalizing symptoms” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1874167). · CC-BY-4.0

• gastrointestinal motility: The packet does not explicitly define gastrointestinal motility as “the activity of the digestive tract’s smooth muscles that moves contents through the stomach and intestines,” so that portion is unsupported.; The packet supports gastrointestinal motility as something that can be assessed by smooth-muscle myoelectrical activity, but it does not explicitly define it as the smooth muscles’ activity that moves contents through the stomach and intestines.; The source is an animal physiology study about stress-induced changes in pigs; the definition’s broader clinical framing and terminology should not go beyond what this packet directly supports.; While the packet supports that motility can be monitored via “smooth muscle myoelectrical activity” (surface electromyography) and that stress/adrenocorticotropic hormone (via cortisol response) reduces small intestinal smooth muscle activity, the definition’s full wording contains at least one unsupported claim (the “moves contents” description).

  Csötönyi Orsolya; Béres Gabriella; Baráth Ágnes; Sarkadi László; Szőke Zsuzsanna; Molnár Zsófia; Plank Patrik; Halas Veronika. Surface electromyography as a non-invasive method for detecting stress-induced changes in gastrointestinal motility in pigs. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0358481; article XML SHA-256 57151dbdacafa318df098e9c07f8b1434cdf0e6331c26fb9a76c6ac5d0a86773. “Surface electromyography as a non-invasive method for detecting stress-induced changes in gastrointestinal motility in pigs” (10.1371/journal.pone.0358481). · CC-BY-4.0

• gating mechanism: The definition’s wording is more general than anything explicitly stated in the packet (the packet is about LSTM-based battery State of Health estimation, not explaining the gating mechanism conceptually).; The packet does not provide a definition of “gating mechanism” or describe it as a “control process” that regulates what information is allowed through; it only states that an LSTM “achieves sequence information estimation through a gating mechanism.”; The packet does not support the broader claim about helping the model handle “changing information over time.”; The packet does not support the claim that the mechanism helps the system “estimate patterns across a sequence”; it only states that LSTM achieves sequence information estimation through a gating mechanism.; The packet does not support the claims that the gating mechanism “regulates what information is allowed through” or that it “helps the model handle changing information over time.”; The packet supports that an LSTM achieves sequence information estimation through a gating mechanism, but it does not support the added explanation that the mechanism “regulates what information is allowed through.”

  Xu Gengchen; Xu Jingyun; Zhu Yifan. LSTM-based estimation of lithium-ion battery SOH using data characteristics and spatio-temporal attention. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0312856; article XML SHA-256 82f59a069527c2e735d93db0ad4014369ba3fd5fd39d1208ac09639b9bd06295. “LSTM-based estimation of lithium-ion battery SOH using data characteristics and spatio-temporal attention” (10.1371/journal.pone.0312856). · CC-BY-4.0

• gender assignment: Although the claim that, in compound-word recognition, gender is mainly guided by the compound’s head rather than the modifier is supported (“Head-congruent determiner primes speeded compound recognition… no effects… for modifier-congruent primes” and “head-driven gender assignment”).; The definition mixes a general lexicographic sense with a study-specific experimental finding; the packet supports only the compound-recognition context and the head-vs-modifier effect.; The opening general definition is broader than what the packet supports; the source only shows head-driven grammatical gender assignment during German noun-noun compound recognition, not a general process of linking any noun to a grammatical gender category.; The packet does not explicitly define “gender assignment” as a general process of linking a noun to grammatical gender (masculine/feminine/neuter). It only discusses grammatical gender in the context of determiner primes and noun-noun compound recognition.

  Lorenz Antje; Beyersmann Elisabeth. Head-driven gender assignment in noun-noun compound recognition: Evidence from a determiner priming task in German. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0348377; article XML SHA-256 e1e8514b93d9f68d44a74e6e94ab1bbd9fb28dc8ec93cd1f36b170ee2dbb93df. “Head-driven gender assignment in noun-noun compound recognition: Evidence from a determiner priming task in German” (10.1371/journal.pone.0348377). · CC-BY-4.0

• gender similarities hypothesis: The added explanation about ‘men and women showed broadly similar preference distributions despite certain average differences on specific traits’ is a study-specific finding, not a supported dictionary definition of the term.; The definition describes the gender similarities hypothesis as applying broadly to “many psychological or behavioral measures,” but the provided packet only reports findings about sex differences/similarities in sexual attractiveness preferences (aesthetics, resources, personality) across age.; The final sentence (“men and women showed broadly similar preference distributions despite certain average differences…”) is partially supported, but the earlier generalized framing makes the definition more expansive than what the packet supports.; The packet does not define the gender similarities hypothesis; it only says the study’s results ‘align with’ that theory, so the definition’s explanatory claim is unsupported by the source.; The packet supports that the study found “similar distribution patterns” between males and females with statistically significant differences in specific traits, but the definition additionally generalizes to “overall response patterns” across psychological/behavioral measures; this broader characterization is not supported by the packet.

  Whyte Stephen; Brooks Robert C.; Chan Ho Fai; Torgler Benno. Sex differences in sexual attraction for aesthetics, resources and personality across age. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0250151; article XML SHA-256 75d122ad4a83863540d77fac3dc685abecf0c74c7ec1c8bbe67aefcb24e18dce. “Sex differences in sexual attraction for aesthetics, resources and personality across age” (10.1371/journal.pone.0250151). · CC-BY-4.0

• gene knockout: The definition states that “Gene knockout is the loss or removal of a specific gene,” but the packet only mentions “Ptpn5 gene knockout” and does not provide a definition or description of what “gene knockout” means.; The definition’s extra claims that this method is “used to study effects on behavior, the serotonin system, and brain morphology in mice” are only partially supported: the packet supports effects on behavior and the serotonin system, but the provided text excerpt does not explicitly mention brain morphology (only the provided title/label suggests it, which is outside the excerpt’s text).; The first sentence adds a general definition (“loss or removal of a specific gene”) that is not stated in the supplied packet; the packet only says the study investigated the effects of Ptpn5 gene knockout.; The provided packet content is framed as research on mice and a poorly studied association in mental disorders; it does not support treating “gene knockout” as a term under the field “diagnosis,” making the requested sense/field not defensible from the packet.; The requested field is wrong: gene knockout is a genetics/research term, not a diagnosis term.

  Moskaliuk Vitalii; Komleva Polina; Khotskin Nikita; Arefieva Alla; Shevelev Oleg; Korablev Alexey; Serova Irina; Battulin Nariman; Kulikov Alexander; Naumenko Vladimir; Bazovkina Darya; Kulikova Elizabeth. Lack of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase affected the serotonin system, behavior, and brain morphology in mice. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1730197; article XML SHA-256 7021d1d66092aeb27b7b92c669abe08c49da4cd1ea02a8ac3e716aa9d333450d. “Lack of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase affected the serotonin system, behavior, and brain morphology in mice” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1730197). · CC-BY-4.0

• gene therapy: The definition states the sense “refers to AAV-mediated gene augmentation … introduced human L-opsin cDNA into cone cells and restored retinal structure and function in a mouse model,” which is supported by the packet, but the initial general framing remains unsupported.; The definition’s general claim that gene therapy is “a biological approach that aims to improve disease” is not directly supported by the provided packet text (the packet describes a specific preclinical rescue experiment rather than a general disease-improvement definition).; The first sentence gives a broad general definition of gene therapy (“delivering a working gene into affected cells so they can make the needed protein”) that is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the source’s specific example.; The source supports only a particular preclinical use case: AAV-mediated delivery of human L-opsin cDNA to cone cells in a mouse model, not a general definition of the term.

  Cahill Marion E.; Chmelik Kathryn; Brothers Brooke A.; Ashcraft Madyson E.; Guan Tongju; Puja Artjola; Xiang Yinxiao; Shaw Lee M.; Du Jianhai; Deng Wen-Tao. Gene therapy rescues cone function in an all-cone retina mouse model with the most common cone opsin C203R missense mutation. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0332684; article XML SHA-256 cf332c85f9380b2eafdf1e123c2402326cd8e7f36559517ed113c80151e2f71a. “Gene therapy rescues cone function in an all-cone retina mouse model with the most common cone opsin C203R missense mutation” (10.1371/journal.pone.0332684). · CC-BY-4.0

• general aptitude: The claim that, in this packet, it “refers to the mix of abilities assessed in an admission test” is only indirectly supported: the packet discusses a “Post-Graduate General Aptitude Test (PGAT)” with subtests (verbal, quantitative, logical) and DIF for “PGAT items,” but it does not explicitly define “general aptitude” as that mix.; The definition adds a general psychometric gloss (“overall capacity”) that is not stated in the packet and is broader than the source evidence.; The packet does not provide a definition of “general aptitude” as an “overall capacity to perform across broad ability areas” (that phrasing is not supported in the supplied text).; The packet supports that PGAT/general aptitude testing includes verbal, quantitative, and logical ability areas, but it does not explicitly define “general aptitude” as a person’s overall capacity across broad ability areas rather than a single skill.; The provided definition’s wording includes interpretation (“rather than in one specific skill”) that is not stated in the packet.; The source supports an admission-test context, but not a full dictionary-level definition of the term’s meaning beyond the specific PGAT usage described here.

  Darandari Eqbal Z; Almeri Muna A. Performance differences with and without differential item functioning in the post graduate admission test in Saudi Arabia based on gender and ability level. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1515316; article XML SHA-256 24bf809d626131d9355d73f8d89d2db14924c1c0980a09f0a13f7b8ad537b599. “Performance differences with and without differential item functioning in the post graduate admission test in Saudi Arabia based on gender and ability level” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1515316). · CC-BY-4.0

• generalized linear model: The definition generalizes beyond the packet by presenting a broad encyclopedic description of generalized linear models rather than limiting the sense to the outbreak-detection context described in the source.; The definition’s first sentence claims that a generalized linear model (GLM) is “a family of statistical methods … to analyze data and estimate expected values.” The packet discusses outbreak detection algorithms and expected vs. observed values, and it mentions “GLM-based methods” in that context, but it does not explicitly define GLMs themselves as “a family of statistical methods” whose purpose is to “estimate expected values.”; The field assignment "cognition" is not supported by the packet, which is about statistical methods for public health surveillance and outbreak detection.; The second sentence’s claim that, in surveillance/outbreak detection algorithms, GLM-based methods “compare expected and observed case counts” is broadly consistent with the packet’s description that outbreak detection algorithms identify intervals where observed counts exceed expected values using statistical tests; however, tying this specifically to “outbreak detection algorithms” within the GLM framework is not clearly stated as a direct definitional property of GLMs in the packet (it is presented as a study topic/context rather than as an explicit definition).

  Zareie Bushra; Poorolajal Jalal; Roshani Amin; Karami Manoochehr. Outbreak detection algorithms based on generalized linear model: a review with new practical examples. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12874-023-02050-z; article XML SHA-256 a613a4957f5fe6488765e93b738b83305a66a0e1ed1cf1dd09332cda767e64f7. “Outbreak detection algorithms based on generalized linear model: a review with new practical examples” (10.1186/s12874-023-02050-z). · CC-BY-4.0

• generation: The first sentence adds a general dictionary-style definition of “generation” as an age cohort with shared attitudes, values, and information-handling styles, but the packet only discusses Generation Z in a specific consumer-context study and does not support that broader generalization.; The first sentence’s broader framing (“group of people… from a similar age cohort”) is therefore not fully supported by the supplied packet text.; The packet does not explicitly define “a generation” as “a group of people from a similar age cohort,” even though it discusses Generation Z specifically.; The packet supports Generation Z as digital natives with distinct attitudes, values, and information behaviors, and a willingness to disclose personal information in digital consumer contexts, but it does not support the fuller explanatory framing beyond that narrow usage.

  Shi Mi; Wang Lanxi; Guo Miao; Chen Mengxian. Online shopping self-efficacy and emotional closeness to shopping-circle members as dual pathways: the association between product familiarity and Generation Z consumers’ willingness to disclose. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1851651; article XML SHA-256 a345ff8d9b735ec5afc8bccc7a0e1e66043573ce4c4f799a9b78f744b1ac5f38. “Online shopping self-efficacy and emotional closeness to shopping-circle members as dual pathways: the association between product familiarity and Generation Z consumers’ willingness to disclose” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1851651). · CC-BY-4.0

• genetic map: The answer is not an appropriate dictionary definition for the requested sense in this field because it relies on agricultural genetics content rather than a mental health usage of the term.; The definition adds an unsupported specific claim that the packet describes a genetic map as a 'high-density SNP linkage map used to identify a quantitative trait locus associated with spike length in rye'; the packet describes a rye genetic map and QTL mapping, but the wording is more specific than a dictionary definition and mixes in study-specific details rather than defining the term itself.; The field is not defensible for this packet: the source is about a rye genetics study, not mental health or psychology/counselling.; The provided packet contains plant genetics/QTL mapping for rye spike length, with no mental-health content. Therefore the definition, as supplied under the field “mental health,” is not field-defensible based on the packet.

  Che Yonghe; Yang Yunjie; Yang Yanping; Wei Lai; Guo Juan; Yang Xinming; Li Xiuquan; Liu Weihua; Li Lihui. Construction of a high-density genetic map and mapping of a spike length locus for rye. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0293604; article XML SHA-256 d1cce11d18a1d838f65fa1775e36c5ab3044cc4b7249ac3eb19f0e568ec5195e. “Construction of a high-density genetic map and mapping of a spike length locus for rye” (10.1371/journal.pone.0293604). · CC-BY-4.0

• geropsychology: The definition states that geropsychology is “a branch of psychology,” but the packet describes it as a specialization of a psychologist ("A psychologist who specializes in geropsychology") and does not explicitly characterize it as a “branch.”; The packet text is about a psychologist who specializes in geropsychology, not a definition of geropsychology itself, so the entry appears to use the wrong sense/part of speech.; The phrase “branch of psychology” is not stated in the source and is not directly supported by the packet.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Adult Development and Aging Psychologist” (C204366). · CC-BY-4.0

• gestalt: The definition adds a general account of Gestalt as how the mind organizes sensation into coherent patterns or wholes, but the packet only supports Gestalt principles in the context of music perception as consistencies, boundaries, and segmentations in pieces of music.; The definition’s wording about “notice[ing]… boundaries, and segmentations” is partially supported, but the broader phrasing about organizing “into coherent patterns or wholes” is not substantiated by the supplied text.; The packet mentions that music perception involves “consistencies, boundaries, and segmentations” associated with Gestalt principles, but it does not explicitly support the additional claim that Gestalt refers to “how the mind organizes what it senses into coherent patterns or wholes.”; The phrase about visual or musical material goes beyond the packet, which mentions music perception and a visual perception test but does not define Gestalt broadly across those domains.

  Hou Jiancheng; Chen Chuansheng; Dong Qi. Early musical training benefits to non-musical cognitive ability associated with the Gestalt principles. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134116; article XML SHA-256 819c707c22e00cffd3198b99ac8a8685176f3f6a5ebe8fed70d9821a14d9bfb8. “Early musical training benefits to non-musical cognitive ability associated with the Gestalt principles” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134116). · CC-BY-4.0

• gesture: The definition should stay within the packet’s wording and sense; it reads broader than the supported CTCAE finding.; The packet supports a suicide attempt or gesture without intent to die, but it does not support the added generalization to “self-harming act.”; The packet text supports “suicide attempt or gesture without intent to die,” but it does not explicitly mention “self-harming” acts; the definition adds “self-harming” beyond the packet.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Grade 3 Suicide Attempt, CTCAE” (C145649). · CC-BY-4.0

• girdle sensation: The definition claims it is “mentioned as an early symptom.” The packet places “a girdle sensation” in the description of how the disease “breaks out suddenly” and then later “patients on awaking,” but it does not explicitly label “girdle sensation” as an early symptom within that timeline.; The packet does not explicitly define “girdle sensation” as “tightness or pain encircling the body like a belt.” It only lists “a girdle sensation” alongside other symptoms (“pains in the lumbar region”), without further wording that matches “encircling…like a belt.”; The source only lists “a girdle sensation” among symptoms of lathyrism; it does not explicitly define the term as a belt-like feeling of tightness or pain encircling the body.; “Early symptom” is not stated in the passage for girdle sensation specifically, so that timing claim is an interpretation rather than directly supported wording.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-42000-54000). · public-domain-US

• globalization: The definition’s broad opening generalizes globalization as the worldwide spread of “technologies, products, and ways of living across societies,” but the packet only supports effects on medical technologies and unhealthy lifestyles; it does not support the broader phrasing about products or the general global spread across societies.; The definition’s first sentence (“increasing worldwide spread and connection of technologies, products, and ways of living across societies”) is not explicitly stated or supported in the provided packet text.; The field “learning” is not supported by the packet, which is about climate change, globalization, and non-communicable diseases, not learning or counselling usage.; The packet presents the WHO acknowledgment and related arguments, but the definition presents this as a directly stated, comprehensive description of globalization; that specific framing is not supported beyond the cited arguments.; The packet supports that globalization is argued to increase access to medical technologies and to contribute to unhealthy lifestyle changes (e.g., processed foods and sedentary lifestyles) raising NCD risk, but it does not provide the broader general definitional framing used in the first sentence.

  Siiba Alhassan; Kangmennaang Joseph; Baatiema Leonard; Luginaah Isaac. The relationship between climate change, globalization and non-communicable diseases in Africa: A systematic review. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0297393; article XML SHA-256 735af5db6561c3a3fa4ab8884e1a19fec9765ec50dfac2c1117850d989c100bc. “The relationship between climate change, globalization and non-communicable diseases in Africa: A systematic review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0297393). · CC-BY-4.0

• goal stimulus: The definition adds an unsupported equivalence between a “goal stimulus” and information or a location that matches a task goal; the packet only says that goals influence priority maps and selection, not that this is the definition of this term.; The packet does not define or introduce the specific term “goal stimulus,” nor does it state that a “goal stimulus” is an information item or location matching a person’s task goal.; The packet supports goal-driven selection and current goals guiding attention, but it does not define or use the term “goal stimulus” as a distinct concept.; The remainder of the definition (“goal-driven processing” operating alongside stimulus-driven and history-driven influences in deciding what to focus on) is broadly consistent with the packet’s discussion, but because the core definitional sentence is not supported, the definition as a whole cannot be accepted.; The statement that goal-, stimulus-, and history-driven influences are the three parallel processes is broadly supported, but the wording “given higher priority for selection” is an interpretation that is not stated as a definition in the packet.; While the packet discusses goal-driven processes and goal-related attentional priority within spatial priority maps, it does not explicitly support the definition’s claim that the matching information/location should be “given higher priority for selection” specifically under the label “goal stimulus.”

  Koevoet Damian; Van Moorselaar Dirk; Awh Edward; Van der Stigchel Stefan. Past and present goals are represented concurrently during visual search. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003779; article XML SHA-256 bbd490ed9d6593fce26edf261df31e49fa642146ff6d508b4a38756aed791bfa. “Past and present goals are represented concurrently during visual search” (10.1371/journal.pbio.3003779). · CC-BY-4.0

• GP: The packet does not explicitly define GP as “general practitioner” or “a doctor working in primary care,” so the first sentence is unsupported by the supplied source.; The packet does not explicitly define “GP” as “a general practitioner, a doctor working in primary care”; it only mentions “GP” and “general practice” without stating the term’s meaning.; The packet supports that general practice/GP is a common last contact for help-seeking related to suicidal thoughts and feelings, but this is not sufficient to substantiate the full definition’s first sentence.; The wording “described as a common professional point of contact” overstates the packet, which says general practice is the “most common last point of contact” and that the study explores talking to a GP about suicide; it does not present GP as a defined role in that form.

  Fedorowicz Sophia; Dempsey Robert C.; Ellis Naomi; Gidlow Christopher. “Hopeless but supported in that hopelessness”: a qualitative study of how people experience talking to a GP about suicide. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1744949; article XML SHA-256 e4e5f416c8d20cb0a3cb079674c8b1a928a89529640f28bb8ef2481afd0e32f6. ““Hopeless but supported in that hopelessness”: a qualitative study of how people experience talking to a GP about suicide” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1744949). · CC-BY-4.0

• grade-point average: The definition adds an unsupported generalization by characterizing GPA as a “summary measure of a student’s academic outcomes or performance”; the packet only shows GPA as engineering grade point average obtained from the university registrar’s office.; The definition’s first claim that GPA is “a summary measure of a student’s academic outcomes or performance” is not explicitly supported in the packet text provided.; The requested sense is too broad relative to the packet: the source supports only this study’s use of engineering students’ university GPA, not a general dictionary definition of GPA across settings.; The second sentence (that, in this packet, GPA refers to engineering students’ university GPA obtained from the university registrar’s office) is supported by the packet.

  Taylor Christa L.; Zaghi Arash Esmaili. The interplay of ADHD characteristics and executive functioning with the GPA and divergent thinking of engineering students: A conceptual replication and extension. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937153; article XML SHA-256 13499b6c3296406cd7a50c19cbc14873c5d565b4e86275c1af05a2365c35038c. “The interplay of ADHD characteristics and executive functioning with the GPA and divergent thinking of engineering students: A conceptual replication and extension” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937153). · CC-BY-4.0

• gradual withdrawal: It generalizes from the study’s older-adult follow-up context to a broader clinical definition without support from the packet.; The definition adds an unsupported interpretation that gradual withdrawal means “increasing difficulty staying engaged or reachable over time”; the packet only describes stages of follow-up difficulty and associated social participation/interaction patterns, not that specific behavioral meaning.; The definition mentions a spectrum (“ranging from lower involvement in groups to social isolation”), while the packet only reports associations with baseline social participation variables across stages/groups and a “social isolation” characterization for the non-respondent group; the full “spectrum” framing is not stated as such.; The packet does not provide a direct definition of “gradual withdrawal”; it describes a study about “gradual withdrawal from society” operationalized via “stages of follow-up difficulty,” but the definition’s phrasing (“progressive pulling back from society,” “difficulty staying engaged or reachable”) is interpretive rather than explicitly supported.

  Kawai Hisashi; Ejiri Manami; Tsuruta Harukazu; Masui Yukie; Watanabe Yutaka; Hirano Hirohiko; Fujiwara Yoshinori; Ihara Kazushige; Tanaka Masashi; Obuchi Shuichi. Factors associated with follow-up difficulty in longitudinal studies involving community-dwelling older adults. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0237166; article XML SHA-256 c17412b30596d227067dafcfec960bf959b0a43aa58087616c1b2d76f0eb0eec. “Factors associated with follow-up difficulty in longitudinal studies involving community-dwelling older adults” (10.1371/journal.pone.0237166). · CC-BY-4.0

• graph theory: The clause about making fast, approximate predictions about epidemic spread on contact networks is supported only for specific classical structural approaches (QMF, KSEL), not for graph theory itself.; The definition’s second sentence claims “spectral graph theory refers to using features of that structure to make fast, approximate predictions about processes such as epidemic spread on contact networks.” The packet supports fast, approximate predictions of the “epidemic threshold τ” using spectral graph theory features/methods (QMF, KSEL), but it does not mention epidemic spread as the relevant process.; The first sentence (“Graph theory is a mathematical way of describing and analysing networks through their structure.”) is not supported by the provided packet text, which does not define graph theory in general terms.; The packet discusses spectral graph theory methods for predicting epidemic thresholds; it does not support a general definition of graph theory as a mathematical way of describing and analysing networks.; The packet does not provide enough support for the specific “epidemic spread” wording or the general “processes such as …” phrasing; it is focused on threshold prediction rather than spread dynamics.

  Kouokam Etienne. A Hybrid AI-Mathematical approach for epidemic threshold prediction in metapopulation networks: Integrating physics-guided neural networks with spectral graph theory. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0344827; article XML SHA-256 8e63bdad2859631f82187e08b52d1fb54921c340151cd1020b731d38cbc6aec2. “A Hybrid AI-Mathematical approach for epidemic threshold prediction in metapopulation networks: Integrating physics-guided neural networks with spectral graph theory” (10.1371/journal.pone.0344827). · CC-BY-4.0

• graphesthesia: Because of the unsupported “traced on the skin” detail, the definition contains a substantive claim not directly supported by the provided packet.; The field “diagnosis” is not supported by the source text, which frames graphesthesia here as a tactile perspective-taking task in a developmental research study rather than a diagnostic concept.; The packet does not state that the symbols were “traced on the skin”; it only describes “ambiguous tactile symbols (b, d, p and q) presented on their stomach.”; The packet uses “graphesthesia task” as a study method but does not explicitly define graphesthesia as the general ability to recognize traced symbols by touch alone; that sense is only indirectly implied.

  Xavier Jean; Verley Armand; Cohen David; Pellerin Hugues; Kirsch Louise P.; Auvray Malika. Spatial perspective-taking abilities on ambiguous tactile stimuli: The case of children with autism spectrum disorder or developmental coordination disorder. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0355395; article XML SHA-256 efdb3fca8688696d66079e69aa756ecc9b62cee0f0acb9df778001b5c4ceb472. “Spatial perspective-taking abilities on ambiguous tactile stimuli: The case of children with autism spectrum disorder or developmental coordination disorder” (10.1371/journal.pone.0355395). · CC-BY-4.0

• gratification: The definition is partly circular because it uses the term’s own family of wording (“gratification”) instead of staying grounded in the supplied source phrasing.; The definition’s wording “outward signs of pleasure or satisfaction” is not supported by the packet text, which instead describes “outward manifestations of gratification,” without mentioning “pleasure or satisfaction.”; The packet characterizes gratification as a “Highly pleasant emotion” (happiness-related), whereas the provided field is “cognition,” which is not substantiated by the packet content.; The packet supports “highly pleasant emotion” and outward manifestation, but it does not support the added gloss “of pleasure or satisfaction.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Happiness” (D006240). · public-domain-US-government

• gray: The definition extends the packet’s claim (“identify distinct … abnormality patterns”) into a general statement about gray matter showing “abnormal patterns,” whereas the packet only indicates an investigation of differences/possible differentiation.; The packet states the study sought differences in gray matter (GM) volume among bipolar depression, unipolar depression, and healthy controls, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s phrasing that gray matter “can show different abnormal patterns” in those groups.; The packet supports gray matter volume differences among bipolar depression, unipolar depression, and healthy controls, but it does not explicitly support the broader claim that gray matter volume is a biological measure.; The wording adds interpretive framing (“in this context” / “refers to brain gray matter”) that is plausible from the source but not directly established as a defined sense in the packet.

  Zhou Li; Wu Guowei; Li Xinchun; Liu Chang. Abnormalities of brain gray matter in bipolar depression and unipolar depression. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1534065; article XML SHA-256 112566b75850f97bf9b0a9218d316d7b3b7953abd53c4acb3e2f571005e20011. “Abnormalities of brain gray matter in bipolar depression and unipolar depression” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1534065). · CC-BY-4.0

• great man theory: The packet contrasts Great man theory with environment-based accounts, but it does not clearly support the broader explanatory wording that major events are understood chiefly by exceptional individuals rather than broader social or environmental forces.; The packet does not explicitly contrast the Great Man theory with “broader social or environmental forces,” nor does it describe major events as chiefly explained by what exceptional individuals do rather than other forces.; The packet supports Great man theory as an individualistic interpretation of history, but it does not directly support the stronger claim that it explains historical change mainly through “outstanding persons or geniuses.”; The packet supports only that “Great Man theory” is an “Individualistic (Lehmann)” interpretation within a classification of theories of history, but it does not state the definition’s claims that it explains historical change mainly through “outstanding persons or geniuses.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “History (philosophy of)” (Historyp). · public-domain-US

• grievance: The claim that grievance procedures are formal ways for concerns to be heard and addressed as part of accountability and error correction goes beyond the packet; the article only lists grievance procedures, external oversight, and transparent error remediation as proposed mechanisms without defining their function in those terms.; The claim that grievance procedures are “formal ways…to be heard and addressed…as part of accountability and error correction” is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet broadly discusses accountability mechanisms and “transparent error remediation,” but does not link this directly to grievance procedures in the manner described.; The definition’s specifics—“concern or complaint raised by a young person” and that it is about “harmful, unfair, or improper treatment within an institution”—are not explicitly supported in the provided packet text.; The packet does not define what a “grievance” is (it only mentions “youth grievance procedures” as an accountability mechanism).; The packet mentions “youth grievance procedures” as an accountability mechanism, but it does not define grievance as a concern or complaint, nor does it specify that it is something raised by a young person about harmful, unfair, or improper treatment.

  Ramos-Galarza Carlos; Obregón Jennifer; Guerrero Brenda; Cruz-Cárdenas Jorge. Institutional trauma, absence of accountability, and psychopathology in a juvenile serial homicide case. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1855731; article XML SHA-256 e17e83e4e721be36348b2cf187e9877e8e80434d595f8e57a2df4abadf3a14eb. “Institutional trauma, absence of accountability, and psychopathology in a juvenile serial homicide case” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1855731). · CC-BY-4.0

• group identification: The definition’s first sentence (“Group identification is the extent to which a person feels aligned with and attached to their group”) is not explicitly supported by the packet text, which only describes group identification as having a moderating role in the study.; The definition’s second sentence is broadly consistent with the packet’s claim that group identification has an “enhancing moderating effect” on the relationship between group relative deprivation and intra-team knowledge sharing, but because the first sentence is unsupported, the overall definition fails the requirement.; The packet does not define group identification as “the extent to which a person feels aligned with and attached to their group,” so the core definitional claim is unsupported.; The result sentence is broadly supported, but the definition as a whole needs direct support from the packet rather than an inferred general psychology meaning.

  Wan Jin; Qin Mingyue; Zhou Wenjun; Zhou Haiming; Li Pingping. Procedural justice, relative deprivation, and intra-team knowledge sharing: The moderating role of group identification. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.994020; article XML SHA-256 b92c0426adbe0b412ae3b8de0ba137ef52fad3d2f9ee54914e9008585f6abd06. “Procedural justice, relative deprivation, and intra-team knowledge sharing: The moderating role of group identification” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.994020). · CC-BY-4.0

• group practice: The definition claims the service “offers general psychiatric care such as medication management and psychotherapy,” which is supported by the packet’s wording that the practice offered general psychiatric care including medication management and psychotherapy.; The definition’s claim that the practice “may also provide additional treatments within the same practice” is only partially supported: the packet specifically mentions TMS, but it does not support a general “may also” statement about other additional treatments beyond TMS.; The packet does not explicitly define what a “group practice” is in general (e.g., it does not state the setting is “shared” or contrasts it with “a single clinician working alone”).; The source supports a multi-site psychiatric group practice, but it does not state that the setting is “shared” or explicitly contrast it with a single clinician working alone.; The source supports general psychiatric care (medication management and psychotherapy) and an additional treatment (TMS) within the practice, but the first sentence adds unsupported framing not present in the packet.

  Bastiaens Jesse; Brown Natalie; Bermudes Richard A.; Juusola Jessie L.; Bravata Dena M.; Marton Tobias F.. Utilization and outcomes of transcranial magnetic stimulation and usual care for MDD in a large group psychiatric practice. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12888-024-05928-4; article XML SHA-256 cc38ea35c54932253cd8494aa7cd76d21a93aa58c1c55c0674cc57fdab308fb7. “Utilization and outcomes of transcranial magnetic stimulation and usual care for MDD in a large group psychiatric practice” (10.1186/s12888-024-05928-4). · CC-BY-4.0

• growth principle: Field mismatch: the packet describes oscillatory gene expression and metabolism in budding yeast (respiratory activity, mitochondrial growth/catabolism, ATP:ADP ratio), with no support for framing this as a mental-health concept.; The definition adds specific phrasing about "cellular energy state" and coordinated periods of "cell building" and "breakdown processes" that goes beyond the packet’s wording and overstates the source’s mechanistic certainty.; The packet is about yeast physiology and gene regulation, not a mental health/psychology sense of "growth principle," so the field and requested sense are not defensible here.; While the definition’s scientific elements (cellular energy state/ATP:ADP, metabolism, gene activity; coordinated growth/anabolism vs mitochondrial/catabolic stress-response phases) are supported by the packet, the packet does not support applying the term within mental health.

  Machné Rainer; Murray Douglas B.. The Yin and Yang of Yeast Transcription: Elements of a Global Feedback System between Metabolism and Chromatin. 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0037906; article XML SHA-256 95071e88b02243a65ace686ff4c2ac7c62e8dad351d6f5d8f7d32425bd08841a. “The Yin and Yang of Yeast Transcription: Elements of a Global Feedback System between Metabolism and Chromatin” (10.1371/journal.pone.0037906). · CC-BY-4.0

• guidance program: The definition’s general description (“structured set of educational and support activities… increase people’s knowledge, awareness, and follow-through on a recommended behavior”) is not directly supported by the provided packet text; the packet describes a pharmacist-led nutritional guidance intervention and measures of knowledge/awareness/implementation, but does not support the specific general formulation or the “follow-through” framing.; The definition’s generic gloss (“structured set of educational and support activities used to increase people’s knowledge, awareness, and follow-through on a recommended behavior”) is broader than the packet supports; the source only describes a dietary potassium restriction guidance program in community pharmacies and does not define the term that way.; The packet supports a pharmacist-led nutritional guidance intervention for CKD outpatients, not a general development-psychology sense of “guidance program.”; The second sentence adds unsupported specifics: it says the guidance was individualized and aimed to help outpatients with chronic kidney disease follow potassium restriction more effectively, but the packet does not explicitly state an individualized program or that this is the term’s fixed meaning.; The second sentence is largely supported (individualized dietary guidance from community pharmacists to outpatients with CKD to improve potassium restriction knowledge/implementation), but because the first sentence contains unsupported generalizations, the overall definition fails the evidence requirement.

  Asai Yuki; Muramatsu Asami; Kobayashi Tatsuya; Takasaki Ikuhiro; Murasaka Toshiki; Izukawa Ai; Miyada Kahori; Okazaki Takahiro; Yanagawa Tatsuki; Abe Yasuharu; Takai Yasushi; Iwamoto Takuya. A multicentral prospective cohort trial of a pharmacist-led nutritional intervention on serum potassium levels in outpatients with chronic kidney disease: The MieYaku-Chronic Kidney Disease project. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0304479; article XML SHA-256 1f9d65fdea1e18263dbf569785bf661e5d0863850d7fe8a025d22c8b3e506593. “A multicentral prospective cohort trial of a pharmacist-led nutritional intervention on serum potassium levels in outpatients with chronic kidney disease: The MieYaku-Chronic Kidney Disease project” (10.1371/journal.pone.0304479). · CC-BY-4.0

• guidance: Because those substantive parts are not evidenced by the supplied packet, the definition is not fully supported by the provided source.; The added context about help for parents supporting a child’s mental health goes beyond the packet, which only mentions children’s mental health information and guidance on working with a child’s school.; The packet supports the phrase "guidance on working with your child’s school," but not the broader dictionary-style claim that guidance means practical advice or direction.; The packet text only mentions “guidance on working with your child’s school,” but does not support the definition’s broader characterization of guidance as “practical advice or direction” or as help “to decide what to do in a situation.”

  National Institute of Mental Health. Publications about Children and Adolescents. HTML publication snapshot 2026-10-18; SHA-256 65534592e4b4789ce8a6abed463655fcc70631fc41795e74a51b98d0eb13f93d. “Publications about Children and Adolescents” (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/children-and-adolescents-listing). · public-domain-US-government

• gustometer: The definition claims “help record gustatory event-related brain responses reliably.” The packet supports that the study validated the gustometer’s “functionality and reliability” and that it evoked reliable GERP waveforms, but “help record” is not phrased as the packet’s direct claim (it introduces and uses the gustometer to record GERPs).; The definition slightly overgeneralizes by describing the gustometer as a general tool for clinicians to measure taste responses; the packet supports its use for recording GERP waveforms and its potential clinical and research applications, but not that broad role as stated.; The definition states the device is “used to deliver controlled taste stimuli so researchers or clinicians can measure taste responses.” The packet supports delivery of tastants (e.g., distilled water; sodium chloride solutions) and recording reliable GERP waveforms, but it does not explicitly describe “controlled taste stimuli” or measuring “taste responses” as a stated purpose for researchers/clinicians in general terms.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: this is a neuroscience/gustatory electrophysiology device, not a social psychology term.

  Chen Zhongyan; Zhou Xiaolin; Li Chunjing; Liu Jianfeng. Advanced gustometer design for reliable recording of gustatory event-related potentials in healthy young adults. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fnins.2025.1534296; article XML SHA-256 e06f961b2249d76cef75cee8e259eda6cfd84c6b9626aae7a79aec91562d3b6d. “Advanced gustometer design for reliable recording of gustatory event-related potentials in healthy young adults” (10.3389/fnins.2025.1534296). · CC-BY-4.0

• gyno-: The definition’s wording is broader than the packet’s support: the packet supports gynoecy/gynoecious as female individuals or female-flowering plants in a dioecious population, but not a general definition of the prefix itself as the “female side of sex expression.”; The packet does not support the phrasing “female side of sex expression” as a general meaning of the prefix “gyno-.” It instead supports specific usage: “gynoecy” is described as representing female individuals/trees or female flower types within dioecious/sex-expression categories in Diospyros.; The packet is about plant sexual systems in persimmon, not cognition, so the requested field/sense is not supported.; The provided definition’s content is about plant sexual systems (dioecy/gynoecy in flowering plants), but the requested field is “cognition,” and the packet does not support any psychology/cognition framing for “gyno-.”

  Sun Peng; Nishiyama Soichiro; Li Huawei; Mai Yini; Han Weijuan; Suo Yujing; Liang Chengzhi; Du Huilong; Diao Songfeng; Wang Yiru; Yuan Jiaying; Zhang Yue; Tao Ryutaro; Li Fangdong; Fu Jianmin. Genetic insights into the dissolution of dioecy in diploid persimmon Diospyros oleifera Cheng. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12870-023-04610-3; article XML SHA-256 391b42d74afb2fab486bbfb37e406062629cd512cc07bd3200d76a91e04eed57. “Genetic insights into the dissolution of dioecy in diploid persimmon Diospyros oleifera Cheng” (10.1186/s12870-023-04610-3). · CC-BY-4.0

• habitability: Several details in the definition (e.g., “acceptable quality of life”) are not directly stated in the provided packet text.; The added claim that habitability is used to assess urban living conditions and the risks that can undermine them is broader than the source text, which instead discusses obstacles to ecological urbanism and the quality-of-life impacts of development projects in one case study.; The packet does not define habitability as the degree to which an environment is suitable for people to inhabit with an acceptable quality of life; it only says the paper uses sustainability and habitability to define and measure ecological urbanism in informal settlements.; The packet does not explicitly support the phrase “used alongside sustainability to assess urban living conditions and the risks that can undermine them” as a definition-level characterization of habitability; it describes a specific case study context (La Primavera) and how development projects affect quality of life and risks, but not a general definitional usage of habitability.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “habitability” (e.g., as a “degree” or “suitable … with an acceptable quality of life”); it only states that the paper “employs the concepts of sustainability and habitability to define and measure ecological urbanism.”

  Valencia Londoño Paula Andrea; Valencia Londoño Diana; Paz Phoenix Storm. Ecological urbanism as a condition underpinning urban life for internally displaced peoples in Colombia. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0291794; article XML SHA-256 e383dbdfb630729eb1317784cdd019ccd226fb8e2430ab404043c2513d1231f5. “Ecological urbanism as a condition underpinning urban life for internally displaced peoples in Colombia” (10.1371/journal.pone.0291794). · CC-BY-4.0

• half-life: The first sentence gives a general pharmacokinetic definition of half-life that is not stated in the source packet and is broader than the packet’s specific mention of vitreal half-life.; The packet states that ranibizumab has a “vitreal half-life” (~2.9 days) versus bevacizumab (~4.3 days), but it does not define half-life as the time for a drug level to fall by 50% in the vitreous. Therefore, the definition’s claim about “falls by 50%” is not supported by the supplied text.; The second sentence adds an unsupported interpretation that the level falls by 50%; the packet only states a shorter vitreal half-life (~2.9 days), not that this is defined as a 50% decline.

  Chowdhury Jabia Mostofa. Computational modeling of intravitreal ranibizumab kinetics: Predicting macular drug concentration and half-life. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0348811; article XML SHA-256 487ab228f9e92e7a6ec419c8c6979dafb07e4906cf02f57dc3cf69d0bd55d38f. “Computational modeling of intravitreal ranibizumab kinetics: Predicting macular drug concentration and half-life” (10.1371/journal.pone.0348811). · CC-BY-4.0

• haloperidol: "Severe nausea" is not supported by the packet; the packet says haloperidol is a potent antiemetic and is used for intractable hiccups, but it does not specify severe nausea.; "Some movement-related conditions" is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s named uses (ballism and the chorea of Huntington disease).; The definition is for a medication (haloperidol) and describes indications/treatment uses rather than providing a term definition in the “diagnosis” field (the term is not itself a diagnostic category).; The packet does not specify “persistent” hiccups (it states it is used for “intractable HICCUPS,” which is not the same wording/sense as “persistent”).; The packet does not specify “severe nausea” (it only states it is a “potent antiemetic”).

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Haloperidol” (D006220). · public-domain-US-government

• hammer: Because the “learning” linkage is not directly supported with the specific wording/claim of “skilled upper-limb behavior,” this substantive element is not defensible from the provided text.; The definition claims it is “part of the skilled upper-limb behavior involved in knapping,” but the packet supports upper-limb biomechanics/anatomy in knapping rather than describing knapping as “skilled” or explicitly tying it to learning in those terms.; The definition is not a standard dictionary-style sense for the term in the requested field and mixes a technical artifact description with an unsupported educational framing.; The packet supports a hand-held stone or synthetic hammerstone used in knapping, but it does not support treating this as a learning term or as part of a psychology/counselling definition.; The second sentence generalizes beyond the source by asserting relevance to learning; the packet only says knapping research relates to upper-limb biomechanics and hominin anatomy, not learning.

  Barroso-Medina Cecilia; Lin Sam C; Tocheri Matthew W; Sreenivasa Manish. Design and development of a sensorized hammerstone for accurate force measurement in stone knapping experiments. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0310520; article XML SHA-256 8c6827c7c8c5b721d01358408179283bb79cc5b275ae31a1d0cbb54fdbde9c9a. “Design and development of a sensorized hammerstone for accurate force measurement in stone knapping experiments” (10.1371/journal.pone.0310520). · CC-BY-4.0

• happy-puppet syndrome: The definition states that “Happy-puppet syndrome” is an older name for Angelman syndrome, but the packet does not explicitly state that it is an older name or synonym; it only presents a syndrome described under an “Angelman Syndrome” source label.; The definition’s “developmental slowing” is not stated in the packet; the packet specifies “motor retardation,” but does not use the phrase or concept of developmental slowing.; The packet supports Angelman syndrome and the listed clinical features, but it does not explicitly support the claim that “happy-puppet syndrome” is an older name for Angelman syndrome.; “Developmental slowing” is not stated in the packet; the packet gives “motor retardation” and related movement findings instead.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Angelman Syndrome” (D017204). · public-domain-US-government

• hazard function: The definition claims the hazard function is a characteristic used when “evaluating a probability distribution”; while the packet says mathematical characteristics are studied, it does not support this specific description of how hazard function is used or what “evaluating” entails.; The field label "learning" is not supported by the packet content, which is about a probability distribution and failure-rate modeling rather than psychology or learning.; The packet mentions “TTT… to study the failure rate,” but it does not connect hazard function to failure rate explicitly, so the definition’s causal linkage is unsupported.; The packet only states that “hazard function” is one of the mathematical characteristics studied, but it does not define what a hazard function is or that it “describe[s] the failure rate… over time.”; The packet only supports that hazard function is one of several mathematical characteristics studied for the HL-TEXPD distribution; it does not support the broader general definition as a statistical function describing failure rate or how the chance of failure changes over time.

  Gul Ahtasham; Sandhu Amjad Javaid; Farooq Muhammad; Adil Muhammad; Hassan Yasir; Khan Faridoon. Half logistic-truncated exponential distribution: Characteristics and applications. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0285992; article XML SHA-256 dffe21586bb4f7fc556c4136eb8abe4f98c37fa9ad07f2fb711334c93acff4a6. “Half logistic-truncated exponential distribution: Characteristics and applications” (10.1371/journal.pone.0285992). · CC-BY-4.0

• head-related transfer function: The definition adds an unsupported generalization by presenting HRTF as a named spatial hearing cue; the packet only says sounds were filtered with an anechoic HRTF to be perceived as externalized.; The packet describes using an anechoic head-related transfer function (HRTF) (and BRIR) to filter sounds so participants perceive them as internalized vs externalized, but it does not explicitly define HRTF as “an acoustic filter.”; The packet refers to “acoustic cues that distinguish” inside vs outside the head and to “spatialization” in the context of internal vs external origin, but it does not support the specific framing that HRTF “represents one of the spatial hearing cues used to simulate sound externalization.”; The requested field is not defensible: the packet is about auditory processing in schizophrenia, but head-related transfer function is not a diagnosis term.

  Fivel Laure; Lavandier Mathieu; Grimault Nicolas; Perrin Fabien; Mondino Marine; Haesebaert Frédéric. Is it inside my head? Characterization of sound externalization in schizophrenia. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0345074; article XML SHA-256 f94c4c6040cf5912f8a535b4f49322e46db167b4babb7c3d5d438deb31f2e1ff. “Is it inside my head? Characterization of sound externalization in schizophrenia” (10.1371/journal.pone.0345074). · CC-BY-4.0

• health care proxy: The field is not well supported as cognition; the source concerns end-of-life planning and caregiving, not a cognitive concept definition.; The packet does not define a health care proxy as an advance care planning arrangement or say that it names someone to represent a patient’s wishes; it only mentions “a living will or a health care proxy/durable power of attorney” as something patients may have.; The packet only mentions “a living will or a health care proxy/durable power of attorney” as types of advanced care planning preferences/plans; it does not explicitly state that “in this source, it is grouped with a durable power of attorney as part of planning for future care,” beyond that single combined phrase in reporting associations.; The packet supports that caregivers may “represent patients’ wishes and make medical decisions on their behalf” near the end of life, but it does not define a “health care proxy” as an advance care planning arrangement that “names someone” to represent a patient’s wishes.; The statement that the proxy is used to make medical decisions on the patient’s behalf is not directly supported as a definition of the term in the packet; the passage only says caregivers may represent patients’ wishes and make medical decisions as death approaches.

  Kurita Keiko; Lachs Mark S; Adelman Ronald D; Siegler Eugenia L; Reid M Cary; Prigerson Holly G. Mild cognitive dysfunction of caregivers and its association with care recipients’ end-of-life plans and preferences. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0196147; article XML SHA-256 b15abd24ff83c1c55e762dc95cf7a60834642f472afe38f22735e12099f31479. “Mild cognitive dysfunction of caregivers and its association with care recipients’ end-of-life plans and preferences” (10.1371/journal.pone.0196147). · CC-BY-4.0

• health risk appraisal: The definition adds an explanatory sense that is broader than the source evidence; the source only identifies a trial of HRA for older people and does not define the term itself.; The definition includes an additional characterization (“version designed for older people”) that is supported, but because the first substantive claim is not directly stated in the packet, the definition is not fully defensible.; The packet does not explicitly define “health risk appraisal” as “an approach for evaluating a person’s health risks”; it only refers to the “health risk appraisal” intervention and a trial of implementing it for older people.; The packet supports that this source concerns health risk appraisal for older people (HRA-O) and its implementation with different methods of reinforcement, but it does not support the general definition of health risk appraisal as “an approach for evaluating a person’s health risks.”

  Stuck Andreas E; Kharicha Kalpa; Dapp Ulrike; Anders Jennifer; von Renteln-Kruse Wolfgang; Meier-Baumgartner Hans Peter; Iliffe Steve; Harari Danielle; Bachmann Martin D; Egger Matthias; Gillmann Gerhard; Beck John C; Swift Cameron G. The PRO-AGE study: an international randomised controlled study of health risk appraisal for older persons based in general practice. 2007; DOI 10.1186/1471-2288-7-2; article XML SHA-256 5ba60eea6e3ab6b0711f0c61338ba964dfe2aa8f53704cff1adf6e2ffc3e8e0b. “The PRO-AGE study: an international randomised controlled study of health risk appraisal for older persons based in general practice” (10.1186/1471-2288-7-2). · CC-BY-2.0

• heat stress: The definition adds a general explanatory claim not stated in the source; a citation or broad background phrasing alone is not enough to support that wording.; The definition’s second sentence includes multiple specific effects (“harmful effects on fertility, oxidative stress, immunity, and semen quality”), which are largely consistent with what the packet investigates, but the definition still contains unsupported elements from the first sentence and a field mismatch overall.; The definition’s stated field (“mental health”) is not supported by the packet; the packet discusses animal reproductive physiology and semen/oxidative stress/immune-related measures in rabbit bucks.; The packet does not provide the requested general definition that “heat stress is physical strain caused by exposure to hot environmental conditions.” It only describes that bucks were kept under “heat stress conditions” with specified temperature and humidity.; The packet supports heat stress as a condition imposed by hot, humid housing in rabbits and its effects on fertility, oxidative stress, immunity, and semen quality, but it does not define the term as “physical strain.”

  El-Ratel Ibrahim T.; Elbasuny Mawada E.; El-Nagar Hamdy A.; Abdel-Khalek Abdel-Khalek E.; El-Raghi Ali A.; El Basuini Mohammed Fouad; El-Kholy Khaled H.; Fouda Sara F.. The synergistic impact of Spirulina and selenium nanoparticles mitigates the adverse effects of heat stress on the physiology of rabbits bucks. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0287644; article XML SHA-256 a3b67ae80bef8307b54a233e2ca2e6bff90e98d712a19f05212dfe26d0ad51e9. “The synergistic impact of Spirulina and selenium nanoparticles mitigates the adverse effects of heat stress on the physiology of rabbits bucks” (10.1371/journal.pone.0287644). · CC-BY-4.0

• helping relationship: The definition claims the relationship is “built around the caregiver’s lived experience and psychological needs,” but the packet supports centering on caregivers’ “lived experience” and psychological well-being; it does not explicitly support the phrasing “psychological needs.”; The definition frames this term under the field “diagnosis,” but the packet presents it as part of a qualitative study of a brief intervention/therapeutic relationship for informal caregivers (not a diagnosis).; The definition slightly overgeneralizes by framing the relationship as broadly between a practitioner and a caregiver; the packet specifically describes an informal caregiver–practitioner relationship within the Ensemble program.; The packet supports the listed relational qualities and outcomes, but the definition should not present them as a general dictionary sense outside this specific intervention context.; The supplied field is incorrect: the packet discusses a therapeutic relationship in a brief intervention for informal caregivers, not a diagnostic concept.

  Wilquin Hélène; Plessis Léa; Bourgade Elora; Rexhaj Shyhrete. Fostering therapeutic relationships in brief interventions: an exploratory qualitative study of the Ensemble program for informal caregivers of adults with psychiatric disorders. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1706122; article XML SHA-256 e60865a1a0da3e861dd611532999e68d1c80b32f7a04b3c9836f3183db18cac3. “Fostering therapeutic relationships in brief interventions: an exploratory qualitative study of the Ensemble program for informal caregivers of adults with psychiatric disorders” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1706122). · CC-BY-4.0

• helping: The definition adds interpretive detail beyond the packet’s wording; the packet only names the steps Ask, Be There, Help Keep Them Safe, Help Them Connect, and Follow Up.; The packet only states that there are “five steps” for helping someone having thoughts of suicide (Ask, Be There, Help Keep Them Safe, Help Them Connect, and Follow Up), but it does not provide the specific explanations included in the definition (e.g., asking about their safety, staying present, reducing immediate danger, checking back afterward).; The source supports a five-step process for helping someone having thoughts of suicide, but it does not support the broader claim that helping means giving “practical and emotional support.”; Therefore, multiple substantive elements of the definition are not supported by the supplied packet text.

  National Institute of Mental Health. Brochures and Fact Sheets in English. HTML publication snapshot 2026-10-18; SHA-256 04baa9a6326771a959006d9c107c544c439971cfd5dae876f95c47ecab426bdc. “Brochures and Fact Sheets in English” (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets-in-english). · public-domain-US-government

• hemicrania: Because “nausea” is unsupported by the provided source packet, the definition contains at least one substantive claim not supported for the requested term/sense.; The packet does not explicitly mention “nausea”; it mentions “vaso-motor and digestive disturbances, and vomiting.”; The packet supports hemicrania as an older term for migraine and a one-sided severe headache, but it does not specifically support adding nausea as a symptom; it mentions digestive disturbances and vomiting, not nausea.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Migraine or Megrim” (Migraine). · public-domain-US

• heroin: The packet describes heroin as a “narcotic analgesic” that “may be habit-forming” and an “opium derivative” controlled substance; the definition’s framing as “pain-relieving” is only indirectly supported by “analgesic,” and the definition adds claims not present in the packet.; The packet does not state or support that, specifically in “psychology and learning contexts,” heroin is discussed as a controlled substance tied to “substance use and dependence-related behavior.” That psychology/learning-specific claim is not present in the supplied text.; The second sentence adds unsupported context (“In psychology and learning contexts”) that is not stated in the packet.; The second sentence also adds unsupported content about “substance use and dependence-related behavior”; the packet only says heroin is a controlled substance and may be habit-forming.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Heroin” (D003932). · public-domain-US-government

• heteroscedasticity: The definition claims the remaining residual variation is “rather than random noise”; the packet mentions “valuable information remaining in the residual,” but it does not explicitly contrast this with “random noise.”; The definition narrows the term to a residual-pattern concept used for stock prediction; the packet supports that applied meaning, but not as a cognition-field entry.; The definition states a general statistical meaning (“variation in data that remains in a model’s residuals”) that is not directly given in the packet; the packet instead discusses “heteroscedasticity element” and “valuable information remaining in the residual” after an ARCH test, without explicitly defining heteroscedasticity as “variation in data” in general terms.; The definition’s first sentence presents the concept as broadly applicable to residuals; the packet only supports this in the specific study context of forecasting stock volatility using a GARCH-LSTM hybrid, not as an overall definitional characterization.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source is a stock-volatility forecasting paper, not a cognition/psychology source.

  Sadon Aida Nabilah; Ismail Shuhaida; Khamis Azme; Tariq Muhammad Usman. Heteroscedasticity effects as component to future stock market predictions using RNN-based models. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0297641; article XML SHA-256 cf1f2f46f6d21c920accc73ea4f0bda0b7dd36272a63cadb5cd83954750fb94b. “Heteroscedasticity effects as component to future stock market predictions using RNN-based models” (10.1371/journal.pone.0297641). · CC-BY-4.0

• heuristic-systematic model: The claim that the model explains judgments and decisions generally is broader than the packet, which only says the article uses the model as a perspective for studying information overload in live commerce.; The packet does not define the heuristic-systematic model as a two-process framework with “systematic” versus “heuristic” processing; that theory-level description is not supported by the supplied text.; The packet does not define the “heuristic-systematic model” as involving “two kinds of processing” (systematic vs heuristic) or describe them as “more effortful” vs “shortcut-based.”; The packet only states that the study “introduces information overload from the perspective of ‘Heuristic-systematic model’” and that information overload makes it “difficult for consumers to think systematically,” without stating any broader model mechanism about heuristic responding.; The statement about information overload hindering systematic thought and shifting purchase decisions is only partially supported: the packet says information overload can make consumers think systematically less easily and affect purchase decisions, but it does not substantiate the broader causal framing in the definition.

  Zhang Guihua; Cao Junwei; Liu Dong. Examining the influence of information overload on consumers’ purchase in live streaming: A heuristic-systematic model perspective. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0284466; article XML SHA-256 73f16395f065488df39befd58ce7a23bfe10dbf94aaba0c09cec676e6b75a4fb. “Examining the influence of information overload on consumers’ purchase in live streaming: A heuristic-systematic model perspective” (10.1371/journal.pone.0284466). · CC-BY-4.0

• heuristic value: The added explanation about using a definition or concept as a guide for understanding, comparing, or identifying a condition goes beyond the packet’s wording; the packet only supports examining different PNS definitions, their prevalence, and their use in identifying deficit syndrome.; The definition’s second sentence includes interpretive framing (“estimating how common they are”) that is not spelled out in the provided packet text.; The packet does not define “heuristic value” as the practical usefulness of a definition or concept; it only says the study examined the heuristic value of various PNS definitions.; The packet does not provide a definition or explanation of the term “heuristic value” (e.g., “practical usefulness…as a guide”), so that portion of the definition is not supported by the supplied text.; While the packet states that the authors “examined the heuristic value of various PNS definitions and their respective prevalence,” it does not explicitly support the wording that heuristic value refers to “helpful different definitions…for studying them and estimating how common they are,” beyond the general idea of relating definitions to prevalence.

  Hovington Cindy L; Bodnar Michael; Joober Ridha; Malla Ashok K; Lepage Martin. Identifying persistent negative symptoms in first episode psychosis. 2012; DOI 10.1186/1471-244x-12-224; article XML SHA-256 57a9b61703639b3121bbedb93d03b5ec1f0165b5f13c9d06e0ef0463607f5519. “Identifying persistent negative symptoms in first episode psychosis” (10.1186/1471-244x-12-224). · CC-BY-2.0

• high resolution: The first sentence is broadly supported by the packet’s mention of “high-resolution neuroimaging techniques,” but the second sentence adds unsupported generalizations about making small structures easier to study and clarifying their relation to cognitive function in general; the packet only says these techniques helped elucidate the locus coeruleus’s role in cognitive function regulation.; The packet does not state that such techniques make “small structures and their features easier to study,” or that they are used to clarify relationships with cognitive function in the specific way described.; The packet does not support the claim that “high resolution” refers to neuroimaging methods that “capture the brain with fine detail.”; While the packet mentions “high-resolution neuroimaging techniques—including neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI) and diffusion MRI,” it provides no definition of “high resolution” or an explanation of what “high resolution” means in imaging terms.

  Li Xue; Liang Xiaoli; Yuan Xinyu; Dai Ninan; Qian Kun; Li Ke; Zhang Yi; Wang Haiying. Research progress on the role of the locus coeruleus in cognitive function. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1830622; article XML SHA-256 748b68285abb2354f22bba9bd7db67624e4c28fbff61ae2c49fc19bb24700d7c. “Research progress on the role of the locus coeruleus in cognitive function” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1830622). · CC-BY-4.0

• hippotherapy: The definition’s framing “In psychology and counselling contexts” is not supported by the packet text, which does not specify psychology/counselling contexts.; The packet supports hippotherapy as therapy assisted by a horse and/or its movement, but it does not support the added claim that hippotherapy in psychology and counselling contexts can include equine-assisted psychotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding.; The source is a broader descriptor for equine-assisted therapy; the definition blurs that broader category with the specific term hippotherapy without support.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Equine-Assisted Therapy” (D056147). · public-domain-US-government

• homework: The packet does not define homework as “school-related work completed outside regular class time”; it only says homework is an integral part of most students’ daily life and discusses parental/scholastic homework assistance.; The packet does not explicitly define homework as “school-related work that students complete outside regular class time,” so the “outside regular class time” component is unsupported.; While the packet supports that homework is “an integral part of most students’ daily life” and discusses parental homework assistance/involvement in learning activities at home and institution-supported homework assistance, the definition’s first sentence contains an unverified characterization (outside regular class time).; “Learning support at home” is only indirectly related to the packet’s mentions of parental homework assistance and scholastic homework assistance, so the definition overextends the supplied source.

  Benckwitz Lisa; Kohl Katharina; Roloff Janina; Lüdtke Oliver; Guill Karin. Reciprocal relationships between parental and scholastic homework assistance and students’ academic functioning at elementary school. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1106362; article XML SHA-256 de02569d666109f1c9b712b131b78274ff32b29cf6ea327548e414ee58d97d86. “Reciprocal relationships between parental and scholastic homework assistance and students’ academic functioning at elementary school” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1106362). · CC-BY-4.0

• homicide: Because the first sentence contains an unsupported general definitional statement, the overall definition cannot be considered fully supported by the packet even though the packet discusses firearm availability being linked to firearm-related suicide/homicide frequency.; The definition mixes a general sense of the term with a narrower firearm-related context, which is not justified by the source packet.; The definition’s first substantive claim—“Homicide is the killing of one person by another”—is not explicitly defined in the provided packet text; the packet references homicide but does not provide that definition.; The packet supports only firearm-related homicide and its association with easier firearm access; it does not support the general definition that homicide is the killing of one person by another.; The phrase ‘a form of violent death’ is an unsupported generalization not stated in the packet.

  Muwanguzi Moses; Kule Moses; Nuwamanya Simpson; Kaggwa Mark Mohan. Firearm-related suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides involving security officers in two East African Countries: a press media review. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12888-023-05368-6; article XML SHA-256 7d5b4e2a498aeba6eb3361e2c128a370c245072dd7c7cd09bfe2fb49ccc8daf0. “Firearm-related suicides, homicides, and homicide-suicides involving security officers in two East African Countries: a press media review” (10.1186/s12888-023-05368-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• homogeneous: The definition narrows the term to a specific personnel/cultural-background sense that is not established by the packet, which only uses the phrase in passing without defining it.; The definition’s general characterization (“members who are very similar to one another on the characteristic being considered”) is not stated or supported in the supplied packet; the packet only mentions that the authors “screened homogeneous cultural data” without defining what “homogeneous” means.; The definition’s specific interpretation (“cultural data drawn from personnel with a shared or closely similar cultural background”) is only indirectly suggested; the packet does not describe the criteria for “shared or closely similar” cultural background.; The packet provides no explicit, concise dictionary-style definition of the term; therefore the requested sense of “homogeneous” cannot be confirmed from the provided text.; The packet supports that the study used “homogeneous cultural data,” but it does not support the added claim that this means personnel with a shared or closely similar cultural background.

  Chen Yibo; Ping Yang; Zhou Shuhang; Jojo Caleb. Can LLMs improve the accuracy of behavior prediction for personnel in high-stakes scenarios by predicting emotions? — A fine-tuning study based on scarce homogeneous cultural data in high-pressure environments. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0352988; article XML SHA-256 e074bef39efbb9cdc4a12e421c4916e0cb3be8372e65c350303e45d1a6e6c1ef. “Can LLMs improve the accuracy of behavior prediction for personnel in high-stakes scenarios by predicting emotions? — A fine-tuning study based on scarce homogeneous cultural data in high-pressure environments” (10.1371/journal.pone.0352988). · CC-BY-4.0

• homolateral: The definition’s specific phrasing (“same side…as the related operation or affected area” and “on the same side as the breast surgery and lymph node removal”) is not supported by any explicit statement in the provided packet text.; The packet does not define the term “homolateral” as occurring on the same side of the body; it only uses “homolateral neuropathic pain (HLNP)” as an outcome term.; The packet does not explicitly define "homolateral" as "occurring on the same side of the body"; that meaning is added from outside the source.; The packet does not explicitly state that HLNP is “nerve-related pain” or describe it as pain “on the same side as the breast surgery and lymph node removal.”; The sentence about "the same side as the breast surgery and lymph node removal" is not supported by the packet, which only says homolateral neuropathic pain occurred after mastectomy and lymph node resection.

  Kim Asall; Yi Chunghwi; Ji Myungki; Hwang Ui-Jae; Lim Jae-Young; Myung Yujin; Choi Eun Joo; Shin Hee-Chul; Beom Jaewon. Pectoralis minor length index at 1 month postoperative can predict homolateral neuropathic pain 4 months after mastectomy with lymph node resection. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0326119; article XML SHA-256 d2699e90ea74b7d998912f4f5bbf0dcda924fda97801fd554e4d99fa28ae85ce. “Pectoralis minor length index at 1 month postoperative can predict homolateral neuropathic pain 4 months after mastectomy with lymph node resection” (10.1371/journal.pone.0326119). · CC-BY-4.0

• homology: The claim about links between brain activity and behavior is not supported by the packet; it only mentions modeling individual differences in brain function and personalized neuroimaging analysis.; The packet only explicitly mentions “persistent homology” as a “robust and informative framework” for modeling “individual differences in brain function” and suggests “brain–behavior links”; it does not explicitly support the broader phrasing that homology is a “topological approach used to represent patterns in brain function.”; The packet supports persistent homology, not homology in general, so the target sense is misstated.; The packet supports “brain–behavior links” in the source text, but it does not explicitly justify the specific formulation “links between brain activity and behavior in neuroimaging,” beyond that brief mention.

  Wang Yue; Xian Junxing; Chen Yuanyuan; Yan Yan. Topological signatures of brain dynamics: persistent homology reveals individuality and brain–behavior links. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1607941; article XML SHA-256 30b6856f6009f339d1ef56b34924ac7e549184d16e9683c00e5247f52ba8f684. “Topological signatures of brain dynamics: persistent homology reveals individuality and brain–behavior links” (10.3389/fnhum.2025.1607941). · CC-BY-4.0

• homophone: The claim that hearing or reading a homophone can bring more than one meaning to mind is not directly stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source context.; The claim that hearing or reading a homophone “can bring more than one meaning to mind” is not stated in the provided packet.; The definition gives a general dictionary-style account of homophone that is broader than what the packet supports; the packet only discusses homophone pairs in the context of Chinese homophone puns and salience effects.; The definition’s puns-specific sentence goes beyond what is explicitly evidenced in the packet, which focuses on salience during pun comprehension (e.g., graded salience hypothesis) rather than the general mechanism described.; The field label is not defensible from the packet; the source is about psycholinguistics/pun comprehension, not biology.; The packet does not provide a definition of “homophone” as sharing sound with another form; it only discusses “homophone puns” and “homophone-pair” without defining the term itself.; The statement that “In studies of puns, different members of a homophone pair can bias which interpretation is noticed” is not directly supported by the packet text; it mentions a “salience effect” and “salient meaning” but does not make the specific general statement as written.

  Zheng Wei; Wang Xiaolu. Contextual Support for Less Salient Homophones and Pun Humor Appreciation: Evidence From Eye Movements in Reading Chinese Homophone Puns. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875479; article XML SHA-256 87e9f0048c9c264ef4b992a6117c3ff99cb22e3ec6a7523e04b9acb4248968c3. “Contextual Support for Less Salient Homophones and Pun Humor Appreciation: Evidence From Eye Movements in Reading Chinese Homophone Puns” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875479). · CC-BY-4.0

• Hooper Visual Organization Test: The definition adds a generalized purpose statement (“assess visuospatial abilities by helping identify brain areas involved in visuospatial processing”) that is only partially supported; the packet supports mapping cortical areas involved in the visuospatial network in this study, not a broader test description.; The provided definition is about a neuroimaging/neurosurgical assessment tool and surgical planning for visuospatial abilities, but it does not contain any ethics-related content (e.g., consent, risk–benefit ethics, ethical approval, patient protections) to match the requested field “ethics.”; The supplied field is "ethics," but the packet supports a neuropsychological test used in preoperative visuospatial mapping, not an ethics term or ethics sense.

  Raffa Giovanni; Quattropani Maria Catena; Marzano Giuseppina; Curcio Antonello; Rizzo Vincenzo; Sebestyén Gabriella; Tamás Viktória; Büki András; Germanò Antonino. Mapping and Preserving the Visuospatial Network by repetitive nTMS and DTI Tractography in Patients With Right Parietal Lobe Tumors. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fonc.2021.677172; article XML SHA-256 8b74d7ae7492543b154c246c652a0a1f1038fe715d96922a825a89ef48c8499a. “Mapping and Preserving the Visuospatial Network by repetitive nTMS and DTI Tractography in Patients With Right Parietal Lobe Tumors” (10.3389/fonc.2021.677172). · CC-BY-4.0

• Hopkins Verbal Learning Test: Because the first sentence contains a substantive characterization (“verbal learning measure”) not directly supported verbatim in the packet, the definition is not fully defensible from the supplied source.; The definition compresses the source into a general test description, but the packet supports a specific composite-score variable with 48 possible words, so the sense is slightly off.; The packet does not explicitly describe the test as a “verbal learning measure”; it only states it is a “key variable for composite score” defined as total words correctly recalled over Trials 1–4 out of 48 possible.; The packet supports the revised HD-CAB key variable, not the broader unqualified Hopkins Verbal Learning Test as stated in the definition.; “Verbal learning measure” is not explicitly supported by the packet; the packet only describes a key variable for composite score based on words recalled across Trials 1–4.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “HD-CAB - Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised” (C166335). · CC-BY-4.0

• horizontal section: Because the definition relies on those unsupported anatomical/functional descriptions, the requested sense is not fully defensible from the provided packet text.; The definition presents a broader anatomical/functional description of “horizontal section” that is not given in the source passage and is therefore unsupported by the packet.; The packet explicitly states “Diagram of a horizontal section of the left eye, drawn to scale,” but it does not support the additional claim that a horizontal section is “a view or cut made through the eye along a horizontal plane” or that it is “used to show its internal parts in profile.”; The packet supports only that this is a diagram of a horizontal section of the left eye, drawn to scale; it does not support the added claim that such a section is used to show internal parts in profile.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-4357500-4369500). · public-domain-US

• hospitalization: The added gloss about “a level of service some youths may sometimes need as part of their treatment” goes beyond the packet’s wording and is broader than the source evidence provided.; The definition claims hospitalization is “a level of service some youths may sometimes need,” but the packet only states that youths “sometimes” need “mental health care services, including doctor visits and sometimes hospitalization” and does not describe a “level of service” concept.; The definition labels the statement as “In this mental health context, it refers to a level of service… as part of their treatment,” but the packet does not explicitly frame hospitalization as a “level of service” or explicitly tie it to “their treatment” beyond listing it among care services.; The definition’s field is set to “cognition,” but neither the packet nor the definition indicates a cognition-specific meaning (e.g., attention, memory, thinking processes).; The packet supports only that some youth with DMDD may sometimes require hospitalization as part of mental health care; it does not define hospitalization as “receiving care in a hospital.”

  National Institute of Mental Health. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: The Basics. HTML publication snapshot 2026-10-18; SHA-256 2f1e06df6de4eaffe8d6a05ad39220c840ff0b6e8aaec6f86c36cc150507fdf3. “Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: The Basics” (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder). · public-domain-US-government

• hostile attribution bias: The packet does not explicitly define “hostile attribution bias” as a tendency to interpret situations or others’ actions as hostile.; The packet supports hostile attribution bias as an aggression-related cognitive factor, but it does not define it as a bias toward interpreting situations or others’ actions as hostile.; The packet supports that hostile attribution bias is an “important cognitive factor of aggression” and examines longitudinal relationships with angry rumination, but it does not provide enough information to support the definition’s specific interpretation-bias wording.; The statement about how it operates over time with angry rumination is only partially supported; the packet reports a longitudinal association and a possible mutual relationship, not a general definitional feature.

  Wang Yueyue; Cao Shen; Dong Yan; Xia Ling-Xiang. Hostile attribution bias and angry rumination: A longitudinal study of undergraduate students. 2019; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0217759; article XML SHA-256 6bfe8f8153caf72734e685b40b20fcbf4a8bb43a277284c0d9f6c561464f4f63. “Hostile attribution bias and angry rumination: A longitudinal study of undergraduate students” (10.1371/journal.pone.0217759). · CC-BY-4.0

• HPA axis: Because the packet context is about bupropion and includes only a brief mention of “normalize hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning,” the definition’s broader, general description is unsupported.; The packet context is about bupropion and cancer-related fatigue; the definition should avoid presenting the HPA axis as a standalone clinical description beyond what the source text supports.; The packet only states that HPA axis functioning may be dysregulated in certain cases of cancer-related fatigue; the definition’s opening statement about what the HPA axis is in general is not supported by the packet.; The packet supports the full form “hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis,” but it does not explicitly support the added explanation that it is “a biological system linking the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands.”; The packet text provided does not define the HPA axis as specifically linking the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands; that substantive structural description is not supported by the packet.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Immediate-release Bupropion” (C165676). · CC-BY-4.0

• HSPQ: Because the packet does not define what HSPQ stands for or characterize the instrument beyond the sociability factor label, the claim that HSPQ “is a personality assessment” is not directly supported by the provided text.; The definition adds a general description of the instrument beyond what this source states; the source only mentions HSPQ as part of the personality traits measured and names its sociability (A) factor.; The packet only states that “Sociability (A factor of HSPQ, sociability) also correlated with resilience levels,” but it does not explicitly describe HSPQ as a “personality assessment.”; The packet supports that an HSPQ sociability factor was correlated with resilience, but it does not explicitly support the broader claim that HSPQ is a personality assessment used with adolescents.

  Mestre José M.; Núñez-Lozano Juan M.; Gómez-Molinero Rocío; Zayas Antonio; Guil Rocío. Emotion Regulation Ability and Resilience in a Sample of Adolescents from a Suburban Area. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01980; article XML SHA-256 fcf0d3a39f3c7d003dc341ee081ccac327411ea2252fccd31f503ca3eaec2c03. “Emotion Regulation Ability and Resilience in a Sample of Adolescents from a Suburban Area” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01980). · CC-BY-4.0

• human error: The definition states that human error is “a person's mistake or action.” The provided packet discusses “human errors” in aviation risk assessment but does not explicitly define human error as a “person’s mistake or action.”; The packet supports human error as a risk to be quantified in aviation safety assessment, but it does not define the term as a person's mistake or action; that wording is an unsupported generalization.; The rest of the definition (that assessment considers human error probability, impact on the system, and severity/consequences) is broadly supported by the packet’s description of a model accounting for “human error probability,” “impacts…on the system,” and “human error consequence,” but the unsupported first-sentence phrasing prevents a full pass.; The source is specific to aviation risk assessment, so the definition should stay anchored to that context rather than presenting a broader general definition of human error.

  Guo Yundong; Suo Xinshi. Flight safety assessment based on a modified human error risk quantification approach. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0302511; article XML SHA-256 3728cdfacaee791546fc5b084e6235f7fdffed86b63448a1d9680d6b1a797ad9. “Flight safety assessment based on a modified human error risk quantification approach” (10.1371/journal.pone.0302511). · CC-BY-4.0

• human resources: Because the core definitional framing (“HR refers to… that manages…”) is not directly stated in the provided text, the requested definition is not fully supported by the packet.; The definition generalizes from one article’s findings about AVIs to a broader definition of HR, which is unsupported by the packet.; The packet describes HR professionals in one recruitment study, but it does not support defining “human resources” as the general part of an organization that manages recruitment and hiring processes.; The packet does not define “human resources (HR)” as a specific part of an organization that manages recruitment/hiring processes; it only discusses participants who are HR professionals in the context of recruitment using asynchronous video interviews.; The packet supports that HR professionals discussed impacts on efficiency, candidate experience, fairness/inclusivity, and organizational goals, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s general characterization that HR “weigh[s] how hiring methods affect” these factors as a definition of the term.; The phrase “part of an organization” is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied evidence.

  İlhan Ümit Deniz; Güler Burcu Kümbül; Turgut Dilara; Duran Cem. Opportunities and challenges of asynchronous video interviews: Perceptions of human resources professionals from Türkiye. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0325932; article XML SHA-256 6154935c4f01d8b43d6b173b24f6f52e7681b6cf53a117165467d69327d29acb. “Opportunities and challenges of asynchronous video interviews: Perceptions of human resources professionals from Türkiye” (10.1371/journal.pone.0325932). · CC-BY-4.0

• human strength: The definition adds unsupported claims such as resilience and a general gloss of “positive capacities or advantages in people,” which are not stated in the source packet.; The definition’s claim that the term is “used ethically to frame neurological diversity as something that can contribute valuable abilities and resilience rather than being seen only as pathology” is only partially supported: the packet mentions moving away from “pathological models” and celebrating diversity, but it does not explicitly mention “resilience” or “valuable abilities” as part of the term’s defined sense.; The packet does not define “human strength” as “positive capacities or advantages in people”; it only contains the phrase “celebrating neurological diversity as a source of human strength,” without stating a definitional meaning.; The packet supports a narrower phrasing: neurological diversity is described as a source of human strength, but not as a general ethical definition of human strength itself.

  Mohammad Suleiman Ibrahim; Azzam Eman Raeed; Vasudevan Asokan; Ismail Sayed M.; Ayaz Hina; Prasad K. D. V.. Precision neurodiversity: personalized brain network architecture as a window into cognitive variability. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1669431; article XML SHA-256 fc3968c90e3a04efc8907aa562f529265abe9c880949b4f30feb1da079245afa. “Precision neurodiversity: personalized brain network architecture as a window into cognitive variability” (10.3389/fnhum.2025.1669431). · CC-BY-4.0

• human systems integration: The definition should not present an inferred explanation of the term as a supported source-based meaning when the packet provides only contextual mention, not a definition.; The definition’s first clause (“an aspect of a system or piece of equipment that concerns how well it works with the person using it”) is not explicitly stated in the packet text. The packet only mentions that PPE “introduces an ergonomic, human systems integration, and mass burden to the wearer,” without defining human systems integration in general terms.; The definition’s first sentence is a general definition of “human systems integration” as how well a system or piece of equipment works with the user, but the packet only shows it used as one of several burdens PPE can place on the wearer; it does not support that broader definitional claim.; The packet does not support the claim that human systems integration is specifically ‘described as one of the burdens that personal protective equipment can place on a wearer’; it only lists ‘ergonomic, human systems integration, and mass burden’ together without defining the term itself.; The packet supports the burden/ill-fitting part of the definition (“PPE introduces… burden to the wearer… amplified if PPE is ill-fitting”), but the definition also adds an unverified general description of the term beyond what the packet provides.

  Brisbine Brooke R; Radcliffe Ceridwen R; Jones Monica L H; Stirling Leia; Coltman Celeste E. Does the fit of personal protective equipment affect functional performance? A systematic review across occupational domains. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0278174; article XML SHA-256 9eaa62c9d4a0be34d3ab1bc24e4ef054a2d7abf762558d5223e011a4afec2529. “Does the fit of personal protective equipment affect functional performance? A systematic review across occupational domains” (10.1371/journal.pone.0278174). · CC-BY-4.0

• humanoid: The contrast with “a real person physically present” is not supported by the packet and adds an unsupported distinction.; The definition goes beyond the supplied source by supplying a general lexical meaning that is not established in the packet.; The definition’s phrasing “used as a visual social stimulus” and “resembles a person rather than a real person physically present” is not directly supported by the provided packet text.; The packet only shows that the study used “various humanoid figures” in a personal-space judgment task; it does not define humanoid as a human-like visual social stimulus or as an image/representation resembling a person.; The packet only states that the personal-space judgment task “involv[ed] various humanoid figures.” It does not explicitly define “humanoid” as having a human-like form or as a visual social stimulus.

  Iandolo Giuseppe; López de la Nieta Oscar; Benedicto Carlos; Fong Seraphina; Carollo Alessandro; Esposito Gianluca; Angel Ardiaca Carolina; Alonso Campuzano Cristina; Koeneke Hoenicka Maria Alejandra. Cultural and relational factors in interpersonal distance regulation: evidence from a 2D screen-based task in Spain, Italy, and Japan. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1802960; article XML SHA-256 515e183000b0c18561d3c350341a16b43688df373a2ea5456ba12f0cf86cf30e. “Cultural and relational factors in interpersonal distance regulation: evidence from a 2D screen-based task in Spain, Italy, and Japan” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1802960). · CC-BY-4.0

• humility: The definition claims humility is “less tied to comparison with other people than modesty,” but the packet only says it has “less reference to other persons” than modesty; “comparison” is not explicitly supported.; The definition includes “low in worth” (in addition to “character, or achievement”); the packet specifies “rank oneself low in character and achievements,” but does not use the term “worth.”; The definition should stay closer to the historical wording; the source does not frame humility as low self-worth in general.; “worth” is not supported by the source text, which says only that humility is a disposition to rank oneself low in character and achievements.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Humility” (Humility). · public-domain-US

• hydration: The definition adds a broad generalization about 'body tissues' and 'usual elasticity, lubrication, and ability to absorb and dissipate force' that goes beyond the source’s more specific discussion of soft tissue water content and mechanical properties.; The packet content is about hip soft-tissue biomechanics (viscoelastic properties, muscle/ligament/tendon/skin mechanics) and does not support treating “hydration” specifically within a mental-health field.; The packet supports a biomechanics/soft-tissue sense of hydration, not a mental health dictionary entry; the field is not defensible from the source.; The supplied definition presents a general, cross-tissue account of hydration’s role in “their usual elasticity, lubrication, and ability to absorb and dissipate force,” but the packet only discusses these concepts in the context of hip soft tissues and mechanical outcomes (e.g., energy absorption/dissipation during a fall); it does not establish this as a general definition of hydration for body tissues overall.

  Khorami Fatemeh; Foroutan Yalda; Sparrey Carolyn J. Investigating the impact of dehydration and hydration on In-Vivo hip soft tissue biomechanics. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0328054; article XML SHA-256 7e3da83190e0706632b195cadb2e8aa34068d27fa4fb9694ed08903bc137abae. “Investigating the impact of dehydration and hydration on In-Vivo hip soft tissue biomechanics” (10.1371/journal.pone.0328054). · CC-BY-4.0

• hyperactivity: Because the packet does not support the first sentence’s characterization of hyperactivity, the overall definition cannot be accepted as fully supported.; The definition adds explanatory wording about how hyperactivity is discussed in psychology that is not supported by the supplied text.; The packet does not define hyperactivity as “unusually high levels of activity”; it only says ADHD is characterized by symptoms including hyperactivity-impulsivity.; The packet does not define “hyperactivity” as “unusually high levels of activity.” It only describes ADHD as characterized by “symptoms of … hyperactivity-impulsivity.”

  Thimoteo Anna Carolina Pereira; Coelho Manuella S.; Meller Dias De Oliveira Júlia; Polmann Helena; Ronchi Lemos Cintia; Pauletto Patrícia; Stefani Cristine; Bohner Lauren; De Luca Canto Graziela. Association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bruxism: a systematic review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1762324; article XML SHA-256 b1b5e65ffa8777349371bbe2b13ad2b4861b3e9c6d26bd67f4774439a999a7c8. “Association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bruxism: a systematic review” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1762324). · CC-BY-4.0

• hypersexuality: The definition is not fully supported by the source packet as written, so it should not be accepted in its current form.; The packet does not explicitly define hypersexuality as “marked by excessively driven sexual behavior.”; The packet identifies hypersexuality as an impulse control disorder (as part of ICDs) and a non-motor complication of Parkinson’s disease, but it does not support the specific claim that hypersexuality is “one of the addictive-like … complications.” It only references “addictive-like behaviors” more generally in the study background.; The packet supports hypersexuality as one of the impulse control disorders associated with Parkinson’s disease, but it does not define hypersexuality itself as “marked by excessively driven sexual behavior.”; The wording “addictive-like” is broader than the packet’s direct support; the packet says ICDs are non-motor complications of Parkinson’s disease and mentions addictive-like behaviors in general, but it does not explicitly characterize hypersexuality as an addictive-like complication.; While the packet supports that dopaminergic replacement therapies are a key risk factor for ICDs, it does not support the phrasing “especially in the context of dopaminergic treatment” as part of the term definition.

  Triscari Sergio; Lenzo Vittorio; Sardella Alberto; Caponnetto Pasquale; Galati Anna; Lupica Patricia; Tasca Domenica; Muratore Stefano; Marano Pietro; Caraci Filippo; Quattropani Maria C. The role of metacognitive beliefs in impulse control disorders and addictive-like behaviors in Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1893510; article XML SHA-256 67343eb235601517c70682230dc25e3b1f34e42ac329a90e502d5dca7f2111ad. “The role of metacognitive beliefs in impulse control disorders and addictive-like behaviors in Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory study” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1893510). · CC-BY-4.0

• hyperthyroidism: The definition is otherwise supported by the packet, but the field mismatch is enough to reject under the requested scope.; The term defines an endocrine/medical condition (excess thyroid hormone) and does not reference any mental-health or psychology-specific meaning; therefore it is not clearly defensible as a “mental health” dictionary entry based on the provided packet.; The term is a medical/endocrine disorder, not a mental health concept, so the requested field is not defensible from the packet.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Hyperthyroidism, CTCAE” (C143560). · CC-BY-4.0

• hypnotherapy: The definition’s claim that it can be “tailored to a person’s symptoms and combined with other psychotherapy to address related emotional or trauma-related problems” is only supported by the packet in “severe cases”/“in these cases” for IBS (e.g., targeting mental comorbidities, unresolved emotional conflicts, traumatic events), not as a general feature of hypnotherapy across settings.; The packet discusses hypnotherapy specifically in the context of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and gut-directed hypnosis, but the definition presents hypnotherapy as a general form of psychotherapy without any IBS limitation.; The packet supports psychotherapy in trance and the involvement of a trained therapist, but it does not clearly define hypnotherapy as being carried out in hypnosis as well as trance.; The second sentence adds a general description of tailoring to symptoms and addressing emotional or trauma-related problems; the source only gives this as an example in severe IBS cases and clinical experience, not as a general definition of the term.

  Häuser Winfried. Gut-directed hypnosis and hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: a mini-review. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1389911; article XML SHA-256 b4fc7c9658f7aaf7aac6abae0131742ecf724ff81d4035d9e868ef06efa9e558. “Gut-directed hypnosis and hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome: a mini-review” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1389911). · CC-BY-4.0

• hypnotic induction: The claim that hypnotic induction refers to producing a non-ordinary state of consciousness is not directly supported; the packet only says such a state may occur during a mind–body intervention and may be similar to hypnotic induction.; The packet describes this as a *hypothesis* in an experimental study (“test the hypothesis that a non-ordinary state of consciousness may occur”), but the definition states definitively that induction “refers to producing” a non-ordinary state.; The packet does not define hypnotic induction as a process of guiding a person into a hypnotic or trance-like state; it only says mind–body interventions may include elements of trance induction and hypnosis while directing focus to the body and inner experiences.; The packet does not explicitly define hypnotic induction as a “process of guiding a person into” a trance; it instead notes that mind–body interventions “include elements of trance induction and hypnosis” with attention directed to body/inner experience.; The wording presents the brain-activity point as part of the term’s meaning, but the source only reports this as an experimental hypothesis about a mind–body intervention, not as a general definition of hypnotic induction.

  Zech Nina; Busch Martin; Jaeger Veronika; Hansen Ernil. Trance states during a mind–body intervention monitored by BIS. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1728381; article XML SHA-256 95b1db970f52b62ba3251a35c427b48225ba2e34b757a62422bf7fa739ef4c59. “Trance states during a mind–body intervention monitored by BIS” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1728381). · CC-BY-4.0

• hypnotic susceptibility: The definition adds a broader clinical/general characterization that is not stated in the source packet; the source only describes how the test is administered and used for measurement.; The definition’s first substantive claim—that hypnotic susceptibility is a person’s *tendency* to show hypnotic responses during a standardized hypnosis procedure—is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text.; The packet supports the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility as a standardized hypnosis test with a trance induction followed by 12 hypnotic phenomena, but it does not explicitly define hypnotic susceptibility as a person’s general tendency to show hypnotic responses.; While the packet states that the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS) begins with a standardized trance induction followed by 12 hypnotic phenomena, it does not provide wording that directly frames “hypnotic susceptibility” as a general “tendency” definition.

  Zech Nina; Seemann Milena; Hansen Ernil. Hypnosis measured with monitors of anesthetic depth – EEG changes during the test for Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1267658; article XML SHA-256 94114751129d946712a4b2ccd239003c0d7e209440ef370673280358d9f5abb4. “Hypnosis measured with monitors of anesthetic depth – EEG changes during the test for Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1267658). · CC-BY-4.0

• hypnotizability: The clause about greater pain relief during hypnosis is only supported in the specific study context of highly hypnotizable participants and should not be presented as a general definition.; The definition’s first sentence (“a person’s tendency to respond to hypnosis, including how strongly hypnosis can change experience or behavior”) is not explicitly defined in the provided packet; the packet discusses “highly hypnotizable participants” and effects observed during hypnosis but does not supply the requested general definition wording or an explicit description of hypnotizability as a tendency/degree to respond.; The packet supports hypnotizability as a study variable related to response to hypnosis, but it does not define it broadly as a person’s general tendency to respond to hypnosis or as how strongly hypnosis changes experience or behavior.; The second sentence (“In this context, people with higher hypnotizability showed greater pain relief during hypnosis.”) is only partially supported: the packet states that in “highly hypnotizable participants” placebo treatment produced significant reductions “in both waking and hypnosis condition,” but it does not clearly establish that higher hypnotizability *specifically during hypnosis* produced greater pain relief relative to lower hypnotizability (the text provided does not provide that comparative effect statement).

  De Pascalis Vilfredo; Scacchia Paolo. Hypnotizability and Placebo Analgesia in Waking and Hypnosis as Modulators of Auditory Startle Responses in Healthy Women: An ERP Study. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0159135; article XML SHA-256 de039e83e1aa5a1359989528de7d93336beae28fcf4538bc505d92a91ee6ef49. “Hypnotizability and Placebo Analgesia in Waking and Hypnosis as Modulators of Auditory Startle Responses in Healthy Women: An ERP Study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0159135). · CC-BY-4.0

• hypogeusia: The definition’s claim that hypogeusia “refers broadly to difficulty with the sense of taste” is not directly supported by the supplied text.; The packet does not explicitly define hypogeusia as a broad difficulty with the sense of taste; it only lists it among taste-related impairments accompanying persistent COVID-19-related smell/taste problems.; The packet mentions that persistent COVID-19–related anosmia/hyposmia/parosmia can be accompanied by “ageusia, hypogeusia or dysgeusia,” but it does not define what hypogeusia specifically means (e.g., “difficulty with the sense of taste”).; The wording turns an example/association in the source into a general definition, which is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet.

  Kumari Veena; Chauhan Satyam; Vakani Krupa; Antonova Elena; Bryant Jacky. Camera-based visual feedback learning aid for recovering sense of smell and taste in COVID-19 survivors: a proof-of-concept study. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213254; article XML SHA-256 1324b6c68c02bbe866c4aba6a34034013b2ed75f7c13269499459c6f4af79e76. “Camera-based visual feedback learning aid for recovering sense of smell and taste in COVID-19 survivors: a proof-of-concept study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213254). · CC-BY-4.0

• hyposmia: The packet does not explicitly define hyposmia as a reduced ability to smell; it mentions olfactory dysfunction and later uses the term hyposmia without defining it.; The packet does not explicitly define “hyposmia” as “a reduced ability to smell,” so this substantive part of the definition is unsupported.; The statement that hyposmia is a common non-motor feature of Parkinson’s disease and may appear years before motor symptoms is only supported for olfactory dysfunction generally, not specifically for hyposmia in the supplied text.; While the packet supports that olfactory dysfunction is common and can sometimes predate motor complaints by several years, it does not clearly establish “hyposmia” (specifically) as the common non-motor feature in the same way as it discusses “olfactory dysfunction,” so the phrasing is not fully supported.

  Larsson Victoria; Hall Sara; Blennow Kaj; Hansson Oskar. Olfactory dysfunction and amyloid-positivity in Parkinson’s disease—longitudinal analysis of cognitive decline and cerebrospinal fluid markers. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0325560; article XML SHA-256 f2af219c822d8332faac9d00a58ccb47ab78d0fb86853451b115350a42ef4417. “Olfactory dysfunction and amyloid-positivity in Parkinson’s disease—longitudinal analysis of cognitive decline and cerebrospinal fluid markers” (10.1371/journal.pone.0325560). · CC-BY-4.0

• hypothalamic syndrome: The packet does not define “hypothalamic syndrome” as a “problem involving the hypothalamus”; it only mentions “hypothalamic syndrome” as an example of a clinical sign in the context of CNS leukemia.; The packet supports only that hypothalamic syndrome can be present as a clinical sign with “no other explanation,” but it does not substantiate the added phrasing/characterization that it is a problem involving the hypothalamus.; Unsupported generalization: the packet only identifies hypothalamic syndrome as a clinical sign of CNS leukemia without another explanation; it does not define it as a general “problem involving the hypothalamus.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “NCCN ALL Response Criteria for CNS Disease CNS Relapse” (C172175). · CC-BY-4.0

• hypothetico-deductive reasoning: Because the key aspects of the requested sense (how the reasoning proceeds, and the direct comparison to induction) are not stated in the packet, the overall definition is not fully defensible from the supplied source.; The claim that it “may miss some variable patterns that were not specified in advance” is close to the packet’s point about overlooking certain combinations of variables, but the added generality and wording go beyond the source’s narrower statement.; The contrast with induction is only partly supported: the packet says an inductive approach studies data without predefined structures, but it does not explicitly characterize hypothetico-deductive reasoning as “less exploratory.”; The packet does not define hypothetico-deductive reasoning as starting from pre-existing hypotheses or a model and testing them against observed data; that formulation is an unsupported generalization from the source text.; The packet does not explicitly define hypothetico-deductive reasoning as “start[ing] from pre-existing hypotheses or a model and test[ing] them against observed data,” so the definition’s first substantive claim is unsupported by the provided text.; The packet supports only that hypothetico-deductive reasoning “may overlook the existence of certain combinations of variables,” but it does not provide support for the claim that this makes it “less exploratory than an inductive approach” (beyond a general mention of an inductive method used elsewhere).

  Noble Julien; Jardin Antoine. Patterns of fear of crime: A mixed-methods exploration of the model of experiential and expressive fear of crime. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0329493; article XML SHA-256 54005be09401d69a43631ce1b3412f466e82a6a95529ac0296d5071325f96ac3. “Patterns of fear of crime: A mixed-methods exploration of the model of experiential and expressive fear of crime” (10.1371/journal.pone.0329493). · CC-BY-4.0

• hypoxia: The definition adds an unsupported claim that hypoxia can affect behavior; the packet only supports reduced oxygen in the body and symptoms such as impaired judgment, memory loss, impaired motor coordination, seizures, and coma.; The definition claims hypoxia “can affect thinking and behavior,” but the packet only specifies cognitive/motor impairments (impaired judgment, memory loss, impaired motor coordination) and does not support a general claim about “behavior.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Hypoxia” (C3890). · CC-BY-4.0

• identity style: The definition generalizes beyond the packet by treating normative identity style as if it were the only identity style described, whereas the packet only states that older individuals are more likely to endorse a normative identity style and describes it as emphasizing conformity and tradition.; The definition is not strictly limited to what the packet specifies (normative identity style’s emphasis on conformity and tradition); the provided definition adds an unsupported general characterization.; The first sentence is an unsupported standalone definition for the requested term; the packet provides no direct support for that general construct or wording.; The packet does not define the broader term "identity style" as a person’s characteristic way of shaping and expressing their sense of self; it only mentions the subtype "normative identity style."; The packet does not define “identity style” overall; it only references normative identity style, so the definition’s claim about “the only identity style described” being normative is not clearly supported with an explicit statement that this is the only sense in the packet (the rest is implied rather than directly supported).; The packet does not support the first sentence’s general definition of “identity style” as “a person’s characteristic way of shaping and expressing their sense of self.” It only mentions “normative identity style” and describes it as emphasizing conformity and tradition.

  Liu Yingjuan; Lu Lin; Kaviani Hossein; Bao Qingxiang; Li Junjie. Empathy and citizen’s social-political attitude: age as a moderator. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1663652; article XML SHA-256 77795da7f3f23cc3809c38246a46a28bcd0b4627779376d3c83e49a48c9fe5e1. “Empathy and citizen’s social-political attitude: age as a moderator” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1663652). · CC-BY-4.0

• identity theory: Because the packet never explicitly states that “identity theory” means the “double aspect/single unity with parallel mind and body” position, the provided definition risks assigning the requested sense of “identity theory” without direct support from the packet.; The definition compresses the doctrine into a modern-sounding identity view; the source emphasizes parallelism/concomitance and explicitly denies causal interaction, rather than simply equating mind and body in the way the term “identity theory” suggests.; The packet does not provide a standalone definition of “identity theory” as a term; it only notes that the German “psychophysischer Parallelismus” is “not an adequate equivalent, unless connected with the identity theory of mind and body,” without defining identity theory itself.; The packet supports Double Aspect Theory / psychophysical parallelism, not identity theory as the primary term; it only mentions “the identity theory of mind and body” in passing and does not establish identity theory as the sense to define.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Double Aspect Theory” (Double Aspect Theory). · public-domain-US

• idiom: The definition asserts “a particular kind of Greek diction that developed through contact between Jewish and Hellenic culture,” but the packet specifies this development for “the Greek idiom or diction” only as applying to “Hellenistic,” not as an independent definition of “idiom.”; The definition should stay within the packet’s narrower sense; the source does not define idiom broadly in general usage.; The definition’s first sentence (“An idiom is a characteristic form of language or style of expression”) is a general linguistic claim not stated in the packet.; The opening general definition (“a characteristic form of language or style of expression”) is not supported by the packet, which only gives a source-specific historical sense of Hellenistic Greek idiom or diction.; The packet does not define the term “idiom” itself; it uses the phrase “Greek idiom or diction” as part of an explanation of “Hellenistic,” so the requested sense (“in this source”) for “idiom” is not directly supported.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Hellenistic (Civilization, &c.) or Hellenism” (Hellenistic). · public-domain-US

• illusion of control: The definition states that illusion of control involves “overestimates how much control they have over outcomes,” but the packet does not provide or substantiate this specific description of the construct.; The packet mentions illusion of control as one of the cognitive distortions studied, but it does not define the term as overestimating control over outcomes.; The packet supports a relationship with online gambling and gambling severity/risk, but not the broader definitional sentence presented here.; While the packet supports that illusion of control is studied as a cognitive distortion and is significantly associated with gambling severity and risk, it does not explicitly justify the particular “overestimates control over outcomes” wording used in the definition.

  Suriá-Martínez Raquel; García-Castillo Fernando; López-Sánchez Carmen; García del Castillo José A.. Between inclusion and risk: participation in online gambling and cognitive distortions in young people with motor disabilities. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859781; article XML SHA-256 f85281b058684780dde216c9b706997d4b262e958908a114a3a31529c1484dc1. “Between inclusion and risk: participation in online gambling and cognitive distortions in young people with motor disabilities” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1859781). · CC-BY-4.0

• imaginal exposure: The definition adds a specific functional role for imaginal exposure that is broader and more specific than what the packet states, which discusses the energy psychology protocol as a whole rather than defining imaginal exposure on its own.; The definition claims it is used “in some counselling approaches”; the packet only presents it in the context of “Energy psychology” and does not support a broader “some counselling approaches” claim.; The definition mentions “alongside methods such as cognitive restructuring,” which is supported, but the inclusion of the extra unsupported breadth (“some counselling approaches”) prevents passing the definition.; The definition says imaginal exposure is “an evidence-based psychotherapeutic exposure procedure”; the packet describes energy psychology integrating imaginal exposure with “cognitive restructuring, and other evidence-based psychotherapeutic procedures,” but it does not explicitly label imaginal exposure itself as “evidence-based.”; The packet supports imaginal exposure as one of several evidence-based psychotherapeutic procedures used with cognitive restructuring, but it does not directly support the claim that imaginal exposure itself is a conventional exposure approach used to reduce arousal linked to trauma-based triggers.

  Feinstein David. Uses of Energy Psychology Following Catastrophic Events. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856209; article XML SHA-256 0db2dc162e12527fddf9cf99f2c304353618d4025094cda1d8d0d44f3666a892. “Uses of Energy Psychology Following Catastrophic Events” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856209). · CC-BY-4.0

• implicit cognition: The definition claims implicit cognition operates outside “conscious explanation,” but the provided packet only contrasts implicit cognition with explicit cognition and mentions self-reports (via “extrinsic prosocial cognition”)—it does not explicitly mention conscious explanation.; The definition is slightly overextended beyond the packet by presenting a general characterization of implicit cognition rather than the article’s narrower description in relation to prosocial cognition and music exposure.; The phrase “outside direct self-report or conscious explanation” is not supported by the packet’s wording; the packet only contrasts implicit cognition with explicit cognition and notes a self-report measure for extrinsic prosocial cognition.

  Xu Qiujian; Liu Siqi; Li Meihui; Wang Xiaoyu; Li Junrui; Yuan Xinran; Yang Miaomiao; Yang Mingyi; Jiang Zhenxu; Gou Qiaoqiao; Liu Ningning; Han Jiaqi; Yang Dan; Ren Xiubo. The impact of songs with prosocial lyrics on implicit cognition and prosocial behavior: a prospective event-related brain potential study. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1426891; article XML SHA-256 840565791d82e6fe40769ace7229021fab042d52fc8fae8b30ebcea5915aa920. “The impact of songs with prosocial lyrics on implicit cognition and prosocial behavior: a prospective event-related brain potential study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1426891). · CC-BY-4.0

• implicit knowledge: The claim about ‘limited meaning knowledge’ is only partially supported; the packet says some word meanings were identified relatively well and that different levels of semantic knowledge exist, but it does not support the broader definitional phrasing as written.; The definition adds unsupported generalities not stated in the packet, including that the knowledge develops through repeated exposure, without formal instruction, and without conscious awareness.; The definition claims implicit knowledge “develops … without formal instruction or conscious awareness,” but the provided packet text does not state or support that characterization (it only describes participants being “regularly exposed” to Māori).; The packet supports familiarity with Māori word-forms and phonotactic/morphological knowledge from exposure, but it does not define implicit knowledge itself as a general learning concept in the way the definition states.; The rest of the definition is only partially supported: the packet supports that non-Māori-speaking people exposed to Māori develop knowledge of word forms/patterns (proto-lexicon; phonotactic/morphological knowledge) and that the “without semantics” claim may be oversimplified, implying some semantic-related differences across words; however, the unsupported “without formal instruction or conscious awareness” clause prevents a full pass.

  Mattingley Wakayo; Panther Forrest; Todd Simon; Hay Jennifer; King Jeanette; Keegan Peter J.. Exploring the role of meaning in non-Māori speakers’ ‘proto-lexicon’. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0339325; article XML SHA-256 a8283e9655e0871cad41d8302cf217d61004827ce9692879ad8a5a316fd8471f. “Exploring the role of meaning in non-Māori speakers’ ‘proto-lexicon’” (10.1371/journal.pone.0339325). · CC-BY-4.0

• implicit learning: The definition overstates the source by saying implicit learning “produces identifiable patterns in brain activity”; the packet instead says the study proposes a method to detect implicit learning events and reports selected features/biomarkers in the prefrontal cortex.; The packet does not explicitly state that implicit learning “produces identifiable patterns in brain activity”; it describes identifying biomarkers/features for detection/validation, but the specific claim about “identifiable patterns in brain activity” is not directly supported by the provided text.; The rest of the definition (“basic/fundamental cognitive process that contributes to human cognition” and “signals linked to the prefrontal cortex”) is broadly consistent with the packet’s description of neurophysiological validation in the prefrontal cortex, but the unsupported “identifiable patterns in brain activity” wording prevents passing.; “Basic cognitive process” is broader than the packet’s wording, which calls implicit learning a “fundamental cognitive process” and does not specifically support the extra generalization.

  Chaiyanan Chayapol; Phukhachee Tustanah; Iramina Keiji; Kaewkamnerdpong Boonserm. Toward practical BCIs: a BMNABC-based feature selection and sensor optimization framework for implicit learning detection from multimodal EEG-fNIRS data. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1778884; article XML SHA-256 adcd3e453291331805d661d405cb32cd23dff98121563d8248d0e210d7af1a2c. “Toward practical BCIs: a BMNABC-based feature selection and sensor optimization framework for implicit learning detection from multimodal EEG-fNIRS data” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1778884). · CC-BY-4.0

• implicit measure: "Semantic associations" is not directly supported by the packet; the source describes automatic associations between mental illness/physical illness and psychosocial/biogenetic causal attributes.; Generalizes beyond the packet by saying implicit measures are "usually" based on sorting speed and accuracy rather than self-report; the source only describes one Implicit Association Test and its latency/accuracy modeling.; The definition claims implicit measures “assess[ ] automatic associations indirectly” and contrast this with “direct self-report,” but the packet does not mention self-report or directly describe indirectness versus self-report.; The definition states it is “usually” done via sorting stimuli; the packet describes categorizing stimuli within an IAT, but does not support the “usually” qualifier.; The packet supports that the implicit measure is operationalized via an Implicit Association Test (IAT) and that response latency is analyzed (including decomposition of latency parameters), but it does not provide enough support for the first sentence’s general characterization beyond the specific IAT/categorization and latency framing.

  Mannarini Stefania; Boffo Marilisa. An Implicit Measure of Associations with Mental Illness versus Physical Illness: Response Latency Decomposition and Stimuli Differential Functioning in Relation to IAT Order of Associative Conditions and Accuracy. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0101911; article XML SHA-256 be9c48ac2971a5c4cb2560d4de92c83f99b899f7c60212e67ff32a613c38c07d. “An Implicit Measure of Associations with Mental Illness versus Physical Illness: Response Latency Decomposition and Stimuli Differential Functioning in Relation to IAT Order of Associative Conditions and Accuracy” (10.1371/journal.pone.0101911). · CC-BY-4.0

• implicit personality theories: The definition speaks generally about “people’s” underlying beliefs, but the packet’s discussion and empirical test specifically concern children (sixth through eighth grades).; The packet supports beliefs about social characteristics, not the broader claim that the term covers both social and personality characteristics.; The second sentence overgeneralizes from the packet’s study context: it links children’s social cognitions to interpretation and control beliefs, but not specifically to all children or to social outcomes in general.; While the packet supports that implicit personality theories concern whether social characteristics/outcomes are fixed or changeable and that this relates to perceived control in an internal condition, the definition’s phrasing “shape how children understand social situations” is only indirectly supported via a broader statement that children’s social cognitions interpret social situations (the link to implicit personality theories is not stated explicitly in that sentence).

  Lavallee Kristen L.; Parker Jeffrey G.. Beliefs about the controllability of social characteristics and children’s jealous responses to outsiders’ interference in friendship. 2019; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0209845; article XML SHA-256 7c71230135851f04be211d4fd3d2287749d059f5b440b38a072b41fa465cf093. “Beliefs about the controllability of social characteristics and children’s jealous responses to outsiders’ interference in friendship” (10.1371/journal.pone.0209845). · CC-BY-4.0

• implicit prejudice: The definition is more than one or two concise sentences? It is two sentences, which is acceptable, but the first sentence contains unsupported generalization.; The definition’s first substantive claim—that the term refers to prejudice that operates at a “less conscious/underlying” level rather than only through openly stated views—is not stated or supported in the provided packet text.; The definition’s reference to “lower caste” is supported, but the consciousness/awareness-level contrast is not, so the overall sense is only partially supported.; The packet supports that the study measured and reduced implicit prejudice against the lower caste, but it does not define implicit prejudice as prejudice that operates at an underlying or less conscious level.; The source-specific clause adds contextual details from the article, but it does not establish a general dictionary sense for the term.; While the packet supports that caste prejudice against a lower caste is measured and that an awareness TV social program reduces “implicit prejudice” over time, the definition additionally generalizes beyond the packet by describing the mechanism as “less conscious level.”

  Banerjee Ritwik; Datta Gupta Nabanita. Awareness Programs and Change in Taste-Based Caste Prejudice. 2015; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0118546; article XML SHA-256 2b40889875f9b89246a39d9e93dc07629e42434b90199883b7d943821ccd8516. “Awareness Programs and Change in Taste-Based Caste Prejudice” (10.1371/journal.pone.0118546). · CC-BY-4.0

• impoverished: The packet does not define “impoverished” in general as “reduced or weakened in quality or richness.” It only describes “impoverished EFT” in terms of reduced specificity, detail, and novelty of the imagery.; The packet supports only the specific phrase “impoverished EFT,” described as having marked reductions in specificity, detail, and novelty; it does not support the broader general definition “reduced or weakened in quality or richness.”; The requested sense should be limited to the article’s context of episodic future thinking, but the definition adds a generalized meaning that is not established by the source packet.

  Dubois Jalyn R.; Kim Esther; Pando-Bravo Jennifer; Martin Laura E.; Yi Richard. Scoping review of episodic future thinking and delay discounting observed in Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and PTSD. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1764387; article XML SHA-256 13cf97e853cf4e3483b6b3dd76d1697747d49694d73ca938e85548cf0626ef3a. “Scoping review of episodic future thinking and delay discounting observed in Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and PTSD” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1764387). · CC-BY-4.0

• improvement rate: The definition adds “across repeated testing or training sessions,” which is broader than the packet’s specific 2-day training/test setup and is not stated as a general sense of the term.; The definition’s first sentence (“speed or amount of performance gain over time with practice or training”) is a general conceptualization that is not explicitly stated or directly supported in the provided packet text.; The packet supports improvement in vocoded speech recognition with training, but it does not define “improvement rate” as a general measure of the speed or amount of performance gain over time.; While the packet discusses “rapid improvement” and “with training, vocoded speech recognition improvement rates” in repeated training/testing over two days, it does not provide a clear, explicit definition of “improvement rate” as ‘speed or amount’ of gain.

  Goupell Matthew J.; Draves Garrison T.; Litovsky Ruth Y.. Recognition of vocoded words and sentences in quiet and multi-talker babble with children and adults. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0244632; article XML SHA-256 4ff005e9079c17afbfff83c9d259d57d1c605a74ad4196b9ea925f2cd1cadf8b. “Recognition of vocoded words and sentences in quiet and multi-talker babble with children and adults” (10.1371/journal.pone.0244632). · CC-BY-4.0

• IMPS: Because multiple substantive descriptors (“small,” “evil helper spirits,” “attendants”) are not explicitly present in the provided packet, the definition overreaches beyond the supplied source.; The packet does connect imps with the witch/devil context (e.g., testimony of accused dancing “with imps” or “with the devil”), but the definition’s specific phrasing “attendants associated with witches and the devil” is not fully supported as such.; The packet supports that witches’ “behests were carried out by imps and familiars,” but it does not describe imps as “small,” “evil,” or as “helper spirits.”; “Attendants associated with witches and the devil” is only loosely implied, not stated as a definition, so the wording goes beyond the packet’s support.; “Evil helper spirits” overstates the source, which does not define imps as a class of spirits or explicitly as helpers; it only mentions them in witchcraft accounts.; “Small” is not supported by the packet; the source only says witches’ behests were carried out by “imps and familiars.”

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-4599000-4611000). · public-domain-US

• impulse control: The definition’s first sentence (“ability to hold back urges…”) provides a general characterization of impulse control that is not supported anywhere in the packet. The packet discusses impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease, but does not define impulse control in terms of resisting urges or rewarding behaviors.; The examples listed are supported only as ICDs in this source; presenting them as “problems with impulse control” in general overextends the packet’s scope.; The packet supports impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson’s disease, not a general definition of “impulse control” as a person’s ability to resist urges or rewarding behaviors.

  Triscari Sergio; Lenzo Vittorio; Sardella Alberto; Caponnetto Pasquale; Galati Anna; Lupica Patricia; Tasca Domenica; Muratore Stefano; Marano Pietro; Caraci Filippo; Quattropani Maria C. The role of metacognitive beliefs in impulse control disorders and addictive-like behaviors in Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1893510; article XML SHA-256 67343eb235601517c70682230dc25e3b1f34e42ac329a90e502d5dca7f2111ad. “The role of metacognitive beliefs in impulse control disorders and addictive-like behaviors in Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory study” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1893510). · CC-BY-4.0

• inborn: The definition presents a general dictionary sense, while the source only uses the term in one medical compound phrase; that is not enough to support the wider semantic claim as written.; The packet supports that “inborn errors of immunity” are “genetically caused,” but it does not explicitly support the additional claim that the condition “originates from a person’s inherited biology rather than being acquired later.”; The packet supports “genetically caused” for the phrase “inborn errors of immunity,” but it does not support the broader generalization that inborn means a condition arising from “inherited biology” or specifically contrasts it with being “acquired later.”

  Wolff Luca J; Witte Torsten; Kahl Kai G; Meinecke Anna; Ahrenstorf Gerrit; Sogkas Georgios; Hillmer Stefanie; Thiele Thea. Frequency of depression and anxiety in patients with inborn errors of immunity: a cross-sectional study. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s12888-026-08654-1; article XML SHA-256 f87f690d419ce7ffc3a61e26907b16d2d8e89bb3e112bafe339de1a42348f12f. “Frequency of depression and anxiety in patients with inborn errors of immunity: a cross-sectional study” (10.1186/s12888-026-08654-1). · CC-BY-4.0

• incantation: The packet does not state that an incantation is a “spoken magical formula”; it only says that “incantation rather than prayer figures prominently” in the context of spirit-worship/propitiation.; The packet supports incantation only as something that figures prominently in demonolatry, not as a general “spoken magical formula.”; The packet supports the contrast with prayer and the connection to propitiation over adoration, but it does not explicitly support the added phrasing about “trying to appease or influence spirits” as a defining characterization.; “Influence spirits” is broader than the packet’s wording; the source supports propitiation of spirits and minor adoration, not a general influence claim.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Demonolatry” (Demonolatry). · public-domain-US

• incentive value: The claim that a stimulus with no incentive value does not by itself encourage approach or meaningfully influence the behavior being studied goes beyond the packet’s wording and generalizes beyond the article’s findings.; The definition includes explanatory criteria (“If a stimulus has no incentive value…”) that are not described in the packet.; The packet only states that previous studies found certain stimuli (“USVs”) have “no incentive value” for rats, but it does not support the specific functional meaning in the definition (e.g., “encourage approach” or “meaningfully influence” behavior).; The packet only supports a narrow, study-specific usage in rats and copulatory behavior; it does not establish a general dictionary definition of "incentive value" as a broad motivator or attractor for behavior.; The provided packet does not define “incentive value” or any “degree to which something acts as a motivator or attractor for behavior.”; The source says previous studies found USVs have no incentive value for rats and that they play no important role in rat copulatory behavior; it does not support the broader explanatory framing in the definition.

  Ågmo Anders; Snoeren Eelke M. S.. Silent or Vocalizing Rats Copulate in a Similar Manner. 2015; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0144164; article XML SHA-256 db5858e393f7e4090b67b32eaefd7d1e64979444d42cfee06185571c0ec81d57. “Silent or Vocalizing Rats Copulate in a Similar Manner” (10.1371/journal.pone.0144164). · CC-BY-4.0

• incidental memory: The definition’s first sentence claims a general meaning: “encountered without deliberately trying to learn or remember them.” The provided packet text discusses “incidental memory” and “incidental memory for real-world objects,” but it does not explicitly state this definition-level criterion about not deliberately trying to learn or remember.; The packet supports incidental memory in the context of later recognition of real-world objects encountered in a conference-room traversal, but it does not explicitly support the broader gloss that it is memory for information or objects encountered without deliberately trying to learn or remember them.; The packet supports that the studied “incidental memory” involves later recognition of real-world objects encountered while moving through an everyday setting (traversing a conference room), but it does not provide enough support for the broader, explicit definitional phrasing used in the first sentence.; “Everyday setting” is an unsupported generalization from the packet’s specific conference-room context.

  Qin Xiaoyan; Bochsler Tiana M.; Aizpurua Alaitz; Cheong Allen M. Y.; Koutstaal Wilma; Legge Gordon E.. Incidental Memory of Younger and Older Adults for Objects Encountered in a Real World Context. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0099051; article XML SHA-256 05fcc877d7aa7f7bf31bb8c1a52bd670918980c989c45f301d6da7ed5423f011. “Incidental Memory of Younger and Older Adults for Objects Encountered in a Real World Context” (10.1371/journal.pone.0099051). · CC-BY-4.0

• independent phenomena: The definition narrows the phrase to a general conceptual meaning, but the packet supports only its specific use in describing PCOS abnormalities as not independent phenomena within a redox-endocrine network.; The packet does not provide an explicit, general definition of “independent phenomena” as “events or abnormalities understood as separate and unrelated”; it only uses the phrase in contrast (“are not independent phenomena but components of a … network”).; The rest of the provided definition adds a characterization (“separate and unrelated” and “parts of a connected process that influence one another”) that is not stated in the packet as the dictionary-style meaning of the term.; The supplied field is not defensible: the packet is about PCOS/endocrinology, not cognition or a psychology/counselling sense.; The “field: cognition” label is not supported by the packet content, which is focused on PCOS biology and oxidative/redox mechanisms rather than cognition.

  Subakathulla Sumayyah; Manoj Norwin; Patanwala Azima Muzzammil; Premvignesh Prasanna Appiya; Maher Alobaid Yamen; Majie Ankit; Gorain Bapi; Dutta Sulagna; Sengupta Pallav; Rosas Israel Maldonado; Roychoudhury Shubhadeep. Redox-endocrine triad in PCOS: can vitamin D, myo-inositol, and melatonin synergize as bioactive cocktails?. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fendo.2026.1825853; article XML SHA-256 e6a6e28c6a26d67493752f44134d2298da8c7fdd4d1d9988d6d76f763d51c129. “Redox-endocrine triad in PCOS: can vitamin D, myo-inositol, and melatonin synergize as bioactive cocktails?” (10.3389/fendo.2026.1825853). · CC-BY-4.0

• independent random variables: The clause “so the value or behavior of one does not change the probability pattern of the other” is not supported anywhere in the supplied packet text.; The definition adds an application-specific sentence (“stress and strength are assumed to vary independently of each other”) that is true in the packet’s article, but the entry is not supported as a mental-health sense of the term.; The definition’s first sentence claims a general meaning of “independent random variables” (that one value/behavior does not change the other’s probability pattern). The packet only states, in this specific modeling context, that “stress (T) and strength (Q) are independent random variables,” but it does not provide or justify the broader probability-pattern explanation. ; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source is a reliability/statistics article about a stress–strength model, not a mental health/counselling context.

  Alyami Salem A; Hassan Amal S; Elbatal Ibrahim; Albalawi Olayan; Elgarhy Mohammed; El-Saeed Ahmed R. Bayesian and non-bayesian analysis for stress-strength model based on progressively first failure censoring with applications. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0312937; article XML SHA-256 90608828910e1599ea08fb430d25134c0e241c99565093cfbfe8aebb81727f3b. “Bayesian and non-bayesian analysis for stress-strength model based on progressively first failure censoring with applications” (10.1371/journal.pone.0312937). · CC-BY-4.0

• indirect speech act: Most of the definition is broader than what the packet provides: the packet describes an experiment about children’s comprehension of indirect requests, but it does not give a general definitional characterization of indirect speech acts beyond that context.; The field is not defensible here: the packet is about pragmatic language comprehension in autism research, not diagnosis.; The packet does not explicitly define “indirect speech act” as depending on the speaker/situation “rather than the words alone,” nor does it state that this is the specific defining property of the term.; The packet supports indirect requests in a specific experimental context, but it does not define the broader linguistic term in full generality.; The “field” is marked as diagnosis, but the definition does not actually support or describe any diagnostic concept; it only discusses pragmatic/comprehension performance in autism within the study.

  Kissine Mikhail; Cano-Chervel Julie; Carlier Sophie; De Brabanter Philippe; Ducenne Lesley; Pairon Marie-Charlotte; Deconinck Nicolas; Delvenne Véronique; Leybaert Jacqueline. Children with Autism Understand Indirect Speech Acts: Evidence from a Semi-Structured Act-Out Task. 2015; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0142191; article XML SHA-256 7a8ce1d1269157dfa9ff0d287a3bdadb343c70a7ab8c992a62d3b0d971d63466. “Children with Autism Understand Indirect Speech Acts: Evidence from a Semi-Structured Act-Out Task” (10.1371/journal.pone.0142191). · CC-BY-4.0

• individual accuracy: The claim that Baldwin contrasts this with personal inaccuracy or variation in pronunciation is not directly supported by the packet as stated.; The definition attributes an explicit contrast (“Baldwin contrasts it with personal inaccuracy or variation in pronunciation”), but the packet mentions “individual inaccuracies of pronunciation” without clearly framing a contrast between defined terms “individual accuracy” and “personal inaccuracy.”; The definition states that “individual accuracy means the exactness with which a person reproduces speech sounds,” but the packet only says that sound-changes originate in “individual inaccuracies of pronunciation”; it does not define accuracy as “exactness” or describe reproduction of speech sounds in that way.; The packet does not support defining "individual accuracy" as the exactness with which a person reproduces speech sounds; the source instead refers to "individual inaccuracies of pronunciation" and to "individual accuracy or aberration in reproduction" without defining the term as exactness.; The statement that such variants spread through a community and contribute to broader sound change is broadly supported, but the requested sense of the term itself is not securely established by the source.; While the packet supports that individual inaccuracies can spread and contribute to broader sound change/tendency (“Only when these become frequent enough…to influence the community does a phonetic tendency develop…”), the definition’s wording includes additional concepts (exact reproduction; explicit contrasting framing) that are not supported by the packet.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Language” (Language). · public-domain-US

• individualized reading: The definition narrows the term to a specific intervention for persistent developmental dyslexia; that sense is treatment-oriented rather than diagnostic.; The definition states “one-on-one reading instruction … as part of an intervention for persistent developmental dyslexia,” which is broadly supported, but the “tailored to the person” element is not supported by the supplied text.; The packet supports that the intervention included a one-on-one 30-min reading intervention administered by a trained reading specialist, but it does not explicitly describe the reading instruction as “tailored to the person” (i.e., individualized in the sense of personalization).; The requested field is not defensible here: the source uses “individualized reading instruction” as a treatment/intervention component, not as a diagnosis-related term.

  Arrington C. Nikki; Harrington Rachael M.; Herrera-Diaz Adianes; Ralph Kennedy; Moquete Narciso; Morris Robin. Combined accelerated theta burst stimulation and reading instruction for the treatment of persistent developmental dyslexia: methodology and preliminary findings. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1758532; article XML SHA-256 00acef6044b640215683ee2862effbf1c14ebadc0a7cb32aa7e108f8f7234a37. “Combined accelerated theta burst stimulation and reading instruction for the treatment of persistent developmental dyslexia: methodology and preliminary findings” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1758532). · CC-BY-4.0

• induced hypothermia: The packet does not explicitly state that induced hypothermia involves the *deliberate lowering of body temperature*; it only states that therapeutic hypothermia is a neuroprotective strategy for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and that induced hypothermia is associated with certain symptoms.; The packet supports shivering, cold pain, agitation, and distress, but the wording is a bit more specific than the source and includes an added explanatory framing not present in the packet.; The packet supports therapeutic hypothermia as a neuroprotective strategy for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s claim that induced hypothermia is the deliberate lowering of body temperature or that it is a component of therapeutic hypothermia.

  Joshi Mahima; Muneer Javed; Mbuagbaw Lawrence; Goswami Ipsita. Analgesia and sedation strategies in neonates undergoing whole-body therapeutic hypothermia: A scoping review. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0291170; article XML SHA-256 7d98b3481c405edc3aeac2da3001c7d6534d71c157c16749525ea5cdd8c55478. “Analgesia and sedation strategies in neonates undergoing whole-body therapeutic hypothermia: A scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0291170). · CC-BY-4.0

• inductive reasoning: The definition adds ‘patterns in specific examples,’ which is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source text.; The definition’s phrase “broader category-based or conceptual information” is only partially supported (category-based development is supported), but the specific framing as “conceptual information” is not directly evidenced in the packet.; The packet only states that inductive reasoning “develops from similarity-based to category-based processes” and that linguistic labels may facilitate this shift; it does not support the definition’s claim that inductive reasoning is “the process of drawing a more general conclusion from similarities or patterns in specific examples.”; The packet supports a shift in inductive reasoning from similarity-based to category-based processes, but it does not explicitly support the added generalization that it is the process of drawing a more general conclusion from specific examples.

  Wang Xiaoxi; Hu Na; Ma Ruimin; Cai Xiaoying; Huang Xuan. From similarity to conceptual—how pictophonetic Chinese characters facilitate inductive reasoning in 5–10-year-old children. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1652249; article XML SHA-256 29924fde7d72ccd2f15317ede437e9713317258913b3ea8d27de4532bc3b20f2. “From similarity to conceptual—how pictophonetic Chinese characters facilitate inductive reasoning in 5–10-year-old children” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1652249). · CC-BY-4.0

• infantile paralysis: The definition claims the condition is “occurring in children,” but the packet only labels “chronic anterior poliomyelitis” as occurring in adults and does not explicitly state that “infantile paralysis” occurs in children.; The definition goes beyond the packet by stating that the condition is “presented as a diseased condition of the spinal cord occurring in children.” The source only says poliomyelitis occurs as “infantile paralysis” and does not frame it in that full way.; The packet does not describe a “front horns” spinal-cord mechanism; it describes a “degenerative atrophy of the anterior cornea,” and provides other general pathology of the spinal cord.; The packet supports that “infantile paralysis” is a historical name for poliomyelitis, but it does not support the added explanation “degenerative wasting of the front horns of the spinal cord.” The source wording is “degenerative atrophy of the anterior cornea,” which is not the same phrase.; The packet supports that “infantile paralysis” is a name used for poliomyelitis (it states: “Poliomyelitis, or degenerative atrophy of the anterior cornea, occurs as 'infantile paralysis'…”), but the definition’s added phrasing “degenerative wasting of the front horns of the spinal cord” is not supported by the packet.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Myelitis” (Myelitis). · public-domain-US

• infertility: The definition adds a broader generalization about “major social and health effects” and “emotional difficulties” beyond what is directly supported by the source, which is limited to social stigma, financial hardship, physical and mental health problems, depression, anxiety, and problems adapting to married life.; The definition includes “stress within married life,” but the packet only supports “problems adapting to married life” and does not specifically mention stress.; “Stress” is not supported by the packet; it mentions depression, anxiety, and problems adapting to married life, but not stress.

  Niu Changmin; Gao Yuxin; Xu Qiulian; Yang Fan; Ma Shikun; Shen Nuo; Zhu Wenxuan; Kong Yidi; Chen Lu; Wang Guiqin. Associations of anxiety and depression with sexual health among infertility patients: a systematic review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1823084; article XML SHA-256 93d05ce960278f764fde1824e9e2a4bb7a6ebea888a98b884d13be056c6f0e29. “Associations of anxiety and depression with sexual health among infertility patients: a systematic review” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1823084). · CC-BY-4.0

• ingroup: The added explanation about how shared identity shapes judgments, concern, and support is a generalization beyond the source text, which only says these intersections influence social concern and desires for institutional support in this study context.; The definition includes contextual interpretations (“in this context”) that are not directly described in the packet’s provided excerpt.; The definition’s specific claims about ingroup/outgroup being used to contrast judgments, concern, and support for others are not supported by the packet text, which only mentions “ingroup/outgroup racial identity intersections” in relation to stigmatizing attributions and media-message recall.; The packet does not explicitly define “ingroup” or state that it is a social category made up of people sharing the same racial identity as oneself.; The packet only uses “ingroup/outgroup” in the specific context of racial identity intersections in recalled targets; it does not support the broader definitional claim that an ingroup is a social category of people sharing the same racial identity as oneself.

  Riles Julius Matthew; Adediran Abigail; Akheituame Esther; Madrigal Guadalupe; Behm-Morawitz Elizabeth. Memorable media messages of mental illness and implications for policy support: examining the influences of racial ingroup/outgroup recall. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1568155; article XML SHA-256 55307464665c14e7e08cc101fcb2f73fc7c352c19a393120a0d29e477c15b314. “Memorable media messages of mental illness and implications for policy support: examining the influences of racial ingroup/outgroup recall” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1568155). · CC-BY-4.0

• inhibitory neurotransmitter: The definition adds an unsupported generalization about what an inhibitory neurotransmitter does (“reduces or restrains neural signaling”); the packet only states that GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.; The packet does not provide a general definition of the term; it only discusses GABA in relation to autism spectrum disorder, so the requested sense is not fully grounded in the supplied text.; The packet does not support the general characterization that an “inhibitory neurotransmitter” “reduces or restrains neural signaling”; it only states that GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.; The second sentence is supported for GABA specifically, but the first sentence is not fully grounded in the supplied source.

  Wang Peng; Sun Jin. A comprehensive review of GABA in autism spectrum disorders: associations, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1587432; article XML SHA-256 2988af0d4dc8ba5cd3be75b0a7f6b7422ee29264637d009e4583a1a16de39a93. “A comprehensive review of GABA in autism spectrum disorders: associations, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1587432). · CC-BY-4.0

• innate: The added explanation about “a memory-like change in the body’s early immune response” goes beyond what is stated in the packet and is not directly supported there.; The only usage in the packet is “trained immunity, a form of innate immune memory,” which supports that “innate” is associated with immune memory, but it does not support the definition’s general wording about responding being built-in rather than learned.; The packet does not define “innate” as “a built-in form of responding” or contrast it with “newly learned or acquired.”; The packet provides no support for the definition’s specific phrasing about “memory-like change in the body’s early immune response.”; The packet shows the phrase “innate immune memory,” but it does not define “innate” as meaning built-in, newly learned, or acquired, so the core gloss is unsupported by the supplied text alone.; The source content is immunology-focused, so the cognition field label is not clearly supported by the packet itself.

  Nauman Richard W.; Greer Peter A.; Craig Andrew W.; Cotechini Tiziana; Siemens D. Robert; Graham Charles H.. Differential effects of BCG-Russia and BCG-TICE on trained immunity: Potential implications for bladder cancer immunotherapy. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0357950; article XML SHA-256 950adc91ea34f0d4141e19549a08d5a492e1cf73b0bda548b048145dde72c87b. “Differential effects of BCG-Russia and BCG-TICE on trained immunity: Potential implications for bladder cancer immunotherapy” (10.1371/journal.pone.0357950). · CC-BY-4.0

• inpatient services: The definition adds unsupported specifics not stated in the source, including that inpatient services are hospital-based and that people are admitted for care.; The definition’s framing about the required infection-control “while continuing care” is not stated in those terms; the packet only mentions offering acute psychiatric care alongside strict infection control measures during the pandemic.; The packet states that “Inpatient services” faced the challenge of offering “acute psychiatric” care while implementing “strict infection control measures,” but it does not explicitly define inpatient services as “hospital-based mental health services where people are admitted.”; The source supports acute psychiatric care and strict infection-control measures, but not the fuller two-sentence gloss as written.

  Wullschleger Alexandre; Gonçalves Leonel; Royston Maya; Sentissi Othman; Ambrosetti Julia; Kaiser Stefan; Baggio Stéphanie. Admissions to psychiatric inpatient services and use of coercive measures in 2020 in a Swiss psychiatric department: An interrupted time-series analysis. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0289310; article XML SHA-256 0bae611239927726ec5cbf569199e3b94125a6c371c74f21a4f943ffb29a8f9d. “Admissions to psychiatric inpatient services and use of coercive measures in 2020 in a Swiss psychiatric department: An interrupted time-series analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0289310). · CC-BY-4.0

• inpatient: Adds an unsupported contrast (“rather than being seen only during visits”) that is not supported by the packet.; The definition’s claim that psychiatric inpatient hospitalisation specifically means “staying in hospital while receiving mental health care” is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet discusses consequences of psychiatric hospitalisation but does not define the term in those terms.; The definition’s wording (“a person admitted to a hospital or psychiatric ward for care and treatment”) is not directly supported by the packet’s text.; The packet does not explicitly define what “inpatient” means (e.g., admitted for care/treatment rather than only attending visits). It only mentions “psychiatric inpatient admissions” and “hospitalisation,” without stating the general definition or the contrast with outpatient/visits.; Uses a broader general definition of inpatient than the packet supplies; the source only supports psychiatric inpatient admissions/hospitalisation, not the full hospital/ward sense across settings.

  Dunn Abby; Elsby-Pearson Chloe; Kalus Luise; Oliver Mark; Ratcliffe Eleanor; Cartwright-Hatton Sam. Mixed methods investigation into provision of family rooms and support for parents admitted to psychiatric inpatient units and their children: Study protocol. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0355693; article XML SHA-256 10696aa5bfc65fe9ce9222e255b27946453d7f5a423bfc5b0e7a84d663444dd6. “Mixed methods investigation into provision of family rooms and support for parents admitted to psychiatric inpatient units and their children: Study protocol” (10.1371/journal.pone.0355693). · CC-BY-4.0

• input-process-output model: The definition’s wording adds “linking … starting conditions and interventions” to processes; only interventions and psychological safety mechanisms are directly supported in the provided text.; The packet does not explicitly support the “starting conditions” part of the definition (it references an “interpersonal team intervention” and an “applied input–process–output model,” but not team starting conditions).; The packet supports an input–process–output model of team effectiveness, but it does not state that the model links “starting conditions and interventions” as inputs.; The phrasing “starting conditions and interventions” adds a specific interpretation of the model’s inputs that is not established in the supplied text.

  Dietl Johanna Elisa; Derksen Christina; Keller Franziska Maria; Lippke Sonia. Interdisciplinary and interprofessional communication intervention: How psychological safety fosters communication and increases patient safety. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164288; article XML SHA-256 55355ec0ba788c16dd6a58107edaa3d7bf4651d57186391405c357cd6c71c0f8. “Interdisciplinary and interprofessional communication intervention: How psychological safety fosters communication and increases patient safety” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164288). · CC-BY-4.0

• Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee: The definition’s first substantive claim—that the committee “reviews and approves studies involving animals”—is not explicitly stated anywhere in the provided packet text. The packet only mentions that the study “was approved by our Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee,” without describing what the committee does.; The packet only shows that the study was approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; it does not support the broader definition that this is an organization within a research institution that reviews and approves animal studies.; The second sentence adds a specific “rabbit experiment” approval role, but the packet supports only that this study was approved, not the fuller contextual gloss as written.; While the second sentence is supported (the packet says the study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee), the overall definition contains an unsupported functional description.

  Choi Woosun; Kwak Byung Kook; Jung Jisung; Park Serah; Hong Soon Auck; Choi Sang Lim. Feasibility of rabbit auricular VX2 tumor model as an experimental model for intra-arterial embolization. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0316282; article XML SHA-256 e24c2ad0f7de1533efc02b5796c2641c363aa5146b6bbd678757a5a91baf97ea. “Feasibility of rabbit auricular VX2 tumor model as an experimental model for intra-arterial embolization” (10.1371/journal.pone.0316282). · CC-BY-4.0

• instrumental: Because of that missing support, the first sentence contains an unsupported definitional claim rather than a claim directly present in the packet.; The packet does not explicitly define “instrumental” as “music teaching or learning that involves playing a musical instrument.” It only mentions “instrumental music teachers” and does not state that instrumental refers to instruction involving playing an instrument.; The packet supports “instrumental music teachers” in music education, but it does not define the word “instrumental” as music teaching or learning that involves playing a musical instrument.; The wording “playing a musical instrument” is an added gloss not stated in the packet, which instead mentions physical instructions and aesthetic judgement.; “Learning” is not supported by the source; the packet only refers to teachers.

  Zhang Yijie; Niu Shuhui. Instrumental music teachers’ perceptions and acceptance of Al integration in teaching: a mixed-methods study based on the UTAUT2 model. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1887153; article XML SHA-256 fd8b6394f38d97b0c2c0e78c0c6c70371ab15d536699de9c82346db949a1b0b4. “Instrumental music teachers’ perceptions and acceptance of Al integration in teaching: a mixed-methods study based on the UTAUT2 model” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1887153). · CC-BY-4.0

• integrative behavioral couples therapy: The definition’s framing (“in this context, it is used to help with romantic relationship conflict…”) is partially supported by the study outcomes for the OR program, but the packet does not directly support attributing these purposes to Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy as a standalone approach beyond the OR program linkage.; The outcome description is incorrect: the source reports reductions in negative affect/anger during conflict scenarios, not increases in negative emotional reactions.; The packet only states that the OurRelationship (OR) program is based on “Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy,” but it does not explicitly describe Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy itself as a “couples-focused psychological approach.”; The source supports that the OurRelationship program was based on Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy, but not that the term itself is defined as a basis for that program.

  Karantzas Gery C.; Staiger Petra K.; Romano Daniel A.; Curtis Ashlee; Bruscella Courtney; Miller Peter G.; Gruenert Stefan; Toumbourou John W.; Doss Brian D.; Christensen Andrew. A group version of the OurRelationship program within residential substance use treatment: preliminary evidence for improving responses to romantic relationship conflict for those dealing with substance misuse. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1307640; article XML SHA-256 b2b2245ffe3cb55bb64b46aa532ce976a0da0f259076c31829c7c8f5f290527c. “A group version of the OurRelationship program within residential substance use treatment: preliminary evidence for improving responses to romantic relationship conflict for those dealing with substance misuse” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1307640). · CC-BY-4.0

• integrity versus despair: The definition’s description of “despair” (that it involves “struggling to reach that sense of meaning or completion”) is not explicitly supported by the supplied packet text. The packet discusses ego integrity and related qualities (e.g., evaluating life as coherent/meaningful; accepting successes and failures; self-acceptance; inner peace; integrated narrative), but it does not provide a corresponding explanation of despair.; The description of despair is not directly supported by the packet; the source explains ego integrity as accepting one’s life as valuable, coherent, and meaningful, but it does not define despair as “struggling to reach that sense of meaning or completion.”

  Talu Ertuğrul. Life satisfaction, regret, and death reflection among older adults in Turkey: a qualitative study within Erikson’s framework of ego integrity. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1745222; article XML SHA-256 c570716f4c33e1b5f8fc9f10f51d6343efa6941b5db28e08af6eb336b47f5b06. “Life satisfaction, regret, and death reflection among older adults in Turkey: a qualitative study within Erikson’s framework of ego integrity” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1745222). · CC-BY-4.0

• intellectualization: The definition says the threat is “engaged rather than pushed out of awareness”; the packet contrasts intellectualization with “repression” involving “unconscious denial in avoiding the stimulus,” which does not explicitly support the phrase “pushed out of awareness.”; The definition states that the person deals with the threat “through thinking, analysis, or attempts at mental control,” but the packet only specifies intellectualization as involving “approaching or controlling the stimulus” and does not mention thinking/analysis as the mechanism.; The final clause about the threat being “engaged rather than pushed out of awareness” is not supported by the packet; the source only contrasts intellectualization as an approach/control response with repression as an avoidance response.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Repression-Sensitization” (D012095). · public-domain-US-government

• interaction analysis: The definition narrows the term to testing pairs of genetic variants; that wording is supported by the packet, but the packet does not establish this as the requested dictionary sense for cognition.; The packet supports a genetic SNP-SNP interaction analysis in colorectal cancer prognosis, not a cognition/psychology sense, so the field is not defensible from the source.; The provided field is “cognition,” but the packet describes genome-wide SNP–SNP interaction analysis in colorectal cancer outcomes (prognostic genetic research), not cognition. This makes the field association unsupported/defensible.; The second sentence is source-meta phrasing rather than a standalone definition and does not add a supported clinical or counseling meaning.

  Curtis Aaron A.; Yu Yajun; Carey Megan; Yilmaz Yildiz E.; Savas Sevtap. A genome-wide SNP-SNP interaction analysis exploring novel interacting loci associated with the risk of recurrence in colorectal cancer. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0321967; article XML SHA-256 1013a866a8ddedfa6ec4d27bfd9adb58fa42d0cb913d7c29f7d8c7c76ab5c815. “A genome-wide SNP-SNP interaction analysis exploring novel interacting loci associated with the risk of recurrence in colorectal cancer” (10.1371/journal.pone.0321967). · CC-BY-4.0

• interactive sport: The definition adds unsupported specifics such as “multiple players” and “changing game conditions”; the packet only says handball is a collective, complex, dynamic, and interactive sport that requires attention to context and interaction among factors and variables.; The definition’s wording goes beyond the packet by generalizing from the handball example to an abstract account of how play is shaped and why, without the packet providing explicit statements for those exact mechanisms or terms.; The packet supports that handball is described as a “collective, complex, dynamic, and interactive sport” and that performance analysis should take into account “context and interaction between different factors and variables,” but it does not explicitly support the definition’s claims that performance and play are “continually shaped” by “multiple players,” or that this is due to “changing game conditions.”; “Performance and play are continually shaped” is a broader explanatory claim not directly stated in the packet and goes beyond the source’s wording.

  Prudente João Nunes; Cardoso Américo Ramos; Rodrigues Ana Jose; Sousa Duarte Filipe. Analysis of the Influence of the Numerical Relation in Handball During an Organized Attack, Specifically the Tactical Behavior of the Center Back. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02451; article XML SHA-256 5b56aceaa1e18c4c01de433e00d11eca937907c8e983612ceb47a79ac1fc03a9. “Analysis of the Influence of the Numerical Relation in Handball During an Organized Attack, Specifically the Tactical Behavior of the Center Back” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02451). · CC-BY-4.0

• interdependence theory: The definition adds a broader theoretical explanation and causal framing that goes beyond the packet’s stated findings and model.; The packet does not provide a definition stating that “people’s intentions and behavior are shaped by how much their outcomes depend on one another”; it only describes the study’s constructs (team reward interdependence and task interdependence) and their measured relationships to innovation intention and innovative behavior.; The packet explicitly frames the study as based on “Social Interdependence Theory (SIT),” not a general “interdependence theory,” so the definition’s wording (“Interdependence theory, as used here…”) is not tightly supported by the provided text.; The packet supports that the study uses Social Interdependence Theory and examines team reward interdependence and task interdependence, but it does not explicitly support the general definition that people’s intentions and behavior are shaped by how much their outcomes depend on one another.; While the packet does support that the study’s dependence constructs include “team reward interdependence” and “task interdependence,” it does not explicitly equate these to “shared rewards and task links” in the way the definition states.

  Li Xinchun; Wang Zhi; Xu Xianzhi. Research on the impact of team reward interdependence on employees’ innovative behavior in enterprises: a cross-level moderated mediation model. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1736513; article XML SHA-256 64b8b89fd441add0a78c4c90132edea09ca39486c2d93730e34f3e120080fb93. “Research on the impact of team reward interdependence on employees’ innovative behavior in enterprises: a cross-level moderated mediation model” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1736513). · CC-BY-4.0

• interestingness: The definition adds an unsupported general gloss for “interestingness” as something “experienced as engaging or appealing to a person”; the packet only uses “information interestingness” as an experimental stimulus variable and does not define it that way.; The definition’s first sentence frames interestingness as applied to “information, such as a recommendation,” but the packet only refers to “recommendation information” and “information interestingness” as variables; it does not provide the specific “such as a recommendation” wording or the general “degree” framing as a supported concept.; The packet does not define “information interestingness” as a person’s degree of “engaging or appealing” to them; the provided text only lists “information interestingness” as an experimental stimulus variable without a definitional description of engaging/appealing experiences.; The phrase “such as a recommendation” is not supported as a general example in the packet; the article discusses recommendation information only within a specific privacy-attitude experiment.; While the packet includes “information interestingness” as a stimulus variable and reports results involving higher propensity for privacy disclosure under conditions including “highly information interestingness,” it does not explicitly support that interestingness “can shape ambivalent privacy attitudes” (it states the study explores the internal cognitive mechanism of privacy attitude ambivalence and disclosure behavior, but does not directly attribute the shaping of ambivalent privacy attitudes to interestingness).

  Zhu Qiuhua; Sun Rui; Lv Dong; Shen Yiyang; Qin Shukun. Research on the “Privacy Paradox” behaviors of online users from the perspective of attitude ambivalence: ERPs evidence. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0330438; article XML SHA-256 baf13507ebdae49ce65c1a31268812a55cc23f598e9281f2b9fb72e0f9bfa31a. “Research on the “Privacy Paradox” behaviors of online users from the perspective of attitude ambivalence: ERPs evidence” (10.1371/journal.pone.0330438). · CC-BY-4.0

• intergroup dynamics: Although the second sentence is partly supported (the packet discusses odors functioning as contextual priors that bias social inference and prejudice), the definition as a whole includes an unsupported general characterization of the term.; The definition adds a broader conceptual explanation that is not explicitly supported by the source packet, which focuses on olfactory influences on social cognition, prejudice, and social judgments rather than defining the term itself.; The definition’s first sentence (“ways people think, feel, judge, and behave in relation to members of different social groups”) is not explicitly defined or described in the provided packet; the packet focuses on olfactory influences on social cognition/emotions/prejudice rather than giving a general definition of intergroup dynamics.; The packet does not define “intergroup dynamics” as the general pattern of how people think, feel, judge, and behave toward members of different social groups; it only mentions the phrase in passing in a future-research sentence.

  Alemanno Michela; Migliore Simone; Massimino Simona; Ferraioli Francesca; Schito Andrea; Vicario Carmelo M.; Invitto Sara; Curcio Giuseppe. The influence of olfactory stimuli on social cognition, prejudice and emotions: a systematic review of the literature. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1883832; article XML SHA-256 f86d56d31521f59b801aacf409a3a680f909c7b08a6622371564418c1eb0d077. “The influence of olfactory stimuli on social cognition, prejudice and emotions: a systematic review of the literature” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1883832). · CC-BY-4.0

• interhemispheric transfer: The definition’s claim that the term refers specifically to transfer of auditory information “as part of listening performance” is supported only insofar as the study evaluates dichotic listening and other auditory tasks and concludes that advantages may be attributable to “transfer of auditory information between the two hemispheres,” but the packet does not provide a standalone meaning of the term limited to that context.; The definition’s first sentence (“the passing of information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other”) is not explicitly stated or formally defined in the packet; the packet only mentions “transfer of auditory information between the two hemispheres” without giving this general definition.; The packet supports a narrower, auditory-specific usage, but the first sentence gives a broader general definition of interhemispheric transfer that is not stated in the source.; The source describes transfer of auditory information between the two hemispheres as a proposed explanation for listening-performance findings; it does not define the term as a general brain-processing mechanism or say both sides contribute to processing in that way.

  Bae Eun Bit; Jang Hyunsook; Shim Hyun Joon. Enhanced Dichotic Listening and Temporal Sequencing Ability in Early-Blind Individuals. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840541; article XML SHA-256 31b42306f008910adcdeb05cb754fe8438e619bd5b12a567660e85fc30948ba4. “Enhanced Dichotic Listening and Temporal Sequencing Ability in Early-Blind Individuals” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840541). · CC-BY-4.0

• intermission: The packet does not support the additional framing that the illness “progress[es] with breaks rather than in one continuous, unchanging state,” beyond the brief mention of “periods of intermission.”; The packet only states that the disorder “progresses usually with periods of intermission”; it does not define intermission as a time when “symptoms lessen or are absent.”; The packet supports that the disorder “progresses usually with periods of intermission,” but it does not explicitly support the added claim that symptoms “lessen or are absent before returning.”; The phrasing “in this historical psychiatric usage” is acceptable, but the definition slightly generalizes beyond the source by turning a course description into a fuller clinical gloss that the packet does not state directly.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Doubting Mania” (Doubting Mania). · public-domain-US

• internal conflict: Because the first sentence contains an additional substantive specification (“competing motives or reactions”) not evidenced in the provided text, the overall definition is not fully supported by the packet.; The contrast with “a fixed, consistent pattern of behavior” is broader than the packet’s wording, which only says “rather than stable offending trajectories.”; The definition adds unsupported detail by equating internal conflict with “competing motives or reactions”; the packet only explicitly supports internal conflict, fluctuating control, and context-dependent behavior.; The packet does not explicitly support the specific claim that internal conflict is “competing motives or reactions within themselves.” It only mentions “internal conflict” alongside “fluctuating control” and “context-dependent behavior.”

  Nemcová Lucia; Schreier Adam; Karousová Tereza; Kalenská Lucie; Bianchi Gabriel; Breide Maria; Lindegren Stina; Ballester-Arnal Rafael; Briken Peer; Chovanec Michal; Dixelius Sophie; Elipe-Miravet Marcel; Högström Lisann; Holmberg Johan; Korkutan Tarik; Metenko Jozef; Prantner Sabine; Zakreski Ellen; Rahm Christoffer; Klapilová Kateřina. Identity under threat: internal conflict and stigma in undetected child sexual abuse material users. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1830667; article XML SHA-256 42aedaaff50d22947628d60c32af6c38a7cee363508d7f7be3d7d1a93358b143. “Identity under threat: internal conflict and stigma in undetected child sexual abuse material users” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1830667). · CC-BY-4.0

• interobserver reliability: The definition’s claims (e.g., consistency of judgments across observers, classification about a case, and dependability of a method across raters) are not stated or supported anywhere in the supplied packet excerpt.; The packet does not define interobserver reliability as the consistency of judgments or classifications across different observers; it only mentions it as an investigated tool in a trauma-scoring study.; The packet only mentions that “interobserver reliability” was investigated in a specific study context (polytraumatized patient identification/trauma scoring) and does not substantiate the general, cross-observer consistency framing used in the definition.; The packet text does not provide a definition of “interobserver reliability” or explain what the term means.; The phrase about a method producing similar results across raters is not supported by the supplied text and goes beyond what the packet states.

  Pothmann Carina Eva Maria; Baumann Stephen; Jensen Kai Oliver; Mica Ladislav; Osterhoff Georg; Simmen Hans-Peter; Sprengel Kai. Assessment of polytraumatized patients according to the Berlin Definition: Does the addition of physiological data really improve interobserver reliability?. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0201818; article XML SHA-256 bb68f0d68033d08be7d61deb7f1bdf5b2f8578c67adfa9516c554ce91850a9dc. “Assessment of polytraumatized patients according to the Berlin Definition: Does the addition of physiological data really improve interobserver reliability?” (10.1371/journal.pone.0201818). · CC-BY-4.0

• interoceptive stimulus: The added claim that such a stimulus can be experienced as emotionally meaningful or pleasant is broader than the source text supports; the source only explicitly describes affective touch as pleasant and discusses emotional awareness in relation to touch perception.; The definition claims “In this source, affective touch is described as a pleasant interoceptive stimulus linked to the C-tactile system,” which is partly supported, but the rest of the definition contains additional substantive claims not supported by the packet.; The definition mixes a general glossary-style sense with a source-specific example, rather than staying tightly supported by the packet.; The only directly supported characterization in the packet is that affective touch is described as a “pleasant interoceptive stimulus associated with activation of the C-Tactile (CT) system”; the definition’s broader framing goes beyond what the packet states.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “interoceptive stimulus” as a “bodily sensory signal arising from within the body,” nor does it support the claim that such signals “can be experienced as emotionally meaningful or pleasant.”; The packet supports that affective touch is described as a pleasant interoceptive stimulus associated with the C-tactile system, but it does not define interoceptive stimulus generally as a bodily sensory signal arising from within the body.

  Cazzato Valentina; Sacchetti Sofia; Shin Shelby; Makdani Adarsh; Trotter Paula D.; McGlone Francis. Affective touch topography and body image. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0243680; article XML SHA-256 2173efde559cce282c3cbade2c27a60d96309cb239eb5d6ef14452defef5c5a8. “Affective touch topography and body image” (10.1371/journal.pone.0243680). · CC-BY-4.0

• interpret: The definition’s first sentence (“to interpret means to assign meaning to a situation, event, or other information”) is not explicitly supported by the provided packet text, which discusses ‘negative interpretation bias’ but does not provide a general definition of ‘interpret.’; The definition’s second sentence is only partially supported: the packet supports the idea that negative interpretation bias involves interpreting ambiguous situations as negative or threatening, but it does not support the broader phrasing about interpretation generally being shaped by cognitive bias beyond that specific construct.; The packet supports a specific sense of interpretation bias—interpreting ambiguous situations as negative or threatening—but not the broad general definition ‘to assign meaning to a situation, event, or other information.’; The second sentence generalizes from the packet’s negative interpretation bias finding to cognitive bias shaping interpretation more broadly; that wider claim is not established by the source.

  Gawlik Emily; Coifman Karin. Negative interpretation bias and emotional responses to positive contexts. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0353912; article XML SHA-256 09497738748d3a0bd9cf8faee3be8040673cdf6a91fce5c1b8d82421815cafc6. “Negative interpretation bias and emotional responses to positive contexts” (10.1371/journal.pone.0353912). · CC-BY-4.0

• interval estimate: The definition adds that it “expresses an estimate as an interval rather than as a single number.” The packet does not state this distinction.; The definition claims the interval is likely to include the “true parameter,” but the packet only says the interval is a range of scores likely to contain the “estimated parameter,” without mentioning “true.”; The packet supports that an interval estimate is a range of scores likely to contain the estimated parameter, but not the added contrast with a single-number estimate.; The packet uses the phrase “range of scores likely to contain the estimated parameter,” while the definition rephrases it as “range of values” and “true parameter being estimated,” which is not directly supported by the packet wording.; The second sentence (“It expresses an estimate as an interval rather than as a single number.”) is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source text.

  Online Statistics Education, version 2 (David M. Lane, project leader). Version 2; publisher statement snapshot 2026-10-18; SHA-256 0dcad9ee85f61f9e2bb24d26279de155ac749164ea4da2a3bffeabcf9ea471a6. “Interval Estimate” (interval_estimate.html). · public-domain-US

• interval of uncertainty: The added claim that it is identified alongside ROC-based methods to improve prediction is only partially supported and is stated too generally; the source mentions two-graph ROC in a specific study, not a general definitional relationship for the term.; The definition’s attribution to being “identified alongside ROC-based methods” is only partially supported: the packet mentions ROC/“two-graph ROC” thresholds of uncertainty, but does not describe this as “diagnostically uncertain” or as an identifiable “range” for diagnosis.; The definition’s claims about “a range of test decision thresholds” and “not clear enough to support a confident classification” are not stated or supported in the supplied packet.; The packet does not define the term as a range of test decision thresholds where the result is not clear enough to support a confident classification; it only says the interval of uncertainty was used to identify thresholds of uncertainty and enhance prediction.; The packet does not provide a definition of “interval of uncertainty”; it only mentions “thresholds of uncertainty … and the interval of uncertainty” in the context of enhancing prediction.; The packet does not support the wording that the interval is “used … to improve prediction by marking values that are diagnostically uncertain.” It only indicates it was used “to enhance prediction” and mentions uncertainty thresholds, without the described diagnostic-certainty rationale.

  Peredo Rossana; Hébert Marc; Mérette Chantal. Developing a clinical decision tool based on electroretinogram to monitor the risk of severe mental illness. 2022; DOI 10.1186/s12888-022-04375-3; article XML SHA-256 18c63081b5453736e34965d94d6445ed7789e0e8794340106b8995e05367605b. “Developing a clinical decision tool based on electroretinogram to monitor the risk of severe mental illness” (10.1186/s12888-022-04375-3). · CC-BY-4.0

• interview schedule: The definition’s claim that this term refers to a brief, standardised format used to measure depressive symptoms or relapse over a defined recent period is only supported for the rCIS-R, not for the term itself.; The definition’s wording (“used to measure depressive symptoms or relapse”) is not directly supported as a defining description of “interview schedule” in the packet; the packet instead focuses on assessing relapse of depression with rCIS-R.; The first sentence’s general explanation (“a structured set of questions used to assess a person in a consistent way during an interview”) is not stated in the packet and is broader than the source evidence.; The packet does not define the general term “interview schedule”; it discusses a specific instrument called the “retrospective Clinical Interview Schedule Revised (rCIS-R).”; The packet supports a specific instrument, the retrospective Clinical Interview Schedule Revised (rCIS-R), not a general definition of “interview schedule.”; While the packet supports that rCIS-R is a structured retrospective clinical interview used to assess depression relapse over the previous 12 weeks, it does not support the broader framing that an “interview schedule” refers to a “brief, standardised format” for measuring depressive symptoms/relapse in general.

  Duffy Larisa; Marston Louise; Lewis Gemma; Lewis Glyn. Reliability of the retrospective Clinical Interview Schedule Revised (rCIS-R) to assess relapse in depression in primary care patients. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0280997; article XML SHA-256 564f49a9ad8b5f9b04bd45509710a074a087ecf0ed1ada89e40e68501b8b92c8. “Reliability of the retrospective Clinical Interview Schedule Revised (rCIS-R) to assess relapse in depression in primary care patients” (10.1371/journal.pone.0280997). · CC-BY-4.0

• interview: The definition’s first sentence and the stated general “psychology and psychiatry” scope are not explicitly grounded in the supplied packet, which focuses on clinicians’ experiences implementing the CFI rather than defining the term “interview” itself.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “interview” as a clinician-led conversation to gather information from a patient during a clinical encounter; it only discusses the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) in terms of clinicians eliciting sociocultural information.; The packet shows that the CFI elicits sociocultural information, but it also emphasizes that clinicians may fail to recognize or use that information; it does not support the definition’s framing of the CFI as straightforwardly used to elicit a person’s social and cultural context and experiences as a settled purpose of the instrument.; The packet supports that CFI elicits sociocultural information (e.g., family obligations, financial pressures, relational worlds) but does not explicitly state that the CFI is “used to elicit information about a person’s social and cultural context and experiences.”; The packet supports the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI), not the general dictionary sense of “interview” as any clinician-led conversation in psychology or psychiatry.; The statement that an interview is used to gather information from a patient during a clinical encounter is broader than what is established in the packet and is not supported as a definition of the term itself.

  Deshmukh Ankita; Lakhani Sheetal; Paralikar Vasudeo. Culture hidden in plain sight: a framework-based secondary qualitative analysis of clinicians’ experiences with the cultural formulation interview. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1895098; article XML SHA-256 4ad1345c1df0e40d82854eae04b068bf5d32e3ca0f7cec234e6828281c22ae72. “Culture hidden in plain sight: a framework-based secondary qualitative analysis of clinicians’ experiences with the cultural formulation interview” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1895098). · CC-BY-4.0

• interviewer training: The definition adds a generalized explanatory gloss about what interviewer training is, beyond what the source explicitly supports.; The definition’s framing goes slightly beyond what the packet says: the packet attributes interview-outcome variations to insufficient interviewer training and lack of standardization, but it does not clearly define the purpose of interviewer training as producing consistent, standardized ratings.; The packet does not explicitly state that interviewer training is meant to help interviewers use “more consistent, standardized rating approaches”; it only mentions “absence of standardization, such as insufficient interviewer training,” and “divergent rating strategies.”; The packet supports that insufficient interviewer training can contribute to non-standardized, inconsistent interview outcomes and bias, but it does not define interviewer training as preparation that produces more consistent standardized rating approaches.

  Tsikas Stefanos A.; Dauer Karina. Examining interviewer bias in medical school admissions: The interplay between applicant and interviewer gender and its effects on interview outcomes. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0309293; article XML SHA-256 592a407ecccb4d70f2af76e177b7a3ed34fdf2c2216d425ef0bba02984e13beb. “Examining interviewer bias in medical school admissions: The interplay between applicant and interviewer gender and its effects on interview outcomes” (10.1371/journal.pone.0309293). · CC-BY-4.0

• invariant feature: The definition’s phrasing (“detectable pattern in an image,” “remains recognizable”) is not explicitly stated in the packet; support is indirect via SIFT being used for recognition/tracking and described as invariant to rotation.; The packet does not provide a definition or direct support for the term “invariant feature” itself; it discusses SIFT features and claims about SIFT’s rotation invariance, but it does not define what an “invariant feature” is in general cognition terms.; The packet only supports rotation invariance for SIFT features, not the broader claim that the feature remains recognizable when the target changes in position as well as orientation.; The packet supports use in target recognition and tracking, but it does not establish the general definition of an “invariant feature” as a detectable image pattern with that behavior across motion or rotation.

  Pan Qingya; Luan Shengjie; Zhang Fuke; Tian Linzhao; Wu Guishu; Fan Yizhong. An improved Scale-Invariant Feature Transform-based method for detecting tumor tissue motion induced by respiration. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0330578; article XML SHA-256 5f10a42cc1e1fb15635f1e07d8b3595f2e0f62a339ea56fe05c6782811bc24cd. “An improved Scale-Invariant Feature Transform-based method for detecting tumor tissue motion induced by respiration” (10.1371/journal.pone.0330578). · CC-BY-4.0

• inventory: The packet does not support the general claim that, in psychological assessment, an “inventory” is broadly “a structured measure used to evaluate a set of symptoms or traits.”; The packet supports only a specific instrument, the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), as a validated measure of depressive symptoms; it does not support a general definition of an "inventory" as a structured measure of symptoms or traits.; The statement that “in this packet, it refers to a validated self-report measure for depressive symptoms” is only partially supported: the packet calls QIDS validated and describes DSM-IV coverage, but does not explicitly state “self-report” in the provided text (it mentions a “self-reported version” only for the Japanese translation).; The wording "In this packet, it refers to a validated self-report measure for depressive symptoms" overgeneralizes from the specific QIDS description and does not establish the broader term sense requested.; While the packet supports that the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) is a “validated measure” of depressive symptoms, it does not justify the broader dictionary-style definition of “inventory” given in the first sentence.

  Kashimura Masami; So Mirai; Sekizawa Yoichi. Assessing depression among the Japanese population: psychometric properties of the Japanese version of Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-self-reported version. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s40359-026-04974-9; article XML SHA-256 3f8ee8ccd0e4da504c3e830dd2ee3237303c52c31d26c0f1263efae3be57ac2c. “Assessing depression among the Japanese population: psychometric properties of the Japanese version of Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-self-reported version” (10.1186/s40359-026-04974-9). · CC-BY-4.0

• IRT: The definition states that IRT “treats measurement error as varying across levels of the trait,” but the packet instead says IRT models “measurement error as a function of the latent trait assuming it is constant,” which does not match the “varying across levels” characterization.; The packet supports that IRT is an item-level method for assessing how items relate to a latent trait, with item parameters such as difficulty and discrimination.; The statement that IRT models measurement error as varying across levels of the trait is not supported by the supplied text; the packet’s wording is internally inconsistent and does not clearly establish this claim.

  Sergi Maria Rita; Balsamo Michela; D’Ignazio Giorgia; Terrei Michela; Palumbo Rocco; Salvatore Gianpaolo; Carlucci Leonardo. Investigating the factor structure of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: a qualitative review. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1727202; article XML SHA-256 e64087f5db2f33b70dfd849724ade91ca5bcd996fb07fde56f3030735a088eea. “Investigating the factor structure of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: a qualitative review” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1727202). · CC-BY-4.0

• itch: The claim that itch “may be eased by certain kinds of gentle touch” is only supported in the specific experimental context of affective touch reducing histamine-induced itch; the definition generalizes this beyond the packet’s evidence.; The packet supports itch as a commonly experienced symptom and that people can rate its severity, but it does not support describing itch as an “unpleasant bodily sensation.”; The packet supports that itch is commonly experienced in skin diseases such as eczema and that participants rated itch severity, but it does not explicitly state that itch “varies in perceived severity.”

  Ali Syed Hasan; Fallon Nicholas; Giesbrecht Timo; Stancak Andrej; Roberts Carl A. Affective touch reduces histamine evoked itch experience. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0319006; article XML SHA-256 1dc306c0b0cee3319d669b8693348a1f82b023303f734de9d5785a3301db4ae1. “Affective touch reduces histamine evoked itch experience” (10.1371/journal.pone.0319006). · CC-BY-4.0

• iterative design: The definition includes “using simulation, prediction, and experimental comparison” to guide repeated design changes; while the packet mentions finite element modeling (simulation), neural-network predictions, and a “rigorous comparison between the experimental results and simulation results,” it does not explicitly define iterative design as fundamentally composed of these three activities.; The definition states that iterative design is a “step-by-step method” and involves “repeatedly testing” design features; the packet describes simulations guiding “iterative design improvements,” but does not explicitly support a step-by-step method or the characterization of repeated testing as the core definition.; The definition’s second sentence narrows the term to a source-specific method involving simulation, prediction, and experimental comparison, which is not presented as the general meaning of ‘iterative design’ in psychology/learning.; The packet supports iterative design in an engineering/design context for soft actuators, not in the learning field; the requested field is therefore not defensible from this source.; The phrase “toward better function” is a general outcome claim not explicitly supported by the packet’s description of bending-angle optimization and validation.

  Elsamanty Mahmoud; Badr Karim; Akl Basem; Ibrahim Abdelkader; Yang Hongbo; Guo Kai; Orban Mostafa. Design and optimization of soft finger actuators for rehabilitation applications: A combined finite element and neural network approach. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0334011; article XML SHA-256 3aee6691c0650300c05bb195ad7d17d3ab1d1dcdd1e8fe21f182da887f788c51. “Design and optimization of soft finger actuators for rehabilitation applications: A combined finite element and neural network approach” (10.1371/journal.pone.0334011). · CC-BY-4.0

• James–Lange theory: The definition adds that the theory treats emotion as related to its “bodily, outward expression,” but the packet only states it is a “peripheral” or “effect theory” concerning the relation of emotion to its “so-called expression” and does not explicitly mention “bodily” or “outward.”; The definition should stay strictly within the historical source wording and not add an extra characterization not found there.; The definition’s phrase “peripheral or effect theory of emotion” is supported in substance, but the added bodily/outward wording is not directly supported by the packet.; The phrase “bodily, outward expression” goes beyond the packet, which only says the theory concerns emotion and its so-called expression; “bodily” is not supported.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “James-Lange Theory” (James-Lange). · public-domain-US

• jargon: However, the definition adds that jargon refers to a “severe loss of clear expression rather than merely specialized language.” The packet does not contrast jargon with “specialized language,” nor does it provide any basis for that distinction.; The contrast with “rather than merely specialized language” is unsupported by the source packet.; The packet supports only that speech may end in an “unintelligible jargon” amid omissions and repetitions; it does not explicitly define jargon as a historical term meaning this kind of speech.; The packet supports that “jargon” can be an “unintelligible jargon” arising with “precipitate and tumultuous hurry” and involving “omissions” and “repetitions,” plus general speech “disorder/entanglement” and “disordered” incoherence.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-3055500-3067500). · public-domain-US

• job description: The added claim that the wording can include or exclude social groups is only partly supported; the packet supports gender-exclusive language affecting women, but not a general definition about social groups.; The packet does not define a job description as the written wording used to describe a job; it only refers to a job description in the context of gender-inclusive/exclusive language.; The packet does not support the claim that a job description is “the written wording used to describe a job”; it only discusses job descriptions containing gender-inclusive vs. gender-exclusive language in relation to women’s responses.; The packet supports that gender-exclusive (vs. inclusive) language in job descriptions can be interpreted as exclusionary/sexist and can affect outcomes such as anticipated ostracism, perceived sexism, and lower motivation and identification, but it does not support the broader phrasing that the language “can include or exclude social groups” or that it specifically “shap[es] how welcomed, motivated, or targeted applicants expect to feel” as a general, standalone statement.; “Welcomed” and “targeted applicants expect to feel” are not supported by the packet; the packet mentions anticipated ostracism, perceived sexism, motivation, and identification instead.

  Rosenberger Erika J; Claypool Heather M. The impact of gender-exclusive language on women’s anticipated ostracism: A preregistered replication of Stout and Dasgupta (2011). 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0290709; article XML SHA-256 3cf16d88e3af45966cc7a4524811665cf6e82d77a14ca45081f658b0dfea373d. “The impact of gender-exclusive language on women’s anticipated ostracism: A preregistered replication of Stout and Dasgupta (2011)” (10.1371/journal.pone.0290709). · CC-BY-4.0

• job interview: Although the packet does support that job interviews are a major barrier to employment for individuals with autism spectrum disorders, the definition adds additional wording beyond what is supported (the “meeting used … to assess” framing).; The definition’s first substantive claim—that a job interview is “a meeting used in the employment process to assess a person for work”—is not explicitly stated in the packet text provided.; The packet supports that job interviews are a major barrier to employment for individuals with autism spectrum disorders, but it does not support the general definitional claim that a job interview is a meeting used in the employment process to assess a person for work.; The requested field is diagnosis, but the packet describes an employment-related barrier and interview training program, not a diagnostic concept or diagnostic use of the term.; The term “job interview” is not supported in the packet as a “diagnosis” (it is discussed as a barrier to employment and as a target for training, not as a diagnostic concept).

  Yoshikawa Yuichiro; Muramatsu Taro; Sakai Kazuki; Haraguchi Hideyuki; Kudo Azusa; Ishiguro Hiroshi; Mimura Masaru; Kumazaki Hirokazu. A new group-based online job interview training program using computer graphics robots for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1198433; article XML SHA-256 217286da3b36e938a8dceb64dd09286f794966474fdef2816f1c96570cea1914. “A new group-based online job interview training program using computer graphics robots for individuals with autism spectrum disorders” (10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1198433). · CC-BY-4.0

• job requirements: The packet does not support the definition’s additional claim that job requirements “mark the boundary” between required work and withholding “extra involvement or effort.” That boundary framing is not stated in the provided text.; The packet never defines “job requirements” as “formal duties and level of effort.” It only mentions that quiet quitting involves “restriction of effort to formal job requirements.”; The packet supports the phrase “formal job requirements” as part of the definition of quiet quitting, but it does not define the term “job requirements” itself as a boundary between required work and withholding extra involvement.; The wording “level of effort that a job officially calls for” and the boundary interpretation go beyond what is stated in the source, which only mentions restricting effort to formal job requirements.

  Atiq Anum; Sullman Mark J. M.; Apostolou Menelaos; Lajunen Timo. The psychological architecture of employee disengagement: a structural model of the antecedents and behavioral outcomes of quiet quitting. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1813041; article XML SHA-256 108d0b69b159c61c2867d8fdb557028e239fc4931088a852d80719c043912ac1. “The psychological architecture of employee disengagement: a structural model of the antecedents and behavioral outcomes of quiet quitting” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1813041). · CC-BY-4.0

• job rotation: The claim that it is used to reduce work-related problems such as musculoskeletal strain is broader and more specific than the source, which only says it is an intervention to address underlying issues in bank workers with musculoskeletal disorder.; The definition’s specific wording (“reduce work-related problems such as musculoskeletal strain”) is only partially supported: the packet refers to work-related musculoskeletal disorder, but does not use the term “musculoskeletal strain” or clearly state that job rotation reduces it.; The packet only mentions “job rotation” as an example of an intervention; it does not define job rotation as a workplace practice that moves workers between different job tasks or roles.; The packet supports job rotation only as one of several intervention measures for work-related musculoskeletal disorder; it does not define job rotation as moving workers between different tasks or roles.

  Geto Abebe Kassa; Mekonnen Hussien; Yemane Tesfalem Tilahun; Andargie Endalew Minwuye; Sewunet Birhanu; Natnael Tarikuwa; Daba Chala. Work-related musculoskeletal disorder and its associated factors among bank workers in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0323958; article XML SHA-256 d4a4a2f797037af49360fc270dd91bfed0d8f751b88ef3c298f76ca6dcf1c545. “Work-related musculoskeletal disorder and its associated factors among bank workers in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0323958). · CC-BY-4.0

• job satisfaction: The definition adds that job satisfaction is “influenced by factors such as … aspects of personal relationships.” The packet supports marital relationship effects (personal relationships), but it does not frame this as a general “aspects of personal relationships” influence beyond marital relationship; the wording is broader than what is directly supported.; The definition should stay within the packet’s scope and not present a broader standalone definition as if it were established from the source.; The definition’s first sentence (“the degree to which a person feels positively about their work and work situation”) is not explicitly stated in the packet text; the packet discusses job satisfaction as a critical factor and measures/associations but does not provide this definitional wording.; The opening gloss generalizes job satisfaction as “the degree to which a person feels positively about their work and work situation,” but the packet only supports job satisfaction as a measure/factor used to estimate the quality of university teachers’ work; it does not define the term that broadly.; “Work situation” is not supported in the packet, which focuses on university teachers’ job satisfaction and related factors in that study context.

  Feng Linlin; Zhang Xiaohan; Zhong Hao; Zhang Wenqing. Relationships and mediating mechanisms between university teachers’ marital relationship, work values, and social support on job satisfaction. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1665141; article XML SHA-256 c5f2ff9e9d163eeade3ead13b6e5ec9924ef17e47526ce225fb8238a7e554497. “Relationships and mediating mechanisms between university teachers’ marital relationship, work values, and social support on job satisfaction” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1665141). · CC-BY-4.0

• joke: The definition adds a broader interpretive gloss that goes beyond the historical wording in the packet.; The definition claims the joke is “treated as an example of the capacity to recognize and respond to certain kinds of mental amusement,” but the packet does not mention “recognize,” “respond,” “mental amusement,” or any capacity framed this way.; The packet only states that “Esthetic Feelings” include “understanding a pun or joke,” along with “the incongruous” as something appreciated; it does not define a joke as “something understood or appreciated through a person’s sense of the incongruous.”; The phrase about being “an example of the capacity to recognize and respond to certain kinds of mental amusement” is not supported by the source packet; the packet only links joke to the power of appreciating the incongruous in the context of aesthetic feelings.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-1029000-1041000). · public-domain-US

• jouissance: The definition states that jouissance is “an intense form of satisfaction that can exceed ordinary pleasure,” but the packet does not explicitly support the claim that it exceeds ordinary pleasure.; The opening gloss that jouissance is “an intense form of satisfaction that can exceed ordinary pleasure” is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source.; The packet supports the distinction between phallic jouissance within the symbolic order and the jouissance of the Other beyond symbolization, but the definition adds a broader general characterization that is not directly supported by the text.; The remaining elements are broadly supported: the packet distinguishes phallic jouissance as operating within the symbolic order tied to signifiers (and the phallic function) with quantifiable/achievable aims (e.g., a data threshold and transient satisfaction), and the jouissance of the Other as beyond symbolization outside the signifying system, marked by an extreme jouissance “often tinged with a painful bodily satisfaction.”

  Fan Qiuyu. The unattainable other: a Lacanian psychoanalytic perspective on digital laborers’ traffic anxiety. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1870187; article XML SHA-256 9ae7a46ab265203dc8ba52d85b61e895abaee9312715768e9d5339396c99570c. “The unattainable other: a Lacanian psychoanalytic perspective on digital laborers’ traffic anxiety” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1870187). · CC-BY-4.0

• Judgment of Line Orientation: The definition adds functional description of the test that is not stated in the source packet, so the sense is not fully supported by the supplied evidence.; The packet does not define “Judgment of Line Orientation” or describe what the task requires (e.g., asking someone to judge the orientation of lines).; The packet does not provide enough information to support the definition’s wording about the term’s sense (it is not explicitly defined as the requested “Judgment of Line Orientation” test, nor are task specifics provided).; The packet only mentions that the Benton Judgment of Line Orientation Test (BJLOT) was included as a neuropsychological measure; it does not support the definition’s claim about assessing visuospatial ability via line-orientation judgments.; The packet only shows BJLOT as one of several neuropsychological measures and reports group score differences; it does not support the definition’s claim that Judgment of Line Orientation is a test of visuospatial ability that asks a person to judge line orientation.

  Ohlhauser Lisa; Kwan Heather; Casey Hayley; MacDonald Stuart; Gawryluk Jodie R.. Sex similarities and differences in cognition: A longitudinal study of healthy control participants from the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0334358; article XML SHA-256 be96147b283b07153a6109b64d06156a3dbf1806de5a47120c83c7e1585d1a57. “Sex similarities and differences in cognition: A longitudinal study of healthy control participants from the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative” (10.1371/journal.pone.0334358). · CC-BY-4.0

• justification: Claims about which specific related views (social dominance orientation, speciesism, masculinity) are tied to “justifications” are only indirectly supported; the packet only says it replicates associations between meat-eating, “its justifications,” and those constructs, without supporting the additional phrasing about what “justifications” are (e.g., beliefs).; The definition mixes a generic social-psychology sense with a source-specific finding; the packet only supports the latter.; The first sentence (“In social psychology, justification means the reasons people use to explain, defend, or make sense of a behavior or attitude”) is not supported by the provided packet text.; The packet does not state that justifications for meat-eating are “psychologically meaningful beliefs”; it only describes “meat-eating justification scales” and associations.; The packet supports meat-eating justifications and their associations with meat-eating, social dominance orientation, speciesism, and masculinity, but it does not support the broad general definition of justification as reasons people use to explain, defend, or make sense of behavior or attitudes.; The phrase "psychologically meaningful beliefs" is an unsupported characterization not stated in the packet.

  Sayat Ruşen Ali; Bozo Özlem. Meat-eating justifications in Türkiye: cultural adaptation, validation, and correlates of the MEJ and 4Ns scales. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s40359-025-03490-6; article XML SHA-256 fe64e6acbe6e68d056a1340502c9f14d6b72079e4a8050008a4515263e384d9e. “Meat-eating justifications in Türkiye: cultural adaptation, validation, and correlates of the MEJ and 4Ns scales” (10.1186/s40359-025-03490-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• ketamine: Field issue: the packet describes analgesic/anesthetic effects, mechanism (NMDA, opioid receptors, biogenic amine uptake), pain perception, and sedation, but it does not support linking ketamine to the cognition field specifically.; The definition is supported by the packet’s pharmacology content, but the requested field ‘cognition’ is not defensible for ketamine here; the source describes a pharmacologic substance, not a cognition term.; The entry should not be treated as a psychology/counselling dictionary sense without a clearer, field-appropriate framing.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Ketamine” (C61797). · CC-BY-4.0

• keyboard: The definition mixes a general dictionary-style sense with a study-specific referent, but the packet only supports the study-specific use and does not support the broader claim as written.; The definition’s first sentence claims a general meaning of “keyboard” as “the piano-style set of keys,” but the provided packet only mentions “a digital piano keyboard” and “an iPad virtual piano” and does not support the general “set of keys” characterization.; The opening general definition of “keyboard” as a piano-style set of keys used for musical learning and performance is broader than what the packet states; the packet only describes a study setting in which participants learned keyboard performance skills on a digital piano keyboard and an iPad virtual piano.

  Chmiel Anthony; Dean Roger T; Stevens Catherine J; MacRitchie Jennifer. Objective demonstration and quantitation of musical learning in older adult novices across a 12-month online study. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0320055; article XML SHA-256 2282036067e2104c687f1666ac59ff0706ffe25de900c82c988c034b3d072d15. “Objective demonstration and quantitation of musical learning in older adult novices across a 12-month online study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0320055). · CC-BY-4.0

• kindness: The claim that kindness is “presented as simpler and more immediately actionable than… empathy or compassion” is only partially supported: the packet contrasts kindness with empathy/compassion being “complex and… daunting,” but does not explicitly state “more immediately actionable.”; The packet does not define kindness as an action “to benefit or support another person”; it only describes kindness as a “simple, time-sensitive behavior.”; The packet says empathy and compassion are complex and daunting and that kindness is simpler, but it does not support the claim that kindness is “more immediately actionable.”; The packet supports kindness as a simple, time-sensitive behavior in healthcare, but it does not explicitly support the added framing that it is a straightforward action shown to benefit or support another person.; The phrase “especially in healthcare learning” is not explicitly supported in the packet; the packet mentions healthcare trainees/healthcare setting but does not frame kindness as being presented specifically for “learning” in that comparative way.; The source is about kindness in the healthcare setting; it does not support the definition’s specific emphasis on “healthcare learning.”

  Hake Austin B.; Post Stephen G.. Kindness: Definitions and a pilot study for the development of a kindness scale in healthcare. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0288766; article XML SHA-256 00fe3852c4140e3e0b084483078e29a841499fb2fe36b23947d5717ca883de86. “Kindness: Definitions and a pilot study for the development of a kindness scale in healthcare” (10.1371/journal.pone.0288766). · CC-BY-4.0

• kissing: The packet does not explicitly define “kissing” as “an act involving the lips meeting and then parting”; it only contains the comparison phrase “as when lips from kissing disunite,” which supports lips separating, but not the full act description (meeting then parting) as stated.; The packet supports only the historical phrase “as when lips from kissing disunite”; it does not support the broader definitional claim that kissing is an act involving the lips meeting and then parting.; The statement that the passage mentions kissing “only to describe a sound” is stronger than the source, which compares several noises and separately gives the kissing simile; the source does not explicitly state that the phrase is about a sound like lips separating after a kiss.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-3066000-3078000). · public-domain-US

• labia: "Labia are parts of the external genital anatomy, including the labia minora and labia majora" is not stated in the packet and goes beyond what the source supports.; Because the key requested sense/description of the term is not directly supported by the packet, the definition cannot be accepted under the requirement that substantive claims be supported by the supplied source packet only.; The definition is partly supported by the study, but it should not present the anatomical generalization as if it came from the supplied source.; The definition’s anatomical claim—“Labia are parts of the external genital anatomy, including the labia minora and labia majora”—is not explicitly supported in the supplied packet text (the packet mentions “labia minora” and “labia majora” but does not define labia as external genital anatomy or describe labia as their category).; The field is incorrect: the packet is about genital anatomy and sexual dysfunction after FGM/C, not cognition.

  Lock Emily; Ades Veronica. Sexual dysfunction after female genital mutilation/cutting: A retrospective cross-sectional study of associations with organ-specific genital anatomy, trauma history, and psychiatric comorbidity. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0356761; article XML SHA-256 c78af0653d780aa7707cb4d8a6ba768d2de3da0665fb4bae6f177490e03b65d2. “Sexual dysfunction after female genital mutilation/cutting: A retrospective cross-sectional study of associations with organ-specific genital anatomy, trauma history, and psychiatric comorbidity” (10.1371/journal.pone.0356761). · CC-BY-4.0

• -lalia: The example description should stay within the packet’s wording: echolalia is the repetition of words and tones addressed to the subject, not a broader claim about repeated spoken words in general.; The packet does not support the claim that “it is used in terms describing forms of speaking” in general; it only explicitly provides the element’s use in the single term *echolalia* (and *echophasia*).; The packet supports Greek lalia as “prattle,” but not the added gloss “speech.”; The packet supports that “lalia” (in the etymology of *echolalia*) means “prattle” (shown as “[Gr. … + lalia, prattle]”), but it does not support the expanded meaning “prattle or speech.”; The statement that -lalia is “used in terms describing forms of speaking” is too general; the packet only shows it in echolalia.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Echolalia (also Echophasia)” (Echolalia (also Echophasia)). · public-domain-US

• language maintenance: The definition’s first sentence claims that language maintenance means the “continued keeping up” of a heritage language. The packet discusses “attitudes, practices and challenges toward heritage language maintenance” and contexts (home/community/heritage language school), but it does not define language maintenance as “continued keeping up.”; The packet mentions home, community, and heritage-language-school contexts and attitudes/practices/challenges, but it does not support the broader wording about a heritage language being maintained “within a population or setting” as a general definition.; The packet supports a research domain on heritage language maintenance, not a direct definition of the term as “continued keeping up” of a language.; The second sentence shifts from defining the term to describing this article’s specific scope (Chinese and its varieties in Inner Circle countries), which is narrower than the term itself.

  Song Xinrui. Heritage language maintenance in the Inner Circle: a scoping review of Chinese and its varieties. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1719014; article XML SHA-256 f98ca8b6a7587222d43bdea285aa7fda6faaa244d50656f946bcf86b66286ab6. “Heritage language maintenance in the Inner Circle: a scoping review of Chinese and its varieties” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1719014). · CC-BY-4.0

• language pathology: The claim that assessment and intervention affect access to education and health services is broader than the packet’s support, which discusses educational barriers, misidentification, and wellbeing outcomes but does not establish this as a general definitional feature of the field.; The definition overgeneralizes from a Canadian scoping-review background into a field-wide statement about how the area is defined and practiced.; The packet supports speech-language pathology practice, not a distinct term or sense of "language pathology" as named in the definition.; The packet uses the term “Speech‑Language Pathology” / “S‑LP” and does not define or explicitly support “language pathology” as a term or as the intended scope of the field.

  Komeili Mariam; Robinson Jessi; Akrigg Hannah. From cultural awareness to safety in Canadian speech‑language pathology practice: A scoping review protocol. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0347949; article XML SHA-256 8983e2f20e9458dd56a0b52bf0347e9c28f9e8dab048b4adf55ef4592fc3953e. “From cultural awareness to safety in Canadian speech‑language pathology practice: A scoping review protocol” (10.1371/journal.pone.0347949). · CC-BY-4.0

• large-sample method: The definition’s first sentence (“used when the number of observations is sufficiently large”) is not explicitly supported anywhere in the provided packet text; the packet only mentions “large sample method” as one referenced method without stating the condition about large observation counts.; The opening general definition (“a statistical approach used when the number of observations is sufficiently large”) is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the source text.; The packet does support that the discussion involves “testing the equality and constructing CI for the difference of two correlated proportions in the presence of incomplete paired binary data,” but the definition adds an additional general characterization of when it is used (“sufficiently large”) that is not evidenced in the packet.; The packet supports only the specific use in the article’s background: a large-sample method for testing equality of two correlated proportions and constructing confidence intervals for their difference with incomplete paired binary data; the definition broadens this into a general statistical category without support.; The requested field is not well supported by the source, which is a statistics/methods article rather than a cognition reference.

  Li Hui-Qiong; Tang Nian-Sheng; Yi Jie-Yi. Confidence intervals construction for difference of two means with incomplete correlated data. 2016; DOI 10.1186/s12874-016-0125-3; article XML SHA-256 fff70f94f53e343fa601523d4efb153ee48f7a32fe2f2e0495d641a548e02b0a. “Confidence intervals construction for difference of two means with incomplete correlated data” (10.1186/s12874-016-0125-3). · CC-BY-4.0

• late bilingualism: The claim that late bilingualism is ‘shaped by age and plasticity’ is broader than the packet’s wording, which says age is a modulating factor and discusses plasticity/variability in relation to bilingualism, not late bilingualism alone.; The claim that, “In this research context, it is discussed as varying across individuals and being shaped by age and plasticity” is broadly consistent with the packet, but because the core definitional sentence (later acquisition in life) is not supported, the overall definition is not defensible.; The packet does not explicitly define “late bilingualism” as “bilingualism that develops when a second language is acquired later in life rather than early on.” It only mentions “early and late bilingualism” as categories without providing the requested definitional meaning.; The packet supports that the topic concerns early and late bilingualism, variability, plasticity, and age, but it does not explicitly define late bilingualism as acquiring a second language later in life rather than earlier.

  Birdsong David. Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism. 2018; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00081; article XML SHA-256 9f23336ca5e92ad9ba9834ce4051cd836726c4a58f3ac03c16765e21e05e5de4. “Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism” (10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00081). · CC-BY-4.0

• latent inhibition: The definition’s second sentence claims that latent inhibition “reflects the tendency for familiar, previously irrelevant stimuli to attract less attention when they later become important for learning,” but the packet does not explicitly state this “less attention when later become important” phrasing. It discusses a “leaky” attentional style and difficulty inhibiting irrelevant information, plus associations with creativity/peripheral details, but not the specific general attention-to-importance mechanism described in the definition.; The first sentence is broadly supported, but the second sentence adds an interpretive claim about familiar, previously irrelevant stimuli attracting less attention when they later become important for learning; the packet instead says latent inhibition is a retardation in learning after prior exposure without explicit consequences and discusses attentional style in relation to reduced latent inhibition, not this exact formulation.

  Badiola-Lekue Ixone; Arriola Naiara; Rodríguez Gabriel. The relationship between latent inhibition, divergent thinking, and eyewitness memory: A study on attention to irrelevant stimuli. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0315158; article XML SHA-256 d05d67d307e87a0fd4eb060d56e043ba3832b9ee7b7def4385748252c3576215. “The relationship between latent inhibition, divergent thinking, and eyewitness memory: A study on attention to irrelevant stimuli” (10.1371/journal.pone.0315158). · CC-BY-4.0

• lateral corticospinal tract: The definition slightly overstates the packet by turning a measurement description into a clinical interpretation that is not explicitly supported in the supplied text.; The definition states that the lateral corticospinal tract is “a tract in the side of the spinal cord, including the cervical region,” but the packet only mentions measuring “within the lateral corticospinal tract in the cervical region” and does not explicitly support the broader anatomical description (“tract in the side of the spinal cord”).; The rest of the definition is largely supported by the packet (MRI diffusion metrics/FA and magnetization transfer ratio in the lateral corticospinal tract, and assessing tract changes as a possible marker of motor neuron degeneration and progression in ALS), so the rejection hinges on the unsupported anatomical phrasing.; The second sentence adds an unsupported study conclusion: the packet only says imaging metrics were measured in the lateral corticospinal tract and compared with clinical scales; it does not state that tract changes were assessed as a marker of motor neuron degeneration or disease progression in ALS.

  El Mendili Mohamed-Mounir; Cohen-Adad Julien; Pelegrini-Issac Mélanie; Rossignol Serge; Morizot-Koutlidis Régine; Marchand-Pauvert Véronique; Iglesias Caroline; Sangari Sina; Katz Rose; Lehericy Stéphane; Benali Habib; Pradat Pierre-François. Multi-Parametric Spinal Cord MRI as Potential Progression Marker in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0095516; article XML SHA-256 3cd8c787e9700654ce8ac13fbbfd4a5266735056c2bfcebfefb712f1832aeff8. “Multi-Parametric Spinal Cord MRI as Potential Progression Marker in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0095516). · CC-BY-4.0

• lateral fissure: Because the first substantive claim (“deep groove”) is not supported by the provided packet, the definition as given cannot be accepted.; The definition adds a general anatomical description that is not supported by the supplied source packet.; The packet does not define the lateral fissure as a “deep groove in the brain”; it only states that the insula is “located in the deep part of the lateral fissure.”; The packet supports that the insula is located in the deep part of the lateral fissure, but it does not state that the lateral fissure itself is a deep groove in the brain.

  Hu Lan; He Hui; Roberts Neil; Chen Jiajia; Yan Guojian; Pu Li; Song Xufeng; Luo Cheng. Insular dysfunction of interoception in major depressive disorder: from the perspective of neuroimaging. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1273439; article XML SHA-256 792669cfdc7bc3b552913dc92f141fc2d03d3024a2e1d4bfabba58dded679c12. “Insular dysfunction of interoception in major depressive disorder: from the perspective of neuroimaging” (10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1273439). · CC-BY-4.0

• law of large numbers: Because the core defining mechanism (“settle toward stable values” / convergence to stable values) is not explicitly supported by the packet, the provided definition includes an unsupported substantive claim.; The first sentence is a general statistical definition that is not established by the supplied text, which discusses the issue only in the context of length-of-stay data and subexponential tails.; The packet does not state the general law of large numbers idea that “as more observations are collected… sample-based quantities such as the mean tend to settle toward stable values.” It only mentions “slow convergence of the Law of Large Numbers” in relation to empirical estimates (e.g., mean, variance) being unreliable.; The packet only supports that the law of large numbers converges slowly in this setting and that empirical estimates of moments may be unreliable; it does not define the law of large numbers itself as sample quantities settling toward stable values with more observations.

  Dehouche Nassim; Viravan Sorawit; Santawat Ubolrat; Torsuwan Nungruethai; Taijan Sakuna; Intharakosum Atthakorn; Sirivatanauksorn Yongyut. Hospital length of stay: A cross-specialty analysis and Beta-geometric model. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0288239; article XML SHA-256 f3d557cb1ed2a68e802f1935d27b363556f4af43229cebe488c1c4f987d5ddc8. “Hospital length of stay: A cross-specialty analysis and Beta-geometric model” (10.1371/journal.pone.0288239). · CC-BY-4.0

• leadership role: The definition’s first sentence (“selected or preferred to act as a leader”) is not supported by the provided packet text, which discusses hypothetical elections and voice-pitch preferences rather than defining what makes a “leadership role.”; The definition’s wording that “some [roles] are commonly viewed as more feminine and more often held by women” is only partially supported by the packet’s parenthetical (“i.e., feminine leadership roles”) and “typically held by women,” but the packet does not support the broader claim about “commonly viewed” roles.; The packet does not define “leadership role” as a general position in which someone is selected or preferred to act as a leader; it only discusses selecting leaders in an experiment.; The packet does not explicitly describe leadership roles as varying by “social domain” in the way the definition states; it only uses the phrase “specific context of leadership positions that are typically held by women (i.e., feminine leadership roles).”; The second sentence overgeneralizes the source’s study context into a broad definition of leadership roles varying by social domain.

  Anderson Rindy C.; Klofstad Casey A.. Preference for Leaders with Masculine Voices Holds in the Case of Feminine Leadership Roles. 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0051216; article XML SHA-256 050351b399b64aae8aba867ef81c1b4ae75ff6fc5d611ea679708cdd4c73245b. “Preference for Leaders with Masculine Voices Holds in the Case of Feminine Leadership Roles” (10.1371/journal.pone.0051216). · CC-BY-4.0

• leadership style: The definition broadens beyond the packet by presenting a general dictionary-style meaning of leadership style; the source packet only supports a specific coaching leadership context and its democratic orientation, not a general claim about leadership style overall.; The definition’s first sentence (“Leadership style is the characteristic way a leader relates to and guides others”) is a general characterization that is not explicitly stated in the packet text you provided.; The packet supports democratic leadership as open communication, emotional concern, and structured guidance, and it links this to perceived support, stress buffering, and engagement, but it does not directly support the added claim that leadership style affects motivation in this sense.

  Li Jingjing; Xing Suxuan. Direct and indirect effects of coaching leadership style on athlete engagement. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1531049; article XML SHA-256 def5b2618d14a7ed4cfd4c2d24c2170dca487d2ab97bae49b5ab9a0bdddd63cd. “Direct and indirect effects of coaching leadership style on athlete engagement” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1531049). · CC-BY-4.0

• learning center: The definition’s first sentence provides a general characterization (“A learning center is a brain region involved in acquiring a particular kind of learned behavior”), but the packet does not explicitly define or support this general meaning of “learning center.”; The opening generic definition (“a brain region involved in acquiring a particular kind of learned behavior”) is not stated in the packet and is broader than the source supports.; The packet supports only a specific parrot vocal-learning center (MMSt); it does not define a general sense of “learning center” as a term.; While the packet mentions “a parrot vocal learning center, the magnocellular nucleus of the medial striatum (MMSt),” it does not explicitly state that this specific center is “linked to learning new vocalizations” in those exact terms; it only describes measuring FoxP2 expression in that region during a 20-day learning period and assessing vocal learning ability more broadly.; “Linked to learning new vocalizations” is only indirectly supported and should not be presented as a general definitional claim.

  Moussaoui Bushra; Ulmer Kennedy; Araya-Salas Marcelo; Wright Timothy F. Persistent vocal learning in an aging open-ended learner reflected in neural FoxP2 expression. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12868-024-00879-8; article XML SHA-256 bcfdaba1253ac32a93fa10e9cb35151928fd32c94f472569a0f24b3315228c5e. “Persistent vocal learning in an aging open-ended learner reflected in neural FoxP2 expression” (10.1186/s12868-024-00879-8). · CC-BY-4.0

• learning skills: The link to executive functioning and academic attainment is only presented as a study aim to evaluate relationships, not as a settled definitional statement.; The packet does not define learning skills as “the abilities used to learn”; it only reports a study about impairments in executive functions and learning skills.; The packet does not define “learning skills” as “the abilities used to learn,” nor does it explicitly state that they “can vary in strength.”; The packet supports that the study examines impairments in executive functions and learning skills, and evaluates relationships between executive functions, learning skills, and academic attainment; however, it does not explicitly state that learning skills are “related to executive functioning” and “to academic attainment” in the definitional sense used.; The packet supports the idea that “mild to moderate deficits have a significant impact on learning skills” (as a hypothesis), but the remainder of the definition includes claims not directly supported by the provided text.; “May be affected by mild to moderate deficits” is not supported as a general definition; the packet says the authors hypothesized that mild to moderate deficits in executive functioning have a significant impact on learning skills.

  Farooqi A.; Adamsson M.; Serenius F.; Hägglöf B.. Executive Functioning and Learning Skills of Adolescent Children Born at Fewer than 26 Weeks of Gestation. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0151819; article XML SHA-256 2ca16642412656d9cce16daa78f804bd076b0611c664f8def853403dbfbc172e. “Executive Functioning and Learning Skills of Adolescent Children Born at Fewer than 26 Weeks of Gestation” (10.1371/journal.pone.0151819). · CC-BY-4.0

• learning trial: The definition adds a broader explanatory gloss (“to show how well a person learns the material at that point”) that is not explicitly supported by the packet.; The definition’s characterization of a “learning trial” as “a single round or attempt within a learning or memory task” is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text.; The packet only specifies that “memory performance was measured with the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) using performance on learning trial 1” and does not define what a learning trial is in general (e.g., as a round/attempt).; The packet uses “learning trial 1” as a task-specific measure but does not define “learning trial” as a general single round or attempt within a learning or memory task.

  Barber Nicolette; Valoumas Ioannis; Leger Krystal R.; Chang Yu-Ling; Huang Chih-Mao; Goh Joshua Oon Soo; Gutchess Angela. Culture, prefrontal volume, and memory. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0298235; article XML SHA-256 6d7aa2ffc3736669443e1ac740e74fb58d36c3eb8ba3416fcca4925ccc10c06a. “Culture, prefrontal volume, and memory” (10.1371/journal.pone.0298235). · CC-BY-4.0

• least squares criterion: It slightly overgeneralizes the source by presenting the criterion as a general model-fitting rule without limiting it to the packet’s stated filtering context.; The definition adds ‘prediction error,’ which is not supported by the packet; the packet only mentions minimizing filtering error.; The definition adds “while fitting the model,” but the packet describes an adaptation algorithm for a filtering method rather than model fitting in that phrasing.; The definition claims the criterion is “minimizing the squared error”; the packet does not explicitly describe it as squared error (it only names “least-squares criterion”).; The packet only states that parameters “are adapted on the basis of a least-squares criterion to minimize the filtering error”; it does not mention prediction error.

  Wada Tomoya; Fukumori Kosuke; Tanaka Toshihisa; Fiori Simone. Anisotropic Gaussian kernel adaptive filtering by Lie-group dictionary learning. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0237654; article XML SHA-256 bf8c1c6e8106940667a395426912234fa0d2f3b8e715cd905461ebd2b5d4aace. “Anisotropic Gaussian kernel adaptive filtering by Lie-group dictionary learning” (10.1371/journal.pone.0237654). · CC-BY-4.0

• legibility: The only directly supported usage is that “legibility will depend on the speed with which the fork is pulled” in a vibration-recording apparatus; the definition’s broader explanation is not present in the supplied text.; The packet does not define “legibility” as the clearness of a recorded trace or as being easily read or interpreted; it only says the legibility of the tuning-fork record depends on the speed with which the fork is pulled.; The packet does not explicitly define “legibility” as “the clearness of a recorded trace” or as “markings [being] easily read or interpreted.”; “Here, it refers to how plainly the vibration record appears” is an unsupported gloss beyond the source passage.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-1680000-1692000). · public-domain-US

• lens model: It adds a generalized description of the model as a system for understanding deception, but the packet presents it specifically as the Brunswik Lens Model of Deception in autistic adulthood rather than a broad clinical framework.; The definition is about a theoretical framework for deception research, not a diagnosis-related concept, so the field is not defensible from the packet.; The definition omits the “Brunswik” qualifier present in the packet, while the packet’s substantive description is tied to that specific named model.; The provided packet frames the term specifically as the “Brunswik Lens Model of Deception” and discusses deception processes in autistic adulthood; it does not support presenting “lens model” as a term used in the field of “diagnosis.”

  Blackhurst Tiegan; Warmelink Lara; Roestorf Amanda; Hartley Calum. The Brunswik Lens Model: a theoretical framework for advancing understanding of deceptive communication in autism. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1388726; article XML SHA-256 eca1bc599ad33b00cf87e02b33e6eaa7578ba3dc19c64ac4cdf6d1546576e080. “The Brunswik Lens Model: a theoretical framework for advancing understanding of deceptive communication in autism” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1388726). · CC-BY-4.0

• level of significance: The definition’s claim that results below the cutoff are “treated as changes that were in the expected direction but not strong enough to count as significant” is loosely consistent with the packet’s phrasing that “Most other changes were in expected direction, but did not reach level of significance,” but the packet does not provide enough information to support the full “cutoff used in a study” explanation.; The packet does not define what a “level of significance” is (e.g., it does not state it is a cutoff such as an alpha threshold).; The packet only shows the phrase in a results sentence; it does not define ‘level of significance’ as a study cutoff or explain the concept in general.; “If findings do not reach this level, they are treated as changes that were in the expected direction but not strong enough to count as significant” overgeneralizes a single study’s wording into a general rule.

  Västhagen Maja; Özdemir Metin; Kimber Birgitta; Ghaderi Ata; Place Vanessa; Enebrink Pia. A brief universal parenting program for recently settled immigrants in Sweden: a feasibility study. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s40359-026-04026-2; article XML SHA-256 45c6065caa05e1fdb900d603ea180b39cdca92d18904ef980147f516b8bf5c1c. “A brief universal parenting program for recently settled immigrants in Sweden: a feasibility study” (10.1186/s40359-026-04026-2). · CC-BY-4.0

• life crisis: The definition generalizes beyond the packet by presenting a broad, generic meaning of “life crisis,” while the source only states that prematurity is a significant life crisis for families in this study context.; The packet only provides an example context (prematurity for families/fathers) and does not explicitly support the general wording that a “life crisis” is any “major stressful event or situation” that can “overwhelm … expectations and demands.”; The packet supports psychological changes, self-evaluation, and the possibility of positive transformations in response to such crises, but it does not provide support for the full definition’s more general formulations about expectations/demands being overwhelmed.; The positive-change part is supported, but the wording still goes beyond the packet’s limited context of fathers of preterm infants and should not be presented as a general consensus definition.; “Overwhelm a person’s or family’s expectations and demands” is only loosely implied by “exceeding their expectations” and is not directly supported as a general definition.

  Yin Lina; Liu Yanli; Sunzi Kejimu; Huang Dandan; Huang Jing; Tang Liangmei; Liu Minghui. The posttraumatic growth of fathers of preterm infants: protocol for a qualitative study in China. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1444226; article XML SHA-256 42a47de4fb656e4c6580de49d98ed09b849b6b5dca7d9665f9c7c95d4ffdc061. “The posttraumatic growth of fathers of preterm infants: protocol for a qualitative study in China” (10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1444226). · CC-BY-4.0

• life stress: The causal phrasing should stay closer to the study’s model: it proposed that work-related life stress may indirectly increase depressive symptoms via sleep disturbance, rather than stating a general settled effect on sleep problems and depression.; The definition describes life stress as strain from stressors in “everyday life, including work-related pressures,” but the packet specifically operationalizes and measures “work-related stressors” and does not support the broader “everyday life” framing.; The packet supports work-related life stress/stressors, not the broader gloss “stressors in everyday life.”; While the packet supports that work-related life stressors are modeled to increase depressive symptoms indirectly by worsening “sleep disturbance,” it does not explicitly describe this as “a factor that may worsen sleep problems” in the general sense used by the definition.

  Matsuda Eiko; Kikutani Mariko. Impacts of sleep disturbance and work-related life stress on depression among Japanese and Chinese workers. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0305936; article XML SHA-256 902b5c5180dd5fada8335d873626f3fbe88b20d92835679bff7922a6d4bd263c. “Impacts of sleep disturbance and work-related life stress on depression among Japanese and Chinese workers” (10.1371/journal.pone.0305936). · CC-BY-4.0

• Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire: The definition should not generalize the instrument beyond the study context provided in the packet.; The packet does not support the general description that LEQ is used “to capture experiences across different stages of life”; it only states that lifetime musical activity was operationalized using LEQ with early, middle, and late life stages.; The packet provides evidence for LEQ’s role in this study (self-reported musical instrument playing across early, middle, late life), but does not support broader claims about what kinds of “experiences” the questionnaire captures beyond musical activity in this context.; The packet supports the LEQ as a self-report measure for lifetime musical activity, specifically participation in playing a musical instrument across early, middle, and late life stages; it does not support the broader claim that it captures “experiences across different stages of life” in general.

  Liebscher Maxie; Dell’Orco Andrea; Doll-Lee Johanna; Buerger Katharina; Dechent Peter; Ewers Michael; Fliessbach Klaus; Glanz Wenzel; Hetzer Stefan; Janowitz Daniel; Kilimann Ingo; Laske Christoph; Lüsebrink Falk; Munk Matthias; Perneczky Robert; Peters Oliver; Preis Lukas; Priller Josef; Rauchmann Boris; Rostamzadeh Ayda; Roy-Kluth Nina; Scheffler Klaus; Schneider Anja; Schott Björn H.; Spottke Annika; Spruth Eike; Teipel Stefan; Wiltfang Jens; Jessen Frank; Düzel Emrah; Wagner Michael; Röske Sandra; Wirth Miranka; On behalf of DELCODE study group. Short communication: Lifetime musical activity and resting-state functional connectivity in cognitive networks. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0299939; article XML SHA-256 57124aaa14c367bd197849bdd41a89876c2df4296e0e900b9cfb5ee38f2dd685. “Short communication: Lifetime musical activity and resting-state functional connectivity in cognitive networks” (10.1371/journal.pone.0299939). · CC-BY-4.0

• light reflex: The definition adds a general modern gloss that is not supported by the supplied historical passage, which is about pupillary signs in general paralysis rather than defining the term itself.; The packet does not explicitly define “light reflex” as the normal narrowing (constriction) of the pupil to light; it only discusses “loss of pupillary light reflex” as a sign.; The packet does not explicitly define “light reflex” as the normal narrowing of the pupil to light; it only mentions loss of the pupillary light reflex and related pupil reactions.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-2845500-2857500). · public-domain-US

• light sensitivity: The definition states that light sensitivity “can appear with … neurological conditions such as migraine and meningitis,” but the packet does not characterize migraine or meningitis as “neurological” conditions; it only lists them among disorders associated with photophobia.; The packet supports abnormal sensitivity to light/photophobia, but it does not support the broad category “neurological conditions”; it only lists eye diseases, migraine, subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis, and other disorders.; “Can appear with eye and neurological conditions” is broader than the source text and adds an unsupported clinical grouping.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Photophobia” (D020795). · public-domain-US-government

• lightness constancy: Parts of the definition are not supported by the packet, including the claim about “changes in viewing conditions” altering the light reaching the eye; the packet discusses depth perception and retinal-image invariance in specific experiments rather than changes in viewing conditions.; The definition adds a broad generalization about stable appearance across changing viewing conditions that is not stated in the packet; the packet specifically discusses depth inversion and perceived spatial position, not lightness constancy under viewing-condition changes in general.; The definition’s phrasing about “relatively stable” perceived surface shade/reflectance is not directly stated in the packet; the packet discusses principles/assumptions (e.g., coplanar ratio) and empirical findings, not a concise behavioral definition of constancy.; The packet does not provide an explicit definition of “lightness constancy” as a general “tendency” to perceive surface shade/reflectance as stable; it only notes that some studies interpreted depth-inversion results “in terms of lightness constancy.”; The second sentence is awkwardly framed as an in-packet claim rather than a definition, and it is not clearly original to the source packet’s wording.

  Arai Tetsuya; Masuda Tomohiro; Igarashi Yuka; Omori Keiko; Aizawa Yasunori; Masuda Naoe. Depth inversion with a 3D structure influences brightness perception. 2019; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0224192; article XML SHA-256 b488fbc8af795442bad5c423e1903f75599ac51cbd248ef2f18382ccfcb798d4. “Depth inversion with a 3D structure influences brightness perception” (10.1371/journal.pone.0224192). · CC-BY-4.0

• limbic epilepsy: The definition adds a broader explanatory characterization that is not stated in the source packet; the source is not enough to support that anatomical description.; The definition claims limbic epilepsy “involv[es] the brain’s limbic circuits,” but the packet text does not state that limbic epilepsy is defined by involvement of limbic circuits (it only mentions “absence and limbic epilepsy including temporal lobe epilepsy” and discusses HCN channels’ role).; The packet supports a mention of limbic epilepsy in relation to seizure susceptibility and temporal lobe epilepsy, but it does not define limbic epilepsy as involving the brain’s limbic circuits.

  Nakamura Yuki; Shi Xiuyu; Numata Tomohiro; Mori Yasuo; Inoue Ryuji; Lossin Christoph; Baram Tallie Z.; Hirose Shinichi. Novel HCN2 Mutation Contributes to Febrile Seizures by Shifting the Channel's Kinetics in a Temperature-Dependent Manner. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0080376; article XML SHA-256 4b3544de8dde17c2b9042e22136fd525828aa943cb28b25a33b18c2451173f2f. “Novel HCN2 Mutation Contributes to Febrile Seizures by Shifting the Channel's Kinetics in a Temperature-Dependent Manner” (10.1371/journal.pone.0080376). · CC-BY-4.0

• limen: The meaning “the point at which something reaches the threshold” is not stated in the packet; the packet only gives an equivalence (“equivalent to THRESHOLD”) without defining it as a “point.”; The remaining related forms (liminal, subliminal, supraliminal) are supported, but the definition includes unsupported wording and is not fully faithful to the source.; The source supports that limen is equivalent to “threshold,” but not the added gloss “meaning the point at which something reaches the threshold.”; “Older term for threshold” is not explicitly supported by the packet; the packet states it is “equivalent to THRESHOLD … and is preferred,” but does not describe it as “older.”; “Older term” is not stated in the source; the packet only says limen is equivalent to threshold and that threshold is already current and preferred.; “Related forms are liminal … subliminal … supraliminal …” is supported in substance, but because the definition includes unsupported phrasing (“older term,” “point at which”), the overall definition is not defensible.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Limen” (Limen). · public-domain-US

• limited responsibility: The definition claims a “reduced sense of duty to assess and manage these patients compared with other emergency patients,” but the packet does not provide this specific comparison or an explicit duty/assessment/management reduction wording.; The packet supports that staff assumed “limited responsibility” for patients with mental illness and viewed them as inappropriate ED users, but it does not explicitly support that this means patients are “not really belonging in the emergency department,” nor that staff take “partial ownership” of their care.; The packet supports that staff saw patients with mental illness as inappropriate ED users and assumed limited responsibility, but it does not support the added contrast that this was less than for other emergency patients.; The phrase “not really belonging in the emergency department” is stronger and more specific than the packet’s wording and is not directly supported.

  Orr Zvika; Jackson Levi; Alpert Evan Avraham; Fleming Mark D. Experiences providing care to patients with mental health conditions in a tertiary care hospital emergency department in Jerusalem. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0340973; article XML SHA-256 8cf422189df43631737c041a7a6e7d0a647076d050cfb1604c2f364d7d0b0fb4. “Experiences providing care to patients with mental health conditions in a tertiary care hospital emergency department in Jerusalem” (10.1371/journal.pone.0340973). · CC-BY-4.0

• linear correlation: The example (“physical activity level and depressive symptoms”) is mentioned in the packet, but the added general characterization is not supported by the provided source text.; The packet does not define “linear correlation” as a “measured straight-line relationship between two variables,” nor does it state that the purpose is to quantify a straight-line association.; The packet only indicates that the study aimed to “quantify the linear correlation between physical activity level and depressive symptoms,” but it does not support the definition’s general wording about “how changes in one variable are associated with changes in the other.”; The packet only shows that a study aimed to quantify the linear correlation between two variables; it does not define linear correlation as a measured straight-line relationship.; The statement that it is used to quantify how changes in one variable are associated with changes in the other goes beyond the packet’s wording and is not directly supported there.

  Wang Yu; Mao Haiyu; Zhang Xueyun; Li Dekun; Liu Zhenkai; Shang Wei; Song Guoqiang. Association between physical activity and depression in university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis with public health implications. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850043; article XML SHA-256 48193d249767ad331571f9fe4ee165f231de503474aa99d7e5d2f1bb3d224f58. “Association between physical activity and depression in university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis with public health implications” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1850043). · CC-BY-4.0

• linearizing: Field mismatch: the packet describes a Twin Rotor Aerodynamic System (TRAS) for control/optimization, not biological psychology-related content.; The definition’s first claim (“reworking a complex nonlinear system into a simpler, more nearly linear form… so its behavior can be analyzed and controlled more easily”) is not explicitly supported in the packet; the packet only states that the authors “analyz[ed] and lineariz[ed] the dynamic model,” without describing linearization as making behavior “more easily analyzed and controlled.”; The definition’s second claim (“simplifying a coupled model so it can be treated as separate subsystems”) is only partially supported: the packet says that after linearizing, TRAS is “decoupled into two… systems,” but it does not explicitly frame this as “simplifying a coupled model” or define it as the mechanism of linearization.; The requested field ‘biological’ is not supported by the packet; the source is about control of a twin rotor aerodynamic system and inverse neural control, which is an engineering/control-systems context rather than a biological one.

  Al-Talabi Ahmad; Fahad Taqwa Oday; Mohammed Aqeel Abdulazeez; Mary Ali Hussien. Inverse modeling, analysis and control of twin rotor aerodynamic systems with optimized artificial intelligent controllers. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0322999; article XML SHA-256 1b98cc24074c62d4660dc88ef9483bd6590835bfc4e6a17d4e475a2d6aeafddf. “Inverse modeling, analysis and control of twin rotor aerodynamic systems with optimized artificial intelligent controllers” (10.1371/journal.pone.0322999). · CC-BY-4.0

• lingua franca: The definition’s general wording that a lingua franca is “a common language people use to communicate when they do not share the same first language” is not stated in the provided packet.; The only substantiated part from the packet is that “English is widely used as a lingua franca in academic settings,” but the definition adds additional context (the “no shared first language” condition) that is not supported by the packet.; The packet supports that English is widely used as a lingua franca in academic settings, but it does not explicitly support the broader definitional claim that a lingua franca is a common language used when people do not share a first language.

  Liu Wei; Zhao Pengfei. Chinese first-year undergraduates’ strategy use in the English writing from sources task: influences from genders, critical thinking, and L2 proficiency. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1290312; article XML SHA-256 813bd3382a347e04ff94880f6ed34b862ea669ba497976f0818cab13996c9ca4. “Chinese first-year undergraduates’ strategy use in the English writing from sources task: influences from genders, critical thinking, and L2 proficiency” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1290312). · CC-BY-4.0

• lingual: Because the packet lacks substantive support for the definition’s claims (what “lingual” means and how it is used to describe one vs multiple languages), the definition is not defensible based on the provided source.; The definition broadens the source beyond what is stated in the packet by generalizing from one English–Chinese benchmark description to a general lexical meaning.; The only related support in the packet is the use of terms like “cross-lingual” and “bilingual” in describing a benchmark; it does not support the requested general semantic definition of “lingual.”; The packet does not provide a definition or explicit statement that “lingual” means “related to language.”; The packet does not support the claim that “lingual” is used especially to distinguish whether something involves one language or more than one in general; that framing is an unsupported extrapolation.; The packet only supports the use of “cross-lingual” and “bilingual” to describe a benchmark setting; it does not define “lingual” as a general term meaning “related to language.”

  Du Guang; Ma Biyuan; Liu Yan. CA-MuSiC: a Culture-Aware Multilingual Skill Cognition Model for MOOC review understanding. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1841361; article XML SHA-256 483b8bacbf0a072d41a921975a637b06d19da28ebabcd0cbb624af80ab03f45f. “CA-MuSiC: a Culture-Aware Multilingual Skill Cognition Model for MOOC review understanding” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1841361). · CC-BY-4.0

• lip pursing: The packet supports lip pursing as a dynamic facial movement measured in four-dimensional imaging, but it does not define the movement as lips being drawn together and tightened into a protruded shape.; The provided definition describes a facial movement/dynamic facial expression measured in four-dimensional imaging, which is not supported as being within the field of “cognition” by the packet (it is presented in an imaging/orthodontic monitoring context rather than cognitive processes).; The requested field, cognition, is not supported by the source; the term appears in an orthodontic/facial-motion imaging context rather than a cognition context.

  Janssen Tim-Boyke; Mouchoux Jérémy; Wiechens Bernhard; Schliephake Henning; Meyer-Marcotty Philipp; Quast Anja. Four-dimensional imaging in teleorthodontics – analysis of accuracy in patients with dentofacial deformities compared with controls. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s12903-025-07169-7; article XML SHA-256 2a220fa37ad21320774fa4ec7292e20facd38a4b8b7e4012223b07ca69b3e6a7. “Four-dimensional imaging in teleorthodontics – analysis of accuracy in patients with dentofacial deformities compared with controls” (10.1186/s12903-025-07169-7). · CC-BY-4.0

• LMX theory: The definition adds an unsupported generalization that LMX theory concerns exchange quality between a “leader or teacher” and a “member or student”; the packet only supports student-LMX in a higher-education setting and does not define the theory that broadly.; The packet does not explicitly define LMX theory as a “relationship-focused perspective” or describe it as examining “the quality of the exchange” between a leader/teacher and a member/student.; The packet supports that “student-LMX” moderates effects involving perceived risk and perceived benefit on feedback seeking, but it does not support the definition’s framing that this is what LMX theory itself is “used to explain” in general terms; the packet presents LMX theory as the basis for a study hypothesis/boundary condition rather than a general definition of the theory.; The study context is only partly supported: the packet says LMX moderated the risk pathway in feedback seeking, but it does not support the broader claim that stronger or weaker relationships generally change how people weigh risk and act on feedback-seeking.

  Xie Han; Cheng Li. The effect of self-efficacy on feedback seeking among undergraduate students: the role of perceived risk cost and student-LMX. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1847026; article XML SHA-256 d1f1dd48fa0a3d86bb50f4cfa9ab542a899337b01d120525aef524590a5a777b. “The effect of self-efficacy on feedback seeking among undergraduate students: the role of perceived risk cost and student-LMX” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1847026). · CC-BY-4.0

• loci: The definition adds a broader genetics explanation and trait/disorder framing that is only partly supported by the packet and is not stated in the source.; The packet does not explicitly define “loci” as specific positions on chromosomes, nor does it state how loci are used to study genetic variation for links to traits/disorders.; The packet mentions “genome-wide significant loci” associated with PPH and describes polygenic architecture, but it does not support the definition’s broader claims about loci being “specific positions” and about studying genetic variation for disorder/trait links in general terms.; The packet supports GWAS-identified loci associated with pregnancy-related bleeding, but it does not define loci as specific positions on chromosomes.; The phrase about a locus showing a strong association on its own versus many loci contributing small effects is only indirectly suggested; the packet does not provide a general definition of loci.

  Ji Deyu; Wang Xianjin; Zhao Meng; Liu Chunchen; Sun Kai. Multi-trait GWAS identifies pleiotropic loci shared between early pregnancy bleeding and psychiatric traits. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1911755; article XML SHA-256 a3ace38f299e845892b6d9ae8c582b5d479941c7d29443e2a3b9f5ff28d40eb8. “Multi-trait GWAS identifies pleiotropic loci shared between early pregnancy bleeding and psychiatric traits” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1911755). · CC-BY-4.0

• locked ward: The packet does not define what a “locked ward” is (e.g., as a specific type of inpatient psychiatric ward); it only mentions “open or locked ward” as categories in the study parameters.; The packet does not explicitly state that a locked ward is “distinguished from an open ward” as a treatment setting; it only refers to “duration of treatment in open or locked ward.”; The packet mentions “legally accommodated patients” and “duration of treatment in open or locked ward,” but it does not explicitly describe the locked ward as “a place where legally accommodated patients may spend part of their treatment.”; The packet supports that treatment occurred in an open or locked ward and involved legally accommodated patients, but it does not explicitly support defining a locked ward as a psychiatric inpatient ward.; The phrase 'as a treatment setting' is only partly supported; the source mentions duration of treatment in an open or locked ward, not a definitional statement about what a locked ward is.

  Wolf Theresa; Fabel Philine; Kraschewski Adrian; Jockers-Scherübl Maria C.. From Wish to Reality: Soteria in Regular Care—Proof of Effectiveness of the Implementation of Soteria Elements in Acute Psychiatry. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.685779; article XML SHA-256 423b42777c3fdff90951a49c19a48c6394321d63549451eae582191cf8c363bc. “From Wish to Reality: Soteria in Regular Care—Proof of Effectiveness of the Implementation of Soteria Elements in Acute Psychiatry” (10.3389/fpsyt.2021.685779). · CC-BY-4.0

• lockout: The definition is otherwise close to the packet, but the requested sense is a medical analgesia term rather than a cognition term.; The packet describes lockout/“lockout interval” as part of patient-controlled analgesia (a pharmacologic/medical pain-management mechanism), not as something in the domain of cognition (the packet does not support placing this term under the requested field: cognition).; The packet supports patient-controlled analgesia, but it does not support the field label "cognition" for this sense of "lockout".

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Analgesia, Patient-Controlled” (D016058). · public-domain-US-government

• locomotion: The general gloss “the act of moving from place to place” is not stated in the packet and is broader than the source’s focus on bipedal locomotion and adaptive gait.; The packet does not explicitly define “locomotion” as “the act of moving from place to place.” It only discusses “bipedal locomotion” and upper-limb haptic interactions during locomotion, without providing a general definition of the term.; The packet supports upper-limb haptic interactions during locomotion and their role in sensory information and control, but it does not define locomotion itself as a behavior shaped by body control and sensory input in the way stated here.

  MacLellan Michael J.; Ivanenko Yury; Avaltroni Priscilla; Lacquaniti Francesco; Sylos-Labini Francesca. Sophisticated use of upper limb haptic interactions during adaptive locomotion. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1648450; article XML SHA-256 a3b6fb48d772fb4ca27b3e42299d4d710d099dd245072c11ef827c0dee4ceb39. “Sophisticated use of upper limb haptic interactions during adaptive locomotion” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1648450). · CC-BY-4.0

• log-likelihood ratio: The claim that it was “used … to identify statistically significant differences in word use” is only indirectly supported by the packet’s statement about statistically significant lexical differences, without explicit phrasing about “word use” broadly.; The definition should stay tightly within the supplied source’s wording and scope; the broader explanation of how the statistic works is an unsupported generalization.; The first sentence gives a general statistical definition (“tests how strongly data fit one pattern versus another”) that is not supported by the packet; the packet only says the log-likelihood ratio test (G2) was used in keyness analysis and revealed statistically significant lexical differences.; The packet only states that keyness analysis was performed via the log-likelihood ratio test (G2) to reveal statistically significant lexical differences; it does not support the definition’s general characterization that it “tests how strongly data fit one pattern versus another.”

  Texidor Maldonado Carlos Obed; Dykeman Cass. Recidivism treatment manuals: a corpus-based examination for public offender counselors. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1564018; article XML SHA-256 92e5077dbec382a0da2ed4391246c2a4e88d611526404cc603c85c60438dff07. “Recidivism treatment manuals: a corpus-based examination for public offender counselors” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1564018). · CC-BY-4.0

• logo-: The claim “can shape how consumers think about a product” is a broad generalization not stated in the packet in those terms (the packet specifically reports effects on perceived product quality).; The definition adds a general dictionary-style claim that a logo is a visual company mark used in branding and that it can shape consumer thinking; the packet only supports that a successful logo can boost consumer awareness and does not define the term that broadly.; The definition is more than 1–3 concise sentences (it includes multiple clauses explaining branding impact and mechanism).; The definition’s term sense is not supported: the packet discusses “logo symmetry” and “logos” generally, but does not define or explain “logo-” (e.g., as a prefix/sense) specifically.; The entry is for the term "logo-", but the definition treats it as the noun "logo" rather than the supplied form, so the requested sense is not clearly matched.; The mechanisms are only partially supported: the packet says perceived stability mediated the effect, and that the effect occurs only under low cognitive load, but the definition’s phrasing that symmetry “convey[s] stability under low cognitive load” is an extra, interpretive restatement beyond the packet’s wording.

  Wu Xianghu. Beauty of symmetry ‐ The impact of logo symmetry on perceived product quality. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0317229; article XML SHA-256 037d456ab36b6ce7ffd83c94004cd41b66f8bbfbeec5f34eac7f56824895c460. “Beauty of symmetry ‐ The impact of logo symmetry on perceived product quality” (10.1371/journal.pone.0317229). · CC-BY-4.0

• loss of consciousness: The definition’s first sentence presents a general definition of “loss of consciousness” (unconsciousness because the brain is not getting enough blood or oxygen), but the packet only discusses this mechanism in the specific context of G-force–induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC), not loss of consciousness in general.; The mechanism “because the brain is not getting enough blood or oxygen” is only indirectly supported via “cerebral hypoxia” and “disturbing blood supply to the brain” in relation to high G-force, rather than stated as the general cause of loss of consciousness.; The packet supports gravity-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC), not the general term “loss of consciousness”; the definition generalizes beyond the source context.; “Because the brain is not getting enough blood or oxygen” is only loosely supported by the packet’s statement that high G-force can cause cerebral hypoxia and disturb blood supply; it is not presented as a general definition of loss of consciousness.

  Park Jinhee; Yun Chul; Kang Seungcheol. Physical Condition Does Not Affect Gravity-Induced Loss of Consciousness during Human Centrifuge Training in Well-Experienced Young Aviators. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0147921; article XML SHA-256 9d3b2f900980745d5f7c9b4a95f619a382a0bb301eafd3712c3701d0d1609554. “Physical Condition Does Not Affect Gravity-Induced Loss of Consciousness during Human Centrifuge Training in Well-Experienced Young Aviators” (10.1371/journal.pone.0147921). · CC-BY-4.0

• low vision: The definition is framed as applying to the field “cognition,” but the supplied packet concerns visual function/testing (e.g., visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, depth perception, indoor navigation) rather than cognition.; The definition’s claim that “Low vision is reduced visual functioning” is not explicitly stated or defined in the packet; the packet only refers to “individuals with low vision (>20/60)” and describes measurements.; The field is not defensible from the packet: the source is about visual impairment/visual function, not cognition.; The threshold statement is not securely supported as written: the packet only says “low vision (>20/60)” and does not clearly establish the definition “visual acuity worse than 20/60.”; While the packet includes distance and near visual acuity/contrast sensitivity and tests related abilities (contrast sensitivity, color vision, depth perception, indoor navigation), it does not provide a definition sentence matching the proposed wording, particularly the broad framing of “reduced visual functioning.”

  Gopalakrishnan Sarika; Kartha Arathy; Schuchard Ronald; Fletcher Donald. Comparison of visual function analysis of people with low vision using three different models of augmented reality devices. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0332085; article XML SHA-256 3b67d4d9fc504bcc9d3ecfb6a16c38abcd6c86c44361db5841e463a798f79c5f. “Comparison of visual function analysis of people with low vision using three different models of augmented reality devices” (10.1371/journal.pone.0332085). · CC-BY-4.0

• loyalty: The definition claims that the source indicates loyalty is “not a single simple trait” and is “shaped by trust as well as broader social and institutional influences”; the packet supports that NPS as a proxy for loyalty is “not a monolithic construct” and that trust should be interpreted in a “broader socio-psychological and institutional context,” but the definition’s wording also ties this to “loyalty” directly beyond what the packet explicitly asserts.; The definition says loyalty is “often estimated indirectly through measures such as the Net Promoter Score”; the packet does state that “NPS, as a proxy for customer loyalty,” so this part is supported.; The definition’s core claim—“a customer’s ongoing positive attachment to a business”—is not stated or supported anywhere in the provided packet, which focuses on trust and NPS rather than explicitly defining “loyalty” as attachment.; The packet supports NPS as a proxy for customer loyalty, but it does not define loyalty as “a customer’s ongoing positive attachment to a business.”; The source discusses loyalty/NPS in a customer-trust context, but the wording “ongoing positive attachment” adds an unsupported explanatory gloss not stated in the packet.

  Yarza Navarro-Schär Vanessa Gabriela; Eller Eric; Schulz Marco; Lermer Eva. The trust–NPS correlation: The role of trust in promoting customer loyalty in Swiss financial institutions. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0334423; article XML SHA-256 373125f112ab6f27bfc6a26f874db3ad19176138de72c8b012cf18512cc3cf66. “The trust–NPS correlation: The role of trust in promoting customer loyalty in Swiss financial institutions” (10.1371/journal.pone.0334423). · CC-BY-4.0

• Ludiomil: The packet identifies Ludiomil as the hydrochloride salt form of maprotiline, not as a brand name.; The packet text supports that the substance is maprotiline hydrochloride and that it is a tetracyclic antidepressant related to tricyclic antidepressants, but it does not state that “Ludiomil” is a brand name for maprotiline hydrochloride.; “Brand name” is unsupported by the supplied source text.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Maprotiline Hydrochloride” (C47594). · CC-BY-4.0

• luminance: The definition’s general statement that luminance is “measurable lightness or brightness of a colour” is not explicitly stated anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet describes how “shell colour luminance” differs among snail color morphs (including that dark bands decrease luminance values) but does not define luminance’s meaning as a property of “lightness/brightness” in general terms.; The packet supports luminance as a measurable lightness/brightness value used in shell-colour analysis, but it does not support the requested field label “learning” or any psychology/learning sense for this term.; The provided definition includes an interpretation framed as a definition (“expressed as higher values for lighter appearances and lower values for darker ones”) that is not explicitly defined as such in the packet; the packet only reports relative luminance values for specific shell morphs under image-taking conditions.

  Gordillo-Pérez Mario Juan; Beenaerts Natalie; Sánchez Dunia L.; Smeets Karen; Arias-Sosa Yaumel Calixto; Reyes-Tur Bernardo. Shell colour luminance of Cuban painted snails, Polymita picta and Polymita muscarum (Gastropoda: Cepolidae). 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0314008; article XML SHA-256 cce12788f937e348d933305d84356919fa5164c8df1fc7f2b4d07e1d4fc1fd11. “Shell colour luminance of Cuban painted snails, Polymita picta and Polymita muscarum (Gastropoda: Cepolidae)” (10.1371/journal.pone.0314008). · CC-BY-4.0

• Lunesta: Because the brand-name equivalence is not supported by the packet, the first substantive claim of the definition is not defensible from the provided source.; The definition adds a brand-name relationship that is not supported by the supplied source text; a citation/term match alone is not enough.; The packet does not explicitly state that “Lunesta” is the brand name for eszopiclone; it only provides information about “Eszopiclone.”; The packet supports eszopiclone and its hypnotic/sedative mechanism, but it does not explicitly state that Lunesta is the brand name for eszopiclone.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Eszopiclone” (C65545). · CC-BY-4.0

• -lysis: Field mismatch: the supplied source content concerns intracerebral hemorrhage clot lysis (medical/biological), not cognition in the psychology sense.; The definition adds a generalized explanatory claim beyond the packet’s text rather than staying within the supported source context.; The packet supports only the specific phrase “blood clot lysis” in a medical article; it does not support a dictionary sense that -lysis is a general suffix meaning “breaking down or dissolving.”; The requested field is cognition, but the source context is biomedical/surgical and does not justify classifying this term as a cognition entry.; Unsupported general claim: the packet does not support that “-lysis” is a suffix referring broadly to “breaking down or dissolving of something.” The packet only uses “lysis” in the context of blood clot lysis.

  Xu Lei; Yang Qiang; Gong Jian; Wang Jia; Xiong Weiming; Liu Liu; Liu Yang; Zhou Weiduo; Sun Chao; Liang Yidan; Wang Yanglingxi; Xiang Yi; Deng Yongbing; Cui Min. Ultrasound combined with urokinase under key-shaped bone window enhances blood clot lysis in an in vitro model of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0304398; article XML SHA-256 121fd727aa187a1a68fb99b61eb69bbdb3b7227c524db23013a4ffe1a310bee1. “Ultrasound combined with urokinase under key-shaped bone window enhances blood clot lysis in an in vitro model of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage” (10.1371/journal.pone.0304398). · CC-BY-4.0

• macroglia: The contrast with microglia is only implicit in the packet; the definition states it as an explicit distinguishing claim without direct support.; The packet provided does not support the claim that macroglia are “the larger glial cells.”; The packet supports that astrocytes and oligodendrocytes together form the macroglia, but it does not support the added claim that macroglia are the “larger” glial cells.; While the packet indicates that astrocytes and oligodendrocytes together form “the macroglia,” and that microglia are a separate (third) type of glial cell, it does not explicitly describe macroglia as “larger,” which is a substantive distinction in the definition.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Microglia” (D017628). · public-domain-US-government

• macrosystem: The added contrast with “beyond immediate family, community, or policy settings” is not supported; the packet places policy at the exosystem level, but does not define macrosystem by excluding those settings or by extending the sense to broader mental-health coping in that phrasing.; The definition’s phrasing about “shared cultural values and wider belief systems” is partly consistent with “cultural values and systemic belief structures,” but the added claims about scope (“beyond immediate family, community, or policy settings”) are not substantiated by the provided text.; The packet only explicitly characterizes the macrosystem as “cultural values and systemic belief structures.” The definition adds additional framing not supported in the packet, including that it is “the broadest level of influence,” and that it shapes people’s experiences/responses “beyond immediate family, community, or policy settings.”; The packet supports macrosystem-level cultural values and systemic belief structures, but it does not explicitly support calling this the broadest level or stating that it shapes people’s experiences and responses in that general way.

  Sharif Naubahar; Chen Wenjin; Niu Mengyuan. Mental health problems among ethnic minorities during public crises: a systematic review of coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1822085; article XML SHA-256 2d51a2bf23cb3ce69013289c7d0723ad2375ab259740a4d465ff1682bfa670e8. “Mental health problems among ethnic minorities during public crises: a systematic review of coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic” (10.3389/fpubh.2026.1822085). · CC-BY-4.0

• MAF: Field mismatch: the packet describes MAF-Net as a machine-learning model for cardiovascular disease classification, not something within the cognition domain.; The definition’s expansion to MAF-Net is supported, but the entry as written does not fit the supplied field scope.; The definition’s framing as “improve recognition” is somewhat imprecise relative to the packet, which emphasizes improving cardiovascular disease diagnostic accuracy rather than general “recognition” in a cognition context.; The packet is about a multimodal cardiovascular disease classification model (MAF-Net), not a cognition/psychology concept, so the requested field is not defensible.

  Qu Chang; Zhang Xin; Lu Yansong; Wang Yi; Su Chengzhi. MAF-Net: Multimodal cross-attention-based fusion network for cardiovascular disease classification. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0345238; article XML SHA-256 fac74f3edc07e63f3d9a1662d0159c00f2851e8f71a1e202c0d3e83d9f6a1d5f. “MAF-Net: Multimodal cross-attention-based fusion network for cardiovascular disease classification” (10.1371/journal.pone.0345238). · CC-BY-4.0

• mainstreaming: The definition adds a specific operational description rather than the broader, source-supported sense of mainstreaming in this article context.; The definition adds concrete, detailed context (“routine breast cancer clinic practice,” “standard patient care”) that is not directly stated in the provided packet.; The packet mentions that HCPs are not always familiar with nor confident about genetic counselling and describes an educational programme to improve knowledge and communication in the context of mainstreaming, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s claim that professionals “discussing testing and related counselling as part of standard patient care.”; The packet states there are “calls worldwide for the mainstreaming of genetic testing in breast cancer clinics,” but it does not define mainstreaming as “integration into routine…practice rather than keeping it separate from usual care.”; The packet supports that mainstreaming concerns genetic testing in breast cancer clinics, but it does not define it as integration into routine practice or contrast it with “usual care.”; The statement that clinic healthcare professionals discuss testing and related counselling as part of standard patient care is not supported by the supplied text.

  Jenkins Valerie; Habibi Ruth; Hall Virginia; Leonard Pauline; Lawn Anneliese; Naik Jay; Papps-Williams Rachel; Fallowfield Lesley. Roll-out of an educational workshop to improve knowledge and self-confidence of healthcare professionals engaged in mainstreaming of breast cancer genetics. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0307301; article XML SHA-256 ddb88ec2f07c4f3de1160847b741612de3d0bc7da1abbc35b648f42ed0e732ad. “Roll-out of an educational workshop to improve knowledge and self-confidence of healthcare professionals engaged in mainstreaming of breast cancer genetics” (10.1371/journal.pone.0307301). · CC-BY-4.0

• major depressive disorder: The definition omits a key criterion in the packet: the disorder requires five or more symptoms during the same 2-week period, not just a 2-week period with some listed symptoms.; The packet states that the disorder requires “five (or more) of the following symptoms” during the same 2-week period, but the definition does not include this requirement (it only requires at least two weeks with depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure).; The packet’s symptom descriptions include frequency qualifiers (e.g., “most of the day, nearly every day”), whereas the definition summarizes symptoms more generally without matching those qualifiers—making it less defensible relative to the packet.; The symptom list is only partly supported as written because the packet specifies additional qualifying frequency/threshold wording (for example, nearly every day for several symptoms), which the definition leaves out.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Depressive Disorder, Major” (D003865). · public-domain-US-government

• management information systems: Claims about “health records, stock monitoring, and supply chain tracking” are only supported within the context of vaccine management systems; the packet supports features such as longitudinal health records and automated inventory/stock monitoring for immunization, but does not substantiate these as general, defining features of MIS broadly.; The added examples of health records, stock monitoring, and supply chain tracking are only partially supported in the vaccine/immunization context; the definition overgeneralizes them beyond the source’s scope.; The asserted purposes “improve record-keeping, reduce waste, and support more efficient service delivery” are only supported in the packet as outcomes of implementing the vaccine management information systems (e.g., reducing wastage, enhancing record-keeping, optimizing supply chain efficiency), not as general MIS aims.; The citation-specific examples (e.g., “in the source material, they include…”) are consistent with the packet’s vaccine context, but the definition’s wording broadens beyond what the packet explicitly establishes.; The definition’s general characterization of management information systems as “organized digital or paper-based systems used to collect, track, and share information needed to manage services and resources” is not clearly supported by the provided packet, which focuses on vaccine management/logistics management information systems in LMICs rather than a general MIS definition.; The packet supports vaccine management/digital logistics management information systems in immunization, not the broad general definition of management information systems across services and resources.; “Paper-based systems” is not supported by the source packet, which discusses digital, electronic, online/offline, and integrated systems.

  Qadeer Amatullah Sana; AY Nirupama; Paulson Winnie; Rachel Jennifer; Nanda Lipika; Dutta Ambarish; Rout Sarit Kumar. Vaccine management systems with a focus on cold chain management and delivery of immunization services in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0350231; article XML SHA-256 dc95eb3761ff912aa69dae5927ec819e327be9448cd1a94fae051ee02975ddc3. “Vaccine management systems with a focus on cold chain management and delivery of immunization services in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0350231). · CC-BY-4.0

• manifest content: The claim that manifest content analysis looks at explicit language “rather than looking for hidden meanings” is not supported by the supplied source.; The definition adds a broader research-methods generalization that is not established by the packet alone.; The packet does not provide a definition of “manifest content” as “directly stated and observable” material in communication.; The packet does not support the claim that manifest content analysis “examines and codes … rather than looking for hidden meanings.”; The packet only describes that the authors used a “manifest content analysis approach” to code language in consent documents, without stating what “manifest content” means conceptually.; The packet supports that manifest content analysis codes the language in documents, but it does not define the term as “material in communication that is directly stated and observable” or as the actual words used in a document.

  Wolf Leslie E.; Kench Samantha; Ledford Christy J. W.. A taxing problem: The impacts of research payment practices on participants and inclusive research. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0303112; article XML SHA-256 b0e10e34d0596e958ce2ac913a697cf04afcb746d9c5386e86d7167066fdf258. “A taxing problem: The impacts of research payment practices on participants and inclusive research” (10.1371/journal.pone.0303112). · CC-BY-4.0

• Mann–Whitney U test: The packet does not provide the definition or general description of the Mann–Whitney U test (e.g., that it “examines whether two groups differ on a measured variable”); it only states that the Mann–Whitney U test was “used to analyze the data.”; The packet does support that the Mann–Whitney U test was used in this study involving “body shape perceptions and fat phobia,” but the definition also adds additional general claims about what the test does that are not explicitly supported by the provided packet.; The packet supports that the Mann–Whitney U test was used to analyze the study data and to examine group differences, but it does not define the test as a general method for determining whether two groups differ on a measured variable.; The second sentence is supported in substance, but the first sentence adds an unsourced general definition rather than staying strictly within the packet.

  Sayin Temur Canan; Koc Mustafa Can; Iconomescu Teodora Mihaela; Talaghir Laurentiu-Gabriel. Analysis of the relationship between physical education majors’ perceptions of their body shape and fatphobia. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1709560; article XML SHA-256 0d12fd54cd9e6646b44f804a4df6adb20c3be9a2c71f362e3fc5d1d616ba1bc1. “Analysis of the relationship between physical education majors’ perceptions of their body shape and fatphobia” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1709560). · CC-BY-4.0

• manualized therapy: The definition’s claims about “a structured therapy manual,” “standardized form of treatment,” and “specified intervention approach” are not explicitly stated or supported in the provided packet text.; The packet does not explicitly support the broader gloss that the term refers to a standardized form of treatment based on a specified intervention approach.; The packet mentions that patients “passed through manualized therapy,” but it does not define “manualized therapy” as being delivered via a structured therapy manual versus ad hoc planning.; The packet shows only that participants received “manualized therapy” delivered by licensed psychotherapists; it does not support the added explanation that this means treatment is structured by a therapy manual rather than planned ad hoc.

  Kühne Franziska; Hobrecker Lea Kathrin; Heinze Peter Eric; Meißner Claudia; Weck Florian. Exposure therapy tailored to inhibitory learning principles in a naturalistic setting: an open pilot trial in obsessive-compulsive outpatient care. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1328850; article XML SHA-256 d1f64fba8dc5c9d5f7e4d69e6f8b24c1159754423323c5d5a83d07079a74be71. “Exposure therapy tailored to inhibitory learning principles in a naturalistic setting: an open pilot trial in obsessive-compulsive outpatient care” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1328850). · CC-BY-4.0

• marital adjustment: Although the second sentence’s claim that marital adjustment is a couple-related outcome positively linked with dyadic coping is partially supported (the study reports dyadic coping positively correlated with marital adjustment), the definition as a whole is not defensible because the core definitional wording is unsupported.; The definition is partly interpretive rather than strictly supported by the source; the packet supports only that marital adjustment is a measured couple-related variable positively associated with dyadic coping and mediating the relation with posttraumatic growth.; The definition’s first sentence (“how well spouses adapt to life together… quality and stability of their relationship”) is not explicitly defined in the provided packet; the packet mentions “marital adjustment” as a measured construct (Locke-Wallace scale) and references related ideas like “marital stability”/“relationship satisfaction,” but it does not provide the stated definition of marital adjustment.; The field label "learning" is not supported by the packet; the source is a psychology/health article about dyadic coping and marital adjustment, not a learning-context term.; The first sentence gives a general definition of marital adjustment as how well spouses adapt to life together and as reflecting relationship quality and stability, but the packet does not define the term that way.

  Zhang Qi; Cao Heng. Relationships between dyadic coping, marital adjustment, and post-traumatic growth in patients with maintenance hemodialysis patients and their spouses. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1487355; article XML SHA-256 f450d7e8ba07fc1e888563ac754c778b1bebe81dca15f6b6cd1a075757a48cf6. “Relationships between dyadic coping, marital adjustment, and post-traumatic growth in patients with maintenance hemodialysis patients and their spouses” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1487355). · CC-BY-4.0

• marsupial: The claim about Thylacinus is supported only as an example of a carnivorous marsupial; the packet does not support the broader definitional wording in the first sentence.; The definition’s taxonomic framing (order/affiliation) and the claim about marsupials as one of several separate mammalian orders are not supported by the provided text.; The packet does not define “marsupial” as such; it only mentions “Marsupialia” as one of three mammalian orders in an example about convergent resemblance.; The packet does not define “marsupial” as “a mammal belonging to the distinct order Marsupialia,” nor does it state that marsupials are a taxonomic order.; The packet mentions “carnivorous marsupial Thylacinus” only as an example within a discussion of biological resemblance (mimicry/convergence), not as a definition of the term “marsupial.”; The statement that marsupials are “a mammal belonging to the distinct order Marsupialia” is an unsupported dictionary-style definition rather than something established in the supplied source.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Mimicry (in biology)” (Mimicry). · public-domain-US

• mastery orientation: The definition claims that mastery orientation is “presented as the pattern linked to incremental beliefs … in contrast to a helpless orientation linked to entity beliefs.” While the packet supports the contrast between mastery and helpless orientations in relation to incremental and entity beliefs, the definition’s broader formulation of what mastery orientation entails (learning/improving/personal growth focus) is not supported by the packet.; The definition describes mastery orientation as “a tendency to approach personal growth and challenges with a focus on learning, improving, and developing competence and autonomy,” but the packet only states that incremental beliefs are associated with a “mastery orientation” and that autonomy and competence motives mediate relationships with well-being; it does not explicitly define mastery orientation in terms of approaching personal growth/challenges or “learning/improving” as the focus.; The first sentence adds unsourced glosses (“personal growth and challenges,” “learning, improving, and developing competence and autonomy”) that are not stated in the packet.; The packet supports only the narrower point that mastery orientation is associated with incremental beliefs about change, contrasted with helpless orientation and entity beliefs; the broader behavioral definition is not established here.

  Cypryańska Marzena; Nezlek John B.. Satisfaction of basic needs mediates relationships between incremental mindsets and well-being. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0309079; article XML SHA-256 85042163ac3ea3fab413361d0390c741f0006c263dd093dfe86e8cd682968093. “Satisfaction of basic needs mediates relationships between incremental mindsets and well-being” (10.1371/journal.pone.0309079). · CC-BY-4.0

• matched-pairs t test: The example about 'the same students’ questionnaire results before and after an educational activity' is consistent with the study’s pre/post questionnaire design, but the broader explanatory definition goes beyond what the packet explicitly states.; The packet shows a pretest-posttest analysis with matched pairs, but it does not define a matched-pairs t test or support the claim that it tests whether an average within-pair difference is likely to reflect real change rather than chance.; The packet states that a matched-pairs t-test was used to analyze pretest–posttest (paired) questionnaire scores, but it does not support the definition’s explanation that the test “tests whether the average difference…is likely to reflect a real change rather than chance.”

  Craig Stephanie; Barry Heather E; Carter Gillian; Stark Patrick; Mitchell Gary; Clarke Sonya; Wilson Christine Brown. Evaluation of a dementia awareness game for health professions students in Northern Ireland: a pre-/post-test study. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12909-024-05656-z; article XML SHA-256 69f784cdd05bee71aa04151b763310570b1bcd1837a439b3ca7e36093e640368. “Evaluation of a dementia awareness game for health professions students in Northern Ireland: a pre-/post-test study” (10.1186/s12909-024-05656-z). · CC-BY-4.0

• mathematical ability: The first sentence (“Mathematical ability is a cognitive capacity for representing and working with numbers.”) is not directly supported by the provided packet text, which does not define mathematical ability in those terms; it only discusses a predictive relation between finger gnosis and mathematical ability and proposes redeployment for representing numbers.; The packet does not define mathematical ability as a general “cognitive capacity for representing and working with numbers”; it only says the paper discusses a predictive relation between finger gnosis and mathematical ability.; The source supports a hypothesis about overlapping neural substrates and a redeployed circuit for representing numbers, but not the broader definitional claim as written.

  Penner-Wilger Marcie; Anderson Michael L.. The relation between finger gnosis and mathematical ability: why redeployment of neural circuits best explains the finding. 2013; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00877; article XML SHA-256 783053c6a0138f38f49de18d5fcc98b7d2d6e2960ee5cdf052c461412601c2c9. “The relation between finger gnosis and mathematical ability: why redeployment of neural circuits best explains the finding” (10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00877). · CC-BY-3.0

• mathematical model: The definition goes beyond the supplied description by introducing a specific educational application rather than staying with the supported general sense of a theoretical representation that simulates systems, processes, or phenomena.; The packet definition does not state that the representation “uses mathematics,” only that it is a “theoretical representation” that “simulate[s]” behavior/activity.; The packet does not mention “learning contexts” or describe any use in learning for patterns/processes; that portion of the definition is unsupported by the provided text.; The second sentence adds a learning-context use that is not supported by the packet’s source text.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Mathematical Model” (C16870). · CC-BY-4.0

• mathematics disorder: The packet does not explicitly state that “mathematics disorder” involves difficulties in mathematics; it only lists “mathematics disorder” as one type within specific learning disorders without defining its core symptom content in these terms.; The packet supports that DSM-5 integrates different LD types (including mathematics disorder) into a single specific learning disorder category, but it does not clearly support the specific phrasing that “older diagnostic approaches” treated it as a distinct disorder beyond the general reference to “former versions.”; The packet supports that mathematics disorder was formerly treated as a distinct learning-disorder entity and that DSM-5 folds it into the single specific learning disorder category, but it does not explicitly support the added definitional claim that it is a disorder “involving difficulties in mathematics.”

  Brandenburg Janin; Huschka Sina S.; Visser Linda; Hasselhorn Marcus. Are Different Types of Learning Disorder Associated With Distinct Cognitive Functioning Profiles?. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725374; article XML SHA-256 60db64306a8bc96dc3e8158496383f6cb43b110f5b80b65e23d81fee50c438c6. “Are Different Types of Learning Disorder Associated With Distinct Cognitive Functioning Profiles?” (10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725374). · CC-BY-4.0

• Maxwellian view: The definition adds a specific purpose (“In this context, it is used to present light stimuli reliably during visual and pupillary testing”) that is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet mentions testing and constant retinal irradiance delivery, but does not directly characterize it as being used to ensure stimulus reliability in that way.; The definition adds a usage claim (“in this context”) that is broader than the packet’s specific statement about delivering stimuli at constant retinal irradiance with a Maxwellian view system or pupil restriction.; The field is not defensible from the packet: the source is about visual/circadian retinal testing, not learning.; The packet supports that stimuli are delivered at constant retinal irradiance using a “Maxwellian view system,” but it does not state that this approach specifically “help[s] control for changes in pupil size.” The packet separately mentions “artificially restricting pupil size,” without attributing that control to the Maxwellian view.

  Heinrichs Hannah Sophie; Spitschan Manuel. Within-subjects ultra-short sleep-wake protocol for characterising circadian variations in retinal function. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0300405; article XML SHA-256 167a7dbea87504f9d9d9f0fc317d6b0f82c97353707c8955446ac4764da89770. “Within-subjects ultra-short sleep-wake protocol for characterising circadian variations in retinal function” (10.1371/journal.pone.0300405). · CC-BY-4.0

• M–C SDS: The definition’s phrasing that it is “an assessment used to measure a person’s tendency to give socially desirable responses” is therefore unsupported by the provided packet text.; The packet does not define what the M–C SDS measures (e.g., “tendency to give socially desirable responses”); it only names it as the “Short form of Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS)” and reports that it was included in the study.; The packet only identifies M-C SDS as the Short form of Social Desirability Scale; it does not state that it measures a person’s tendency to give socially desirable responses.; The second sentence is broadly supported, but the first sentence adds an interpretive function that is not explicitly supported by the source packet.

  Molinero Clara; Kasprzak Agata; Bonete Saray; Gallo-Giunzioni Karla. Assessing self-forgiveness through the Enright Self-Forgiveness Inventory in the Spanish population: a validation study. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1179826; article XML SHA-256 666c6dbf39fcf79ac812867f04c047d13177a7919ba7fb7ffdc87d4538ac700e. “Assessing self-forgiveness through the Enright Self-Forgiveness Inventory in the Spanish population: a validation study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1179826). · CC-BY-4.0

• mean square residual: The definition adds a general psychometric explanation that is not directly supported by the packet and may conflate the term with a related but different statistic.; The packet only mentions "standardized root mean square residual" (SRMR) as a CFA fit index, not "mean square residual" itself.; The packet supports only the standardized root mean square residual as a confirmatory factor analysis fit index, not the term mean square residual itself.

  Mozumder Muhammad Kamruzzaman. Reliability and validity of the Perceived Stress Scale in Bangladesh. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0276837; article XML SHA-256 c68d7523ef08393846bac7900104ec4f04dd353c3a3186dbc58b73504046d13b. “Reliability and validity of the Perceived Stress Scale in Bangladesh” (10.1371/journal.pone.0276837). · CC-BY-4.0

• measure: The clause “developed and validated way of assessing embodied cognition in dance training” is supported by the packet (“develop and validate a measure of embodied cognition for dance training”).; The definition adds general assessment language that goes beyond the supplied source text, rather than staying narrowly grounded in the source’s specific sense of ‘measure.’; The generic first-sentence gloss (“a tool used to evaluate a specific construct or experience”) is not supported by the packet; the source only states that the study aimed to develop and validate a measure of embodied cognition for dance training.; The packet does not support the general claim that “in assessment, a measure is a tool used to evaluate a specific construct or experience.” The provided text only states that the study aimed to develop and validate “a measure of embodied cognition for dance training,” without defining what a “measure” is.

  Wang Yu; Zheng Ziyu; Ran Chenlu; Liu Qing. Development and psychometric validation of a multidimensional measure of embodied cognition in dance training. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1861862; article XML SHA-256 033b5ce5e136aa23eb1ad377c814516e01437016c9246a6bd34f365a8b138fcb. “Development and psychometric validation of a multidimensional measure of embodied cognition in dance training” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1861862). · CC-BY-4.0

• mechanistic theory: The definition attributes particular explanatory scope to the mechanistic theory (“explains how words and concepts are acquired”) beyond what the packet explicitly supports, since the packet does not provide a concrete description of what processes the mechanistic theory uses to explain acquisition.; The definition specifies that bodily experience is grounded “across external and internal modalities.” While the packet discusses grounding in external modalities and the importance of interoceptive/internal features, it does not directly tie this particular “mechanistic theory” to grounding across external and internal modalities in those exact terms.; The packet does not state that the proposed mechanistic theory specifically “explains how words and concepts are acquired by describing the processes involved.” It only says the authors “present a mechanistic theory of conceptual representation” that can account for groundability and for variability in age of acquisition, in addition to existing variables.; The packet only says the authors “present a mechanistic theory of conceptual representation” that can account for groundability and existing variables in concept acquisition; it does not support the definition’s claim that this theory specifically explains how words and concepts are acquired by detailing the processes involved.; The packet supports grounding in external and internal modalities as part of the paper’s broader argument, but not as the defining content of “mechanistic theory” itself.; The phrasing overgeneralizes the theory into a broader account of conceptual representation and embodiment than the source explicitly provides.

  Thill Serge; Twomey Katherine E.. What's on the Inside Counts: A Grounded Account of Concept Acquisition and Development. 2016; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00402; article XML SHA-256 fc9aa5657b62006a7a2c7ce780d870ddbcb6227b223ae9efe4b7841d1ee9411e. “What's on the Inside Counts: A Grounded Account of Concept Acquisition and Development” (10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00402). · CC-BY-4.0

• media richness: The definition adds an explanatory characterization of the construct that is not stated in the source text and goes beyond the packet’s support.; The definition claims that media richness is specifically “the extent to which an online learning platform offers communication and media features.” The provided packet discusses “three dimensions of media richness” but does not describe media richness in terms of communication/media features, so this part is not supported.; The definition says media richness “relates to social presence.” While the packet supports a mediating role of social presence between media richness and continuance intention, it does not explicitly frame media richness as generally “relating to” social presence in those terms; the definition is close, but the first (communication/media features) element is the main unsupported substantive claim.; The packet supports media richness as a technological-environment-related variable in online learning and links it to social presence and continuance intention, but it does not define it as the extent to which a platform offers communication and media features or as creating a richer user experience.; The remaining elements about it being a technological-environment-related variable, involving social presence, and influencing users’ intention to keep using the platform are consistent with the packet (e.g., mediating role of social presence; antecedent of continuance intention/retention).

  Wang Zhen. Media Richness and Continuance Intention to Online Learning Platforms: The Mediating Role of Social Presence and the Moderating Role of Need for Cognition. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.950501; article XML SHA-256 bdd2d395a6fae426a87627446707848bf94c7fbdf8a35d16a9be93e6dcd6fd77. “Media Richness and Continuance Intention to Online Learning Platforms: The Mediating Role of Social Presence and the Moderating Role of Need for Cognition” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.950501). · CC-BY-4.0

• medial geniculate nucleus: Because the first sentence includes an unsupported functional claim, the overall definition contains at least one substantive claim not supported by the supplied packet.; The definition adds a general description of the term that is not stated in the packet, so the entry goes beyond the supplied source.; The definition’s first sentence claims the medial geniculate nucleus “helps carry and process sound-related information,” but the packet does not explicitly describe its function in that way; it only notes altered integrity of auditory pathways including the medial geniculate nucleus.; The packet only supports that the medial geniculate nucleus is mentioned as part of altered auditory pathways in hyperacusis; it does not support the broader anatomical/functional claim that it is a brain structure that carries and processes sound-related information.

  Alkahtani Rania; Elbeltagy Reem; Hamd Zuhal Y; Abdoelrahman Hassan A B. Structural and functional brain alterations in patients with hyperacusis: MRI systematic review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1785826; article XML SHA-256 0a2c5de9e0ca563d9714691cf12918c924a20851fcc30dcabd73537eb1453758. “Structural and functional brain alterations in patients with hyperacusis: MRI systematic review” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1785826). · CC-BY-4.0

• medial lemniscus: Claims that it is “an ascending route” and “carries somatosensory signals from the spinal cord to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus” are not explicitly supported as the definition’s referent; the packet supports the pathway-to-VPL idea, not the independent definition of the medial lemniscus component.; The field label "learning" is not defensible from the packet, which is a neuroscience/neuroanatomy article about tactile reward and thalamic inactivation rather than learning.; The packet mentions the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway and the VPL receiving somatosensory inputs, but it does not directly support the specific claim that the medial lemniscus itself is the ascending relay carrying signals from the spinal cord to the ventral posterolateral nucleus.; The packet only states that the VPL “receives somatosensory inputs from the spinal cord via the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway”; it does not define “medial lemniscus” itself as a specific anatomical part or component.; The statement that it is “a relay in touch-related sensory processing” is not directly supported by the packet (it provides no explicit “relay” role wording or touch-processing description tied specifically to the medial lemniscus).

  Shimoju Rie. Muscimol injection into the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus impairs tactile reward-seeking behavior but preserves affective vocalization in male rats. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0351495; article XML SHA-256 3b9fbf8ceb3950db0fa969e32f36f3eabf13596c6f2d473669bf765b5dba58f1. “Muscimol injection into the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus impairs tactile reward-seeking behavior but preserves affective vocalization in male rats” (10.1371/journal.pone.0351495). · CC-BY-4.0

• medial preoptic area: Field mismatch: the packet describes regulation of singing behavior in birds (molecular changes in the mPOA linked to gregarious song), but the provided definition is framed under the field “learning,” which is not supported by the packet.; The definition slightly overstates the source by saying the mPOA "shows molecular activity" involving glutamate and dopamine pathways; the packet only says transcriptome analyses found these pathways were highly enriched with gregarious song.; The requested field of "learning" is not supported by the packet content, which is about singing behavior in birds and molecular changes in the medial preoptic area rather than learning.

  Stevenson Tyler J.. The molecular architecture of a complex social behavior: gregarious song. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12868-023-00833-0; article XML SHA-256 c61ef9e3b0d1d5be54ef72ba1506fb1c7d995b33a517eb1b8bb89eb4953f6a4b. “The molecular architecture of a complex social behavior: gregarious song” (10.1186/s12868-023-00833-0). · CC-BY-4.0

• medial temporal amnesia: The definition’s explanatory claims go beyond what is explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The packet does not explicitly state that learning and memory are disrupted in medial temporal amnesia; it only places the term in a broader discussion of learning, memory, and vigilance control.; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that medial temporal amnesia “involv[es] the medial temporal region.”; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that “learning and memory are disrupted” in medial temporal amnesia (it only mentions vigilance remaining low in that disorder in the provided text).; The packet supports that medial temporal amnesia involves low vigilance under tonic acetylcholine control, but it does not say the condition is an abnormal memory disorder involving the medial temporal region.; The packet supports that medial temporal amnesia is associated with “dynamic breakdowns of tonic control” and that vigilance remains low, but the definition adds a specific framing of “tonic acetylcholine-based vigilance control” and its mechanism (“breakdown” causing “vigilance stays too low”) in a way that is only partially supported by the provided excerpt.

  Grossberg Stephen. Acetylcholine Neuromodulation in Normal and Abnormal Learning and Memory: Vigilance Control in Waking, Sleep, Autism, Amnesia and Alzheimer’s Disease. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fncir.2017.00082; article XML SHA-256 40953dc7aa4539d48f358288e198b621b216ae6bf94d3a96b27d3ff0692648da. “Acetylcholine Neuromodulation in Normal and Abnormal Learning and Memory: Vigilance Control in Waking, Sleep, Autism, Amnesia and Alzheimer’s Disease” (10.3389/fncir.2017.00082). · CC-BY-4.0

• mediation process: The definition blends mediation with moderated mediation; the packet supports that empathic capacity moderates the indirect effect, but it does not define “mediation process” as such on its own.; The first sentence gives a general definition of “mediation process” as “a pathway in which one variable affects another through an intermediate factor rather than only directly,” but the provided packet does not explicitly define mediation in general terms (it only describes the specific mediation tested in the study).; The packet supports a psychology study on belief in a just world, prosocial behavior, resilience, and empathic capacity, not the field label “development.”; The requested term sense for “mediation process” is not fully supported by an explicit statement that matches the packet’s wording; the packet supports the study’s moderated mediation claim (BJW → psychological resilience → prosocial behavior tendency, moderated by empathic capacity), but not the standalone general mediation definition.

  Liu Cong; Fan Wenshu; Tan Qiuyu; Yun Kai; Huang Wei. The relationship between belief in a just world and prosocial behavior: the role of psychological resilience and empathic capacity. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1520451; article XML SHA-256 a6a2c7b0436d6f9de31509084fb1b1cc931f95577d85f7b054eca6c15aa88b0d. “The relationship between belief in a just world and prosocial behavior: the role of psychological resilience and empathic capacity” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1520451). · CC-BY-4.0

• mediator: The definition generalizes beyond the source packet by presenting a broad methodological/psychological definition rather than a source-supported sense statement.; The definition’s first sentence contains an unsupported generalization about the meaning of mediator beyond what is explicitly stated in the packet.; The example portion is partially supported (psychological resilience is described as the mediator linking boredom proneness to short-video addiction), but the overall definition still fails due to the unsupported general conceptual description.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “mediator” as “a factor that helps explain how or why one variable is related to another”; it only states that the study examined a mechanism linking two variables “with psychological resilience as a mediator.”; The packet only shows psychological resilience being used as a mediator in one study; it does not define the general concept of a mediator as a factor that explains how or why one variable is related to another.

  Hui Xueli; Wang Yan; Cheng Wenfeng; Shi Yantao. Boredom proneness and short-video addiction among Chinese vocational college students: psychological resilience as a mediator and gender as a moderator. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1889736; article XML SHA-256 dcd80b58cecd6eaeba97cc115753f0d95a5ce2b83004d6f811ef35bb516d0f56. “Boredom proneness and short-video addiction among Chinese vocational college students: psychological resilience as a mediator and gender as a moderator” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1889736). · CC-BY-4.0

• medication: The packet only lists medication as one treatment option for OCD; it does not explicitly support the broader definition that medication is the use of medicine as a treatment option.; The packet text only states that OCD treatment options include “psychotherapy and medication,” but it does not define “medication” as “the use of medicine as a treatment option,” so the first substantive claim is not supported by the provided source packet.; The sense is acceptable, but the definition adds an explanatory gloss that goes beyond the source text.

  National Institute of Mental Health. Publications about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). HTML publication snapshot 2026-10-18; SHA-256 c53b38acfde2ca9d41610cd050f555738292cb1983dc4138480ca49dfa25335f. “Publications about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)” (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/ocd-listing). · public-domain-US-government

• melioration: The claim that melioration is a "usable English form" is only a suggestion in the historical note, not a supported current or settled definition.; The claim that melioration is a “usable English form” is only implied by the packet’s remark about possible usage; the packet does not explicitly describe it as usable/usual or provide that framing for the term’s meaning.; The definition gives the meaning of "melioration" as "improvement" and "the process of making something better," but the supplied source only says that the English word "melioration" might well be used in connection with meliorism; it does not define melioration itself.; The packet does not define “melioration” as “improvement” or “the process of making something better.” It only notes that the English words “meliorate and melioration” “might well be used” in connection with “meliorism,” without giving a general definition for melioration itself.; The second sentence attributes the meliorism idea to the term "melioration," but in the packet that idea is the definition of meliorism, not melioration, so the requested sense is wrong/misattributed.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Meliorism” (Meliorism). · public-domain-US

• memorize: Because the definition contains at least one substantive component not supported by the packet’s text, the overall definition is not fully defensible from the provided source.; The added explanation about remembering features of objects is only partially supported; the source asks how object information and features are memorized during perspective taking, but it does not define memorize as a general memory process or establish this as the term’s meaning beyond the study context.; The definition’s first claim (“encode and retain information in memory so it can be remembered later”) is not stated in the supplied packet; the packet only frames the study as investigating “memorize object information” and “allocentric encoding,” without defining memorization as encoding/retention in memory.; The packet supports a narrow study-specific sense of memorizing object information from another person’s viewpoint, not the general dictionary definition “to encode and retain information in memory so it can be remembered later.”; The packet supports that the study concerns memorizing object information during adopting another’s viewpoint (including visual/perspective taking) at a general level, but it does not explicitly support the specific phrasing that it “refers to remembering features of objects … including when taking another person’s visual perspective.”

  Wang Nanbo; Huang Shuo; Cai Junyang; Huang Ruiyi; Geng Haiyan. How the brain memorizes the world from others’ perspectives: investigating allocentric encoding of object features during perspective taking. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s40359-025-03022-2; article XML SHA-256 4eb8dd4b938ced8500e0741bb591645fa3ee6f197e92b74f7af8f6e0a37e8282. “How the brain memorizes the world from others’ perspectives: investigating allocentric encoding of object features during perspective taking” (10.1186/s40359-025-03022-2). · CC-BY-4.0

• mental confusion: The definition broadens the source claim beyond the packet’s wording and presents an unsupported cognitive characterization for this term.; The definition’s first sentence (“unclear or disorganized thinking,” “mentally muddled”) provides a conceptual description of “mental confusion” that is not supported anywhere in the packet text.; The packet only treats “mental confusion” as a listed mood state (high levels of tension/anger/mental confusion) associated with social isolation periods; it does not define the term’s meaning or cognitive characteristics.; The packet supports only that “mental confusion” was listed among adolescents’ negatively accentuated mood states during COVID-19 social isolation; it does not support the added gloss of unclear/disorganized thinking or feeling mentally muddled.; The second sentence is partially supported (greater pronounced mood state during social isolation), but since the core definition/meaning is unsupported, the overall definition fails the requirement that the requested sense be supported by the packet.

  Andrade Alexandro; D’Oliveira Anderson; dos Santos Keyla Mara; Falese Lavinia; Mancone Stefania; Diotaiuti Pierluigi; Stabile Luca; Buonanno Giorgio. Mood states of active and insufficiently active adolescents related to sleep quality, gender, academic performance and guidelines for the post-COVID-19 scenario. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1494456; article XML SHA-256 8915fdb183bc4ef87d7ba264312866dcff8e2d365f61eb465aa6ad155e3f9f65. “Mood states of active and insufficiently active adolescents related to sleep quality, gender, academic performance and guidelines for the post-COVID-19 scenario” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1494456). · CC-BY-4.0

• mental health clinic: The definition’s first sentence states that people with mental illness “receive psychiatric and behavioural health care,” but the packet only explicitly describes an intervention delivered by psychiatrists and refers to a “community mental health clinic” within an “urban behavioural health system”; it does not clearly support that this is the routine scope of services (i.e., psychiatric + behavioural health care) in general terms.; The packet supports a community mental health clinic for patients with serious mental illness, but not the broader claim that it is a setting where people with mental illness in general receive psychiatric and behavioural health care.; The second sentence adds that preventive health screening “can be integrated into routine mental health treatment.” While the packet evaluates a preventive screening intervention at a community mental health clinic, it does not directly support the phrasing about integration into “routine mental health treatment” as a general property of mental health clinics.; The statement that preventive health screening can be integrated into routine mental health treatment goes beyond the source; the packet describes a preventive screening intervention in the clinic, not a general definition of the clinic as an integrated-treatment setting.

  Hwong Alison R.; Chagwedera D. Nyasha; Thomas Marilyn; Niu Grace; Quan Judy; Vittinghoff Eric; Schillinger Dean; Newcomer John W.; Gonzalez Ana; Essock Susan; Mangurian Christina. CRANIUM: a quasi-experimental study to improve metabolic screening and HIV testing in community mental health clinics compared to usual care. 2022; DOI 10.1186/s12888-022-04293-4; article XML SHA-256 9037ececff0d77e4b3576f2f79ccec7546b51fc5de5d0dc930d02d841980ffb7. “CRANIUM: a quasi-experimental study to improve metabolic screening and HIV testing in community mental health clinics compared to usual care” (10.1186/s12888-022-04293-4). · CC-BY-4.0

• mental measurement: The claim that the term specifically refers to questionnaires made up of individual items is not supported by the source text.; The packet does not define “mental measurement” as a general assessment of psychological or mental characteristics; it only discusses mental measurement questionnaires and missing-item handling.; The packet does not explicitly support the definition’s claim that “mental measurement” is the assessment of “psychological or mental characteristics.” It only references “mental measurement questionnaires” and missing-item effects, without defining the term that way.; The packet does support the second sentence’s general point that incomplete or missing questionnaire items can influence/affect measurement accuracy (“Incomplete data are of particular important influence in mental measurement questionnaires” and the study compares methods for handling missing items). However, because the first sentence is not supported, the overall definition is not defensible.; The statement about accuracy being affected when questionnaire items are left unanswered is supported in substance, but the overall definition includes additional unsupported generalization.

  Xu Xueying; Xia Leizhen; Zhang Qimeng; Wu Shaoning; Wu Mingcheng; Liu Hongbo. The ability of different imputation methods for missing values in mental measurement questionnaires. 2020; DOI 10.1186/s12874-020-00932-0; article XML SHA-256 c97c02d55c1600b99626edc8cc0225e7ce7d98e6de3fdfc1a813d2444f447e3d. “The ability of different imputation methods for missing values in mental measurement questionnaires” (10.1186/s12874-020-00932-0). · CC-BY-4.0

• mental representation: The packet provides support only for a motor-learning framing (movement patterns/strategies via “cognitive primitives” representing specific movement patterns and strategies), not for the broader cognition-wide description used in the definition.; The packet text does not explicitly define “mental representation” as an “internal structuring of information” that “supports action and learning”; it only mentions “mental representation structures” in relation to motor learning/performance.; The phrase “internal structuring of information that supports action and learning” is broader than the packet supports; the packet only says the study examines mental representation structures and introduces “cognitive primitives” as units representing movement patterns and strategies.; “Mental representation” is not defined in the packet as the way movement patterns and strategies are “mentally organized”; that wording goes beyond the source’s description of their relation to performance.

  Cienfuegos Miguel; Naceri Abdeldjallil; Maycock Jonathan; Kõiva Risto; Ritter Helge; Schack Thomas. Comparative analysis of motor skill acquisition in a novel bimanual task: the role of mental representation and sensorimotor feedback. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1425090; article XML SHA-256 671853936bf4fe8d69bf479fe4bf4899b9057aed4b29710fe82b8f02125c32b1. “Comparative analysis of motor skill acquisition in a novel bimanual task: the role of mental representation and sensorimotor feedback” (10.3389/fnhum.2024.1425090). · CC-BY-4.0

• mental retardation: The definition states that “Mental retardation is an older term for intellectual disability,” but the provided packet does not mention this synonym/terminology relationship.; “Older term for intellectual disability” is not supported by the packet; the packet only provides the descriptor/source label “Intellectual Disability” and the term itself, not historical status.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Intellectual Disability” (D008607). · public-domain-US-government

• mental set: The claim that “Shifting mental set means changing that approach when circumstances change” is only partially supported (the packet links mental-set shifting to cognitive inflexibility with changing circumstances, but does not provide the specific explanatory wording about “approach the mind uses”).; The definition adds an explanatory gloss about what shifting mental set means that is broader than the source packet and is not directly supported there.; The packet does not define “mental set” as “the current pattern or approach the mind uses to guide thinking and behavior”; it only mentions “shift mental set” in relation to cognitive inflexibility.; The packet supports mental set only in the phrase “shift mental set or update behavior when circumstances change”; it does not support defining mental set as a “current pattern or approach the mind uses to guide thinking and behavior.”; “Reduced ability to do this reflects cognitive inflexibility” is supported by the packet (cognitive inflexibility is described as reduced capacity to shift mental set/update behavior).

  Guo Wei; Neo Phoebe Suat-Hong; McNaughton Neil. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1795436; article XML SHA-256 7fddb72539b2c0e9642c73ca74e57c9426b4de8cda4f9a49a41b56f56271e95a. “Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1795436). · CC-BY-4.0

• mental status examination: The definition adds a broad characterization of the mental status examination as assessing “current mental functioning,” but the packet only supports affect classification within the mental status examination, not that wider scope.; The definition claims the examination involves the clinician judging a person’s “current mental functioning” and “aspects” more broadly than affect; the packet only provides explicit support for affect classification as a pivotal part of the mental status examination.; The definition should not present the reliability point as a general established property without qualification beyond the packet’s specific statement that ratings of affect were often inconsistent between raters.; The “including their affect” component is supported, but the broader framing (“current mental functioning” and multiple aspects) is not directly supported by the packet text provided.; “Commonly based on observation during an interview” is not directly supported as a general feature of the mental status examination; the packet only mentions videotaped semi-structured psychiatric interviews in one study.

  Barzilay Ran; Israel Nadav; Krivoy Amir; Sagy Roi; Kamhi-Nesher Shiri; Loebstein Oren; Wolf Lior; Shoval Gal. Predicting Affect Classification in Mental Status Examination Using Machine Learning Face Action Recognition System: A Pilot Study in Schizophrenia Patients. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00288; article XML SHA-256 1357f999298d36e8f4e6ab9c3d7d5722a445bf14c6cb709e665b14b5038fe016. “Predicting Affect Classification in Mental Status Examination Using Machine Learning Face Action Recognition System: A Pilot Study in Schizophrenia Patients” (10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00288). · CC-BY-4.0

• mental: Although the core phrasing is supported by the packet, the entry should not be accepted under the provided term because the source label and text identify a different concept.; The packet supports the term/sense “affect,” not “mental”; the definition appears to define affect, so the requested term-sense is mismatched.; The provided definition describes **affect** (emotion/feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea), but the term to define is **“mental,”** so the requested sense does not match the source packet’s content for the given term.; While the affect-related claims in the definition are largely supported by the packet text (“feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation” and “most direct psychic derivative of instinct…bodily changes”), the definition is not actually a definition of “mental” as such.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Affect” (D000339). · public-domain-US-government

• metabolic tolerance: It overgeneralizes a study-specific description of a subset with MC4R minor alleles into a broad definition of “metabolic tolerance.”; The definition’s claim that “low metabolic tolerance means being more prone to obesity from overeating, particularly during stress” is only indirectly supported (it says increased obesity risk, especially when under stress), but the causal framing (“from overeating”) and the implied mechanism are not explicitly established in the provided text.; The packet does not define “metabolic tolerance” as a general measure of “how well a person’s body can handle excessive energy intake”; it only uses the phrase to describe a hypothesized subgroup (“a human subset of people with a low metabolic tolerance for excessive energy intake”), without an explicit definition.; The packet only suggests a possible association (“might be associated,” “might identify”), but the definition states the relationship as settled fact.; The packet’s emphasis is on genotype/obesity risk (“MC4R minor allele… increased risk of obesity”) rather than cognition, so assigning the term to the field “cognition” is not supported by the packet.; “Low metabolic tolerance means being more prone to obesity from overeating” is broader and more categorical than the packet’s wording about increased obesity risk with excessive energy intake, especially under stress.

  Park Sunmin; Daily James W; Zhang Xin; Jin Hyun Seok; Lee Hye Ja; Lee Yong Hyun. Interactions with the MC4R rs17782313 variant, mental stress and energy intake and the risk of obesity in Genome Epidemiology Study. 2016; DOI 10.1186/s12986-016-0096-8; article XML SHA-256 81d5063a5af690cc4c0d35f6429dab4d7a487ba8988f92f74a321208880cc482. “Interactions with the MC4R rs17782313 variant, mental stress and energy intake and the risk of obesity in Genome Epidemiology Study” (10.1186/s12986-016-0096-8). · CC-BY-4.0

• metric: Claims about how metric equivalence “relates its items to the underlying trait in the same way,” or that it “suggests scores can be compared across groups because the scale’s measurement pattern is consistent,” are not explicitly supported anywhere in the provided packet.; The claim that metric equivalence means scores can be compared across groups because the scale’s measurement pattern is consistent is an unsupported explanatory generalization not stated in the packet.; The definition includes conditional wording (“When supported in factor invariance testing…”) that is not itself explained in the packet beyond the existence of metric equivalence results.; The packet states that the study found evidence of “metric” (along with configural and scalar) equivalence across sex and age groups, but it does not define what “metric equivalence” means.; The packet supports that factor invariance analyses found metric equivalence across sex and age groups, but it does not define metric equivalence as items relating to the trait in the same way across groups.

  Troncoso-Tejada Gustavo; Gálvez-Nieto José; Norambuena-Paredes Ignacio; Casas David González. Psychometric study of the political violence support scale in a sample of Chilean university students. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s40359-026-04416-6; article XML SHA-256 8267328f8103e15e0d986543d4be95da438d2ffc377e1b2d7404fc7a1692eaaf. “Psychometric study of the political violence support scale in a sample of Chilean university students” (10.1186/s40359-026-04416-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• Meyer’s loop: Because the definition’s phrase “brain’s visual pathway” is not directly stated or clearly equivalent in the provided text, the definition contains an unsupported substantive characterization.; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that Meyer’s loop is “a part of the brain’s visual pathway”; it only links it to “visual field defects” and describes its “curving” and “fanning” shape.; The packet supports Meyer’s loop as having a curving, fanning shape, but it does not explicitly support calling it a “part of the brain’s visual pathway.”; The packet supports importance for guiding anterior temporal epilepsy surgery, but the wording “brain surgery, especially in the anterior temporal region” is broader than the supplied source.

  Shan Yong-Zhi; Wang Zhen-Ming; Fan Xiao-Tong; Zhang Hua-Qiang; Ren Lian-Kun; Wei Peng-Hu; Zhao Guo-Guang. Automatic labeling of the fanning and curving shape of Meyer’s loop for epilepsy surgery: an atlas extracted from high-definition fiber tractography. 2019; DOI 10.1186/s12883-019-1537-6; article XML SHA-256 d7ee700f7af0c5ba839b0963e668978b7ad2eb980721c069705a04bfc3be2f97. “Automatic labeling of the fanning and curving shape of Meyer’s loop for epilepsy surgery: an atlas extracted from high-definition fiber tractography” (10.1186/s12883-019-1537-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• MHA: The definition claims that MHA “lets a system attend to multiple parts of input information at the same time,” but the packet only refers to “Multi-Head Attention (MHA)” and does not describe this “attend to multiple parts … at the same time” mechanism.; The definition describes MHA as “a traditional attention-based approach,” but the packet specifically characterizes MHA-based methods as “computationally intensive,” with “quadratic complexity” and “high memory demands,” without explicitly framing it as a general “traditional attention-based approach.”; The definition slightly overgeneralizes beyond the source by presenting a generic functional explanation rather than sticking to the source’s wording about MHA as a traditional attention-based method used in spoof detection.; The packet content is about spoof detection for automatic speaker verification (audio systems), not cognition; the provided field label “cognition” is not supported by the packet.; The packet supports that MHA refers to multi-head attention and that it is computationally intensive with quadratic complexity and high memory demands, but it does not explicitly support the claim that it 'lets a system attend to multiple parts of input information at the same time.'

  Wang Xinwei; Tan Zhicheng; Li Guo. Spoof detection with dynamic learnable sparse attention and tri-modal fusion in resource-constrained audio systems. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0335240; article XML SHA-256 c0da39b309ba116934f5cac70cacbf66cd80eb8ba8473cc5b76f39eb31b8abaa. “Spoof detection with dynamic learnable sparse attention and tri-modal fusion in resource-constrained audio systems” (10.1371/journal.pone.0335240). · CC-BY-4.0

• micturition reflex: Because the core definition of the term (beyond the idea that it can be suppressed) is not stated in the packet, the first sentence’s characterization is not fully supported by the provided text.; The added description about reduced bladder contraction and increased bladder capacity is presented as an effect of flavoxate in the packet, not as a defining property of the reflex.; The packet does not define the micturition reflex itself; it describes flavoxate, a drug that suppresses the reflex.; The packet does not explicitly define what the “micturition reflex” is as a body reflex involved in urination; it only describes how flavoxate suppresses “the micturition reflex.”; The statement that it is a ‘body reflex involved in urination’ is not supported by the supplied text.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Flavoxate” (C61765). · CC-BY-4.0

• micturition: Because the first substantive claim is not directly supported by the packet’s text, the definition as a whole is not defensible to the provided source.; The first sentence adds a general definitional gloss that is broader than what the packet explicitly supports.; The packet does not explicitly define “micturition” as “voiding urine from the bladder”; it only uses the term within “abnormally slow and/or incomplete micturition.”; “From the bladder” is not stated in the packet; the source only supports micturition/voiding in the context of urine flow and voiding dysfunction.

  Babazadeh-Zavieh Seyedeh Saeideh; Karshenas Fahimeh; Tayebi Sona; Rabiei Niloofar; Haeri Seyed Mohammad Jafar. Effects of interferential stimulation on clinical symptom and urodynamic findings in women with voiding dysfunction: A protocol of randomized clinical trial. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0330610; article XML SHA-256 86b7a05a35a846eed85cadf9016e74468a104fbe8260aab370ff755be39e0dcb. “Effects of interferential stimulation on clinical symptom and urodynamic findings in women with voiding dysfunction: A protocol of randomized clinical trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0330610). · CC-BY-4.0

• midparent: The added gloss about ‘studying how ancestry contributes to an offspring’ is a broader interpretation of the surrounding heredity theory rather than a statement supported directly by the supplied text.; The packet does not explicitly define “midparent” as “an averaged or mean parent formed from the two parents.” It only says the passage is “modifying Mr. Galton’s definition of midparent” and then describes “a sort of mean of the ancestry in the s th generation,” which is not the same wording or sense as averaging two parents into a midparent.; The packet supports a historical ‘midparent’ concept and later a generalized ‘mid-s-th parent’ as a mean of ancestry, but it does not explicitly define midparent as an averaged parent formed from exactly two parents.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Galton's Law” (Galton's). · public-domain-US

• minority stress: The definition generalizes beyond the packet’s scope: the source is specifically about sexual-identity minority stress in adult LGBQ populations, not minority stress in stigmatized minority groups generally.; The definition includes “internalized negative attitudes,” but the packet specifically names “internalized homophobia”/internalized homonegativity rather than internalized negative attitudes in general.; The packet does not provide a general definition of minority stress as “the added stress experienced by people from stigmatized minority groups”; it discusses sexual-identity minority stress and measurement/instruments rather than defining minority stress in that broad way.; The packet supports specific processes (stigmatization, discrimination, victimization, expectations of rejection, identity concealment, internalized homophobia) and health inequities, but the definition’s first sentence makes an extra, more general framing not directly stated in the provided text.; “Internalized negative attitudes” is broader than the source wording, which refers to internalized homophobia/homonegativity rather than a generic internalized-negative-attitudes formulation.

  Misevic-Kallenbach Maria; Conrad Susann; Freitag Simone; Jacobs Anja; Schirm Jacqueline; Sixtensson Madlen; Warschburger Petra. Measurement instruments for sexual identity minority stress in adults: A scoping review. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0342420; article XML SHA-256 4b7bb83a34a9d35e68eeceb04efd92fb9659c8a6dc123d99e8cf09d69f21ccab. “Measurement instruments for sexual identity minority stress in adults: A scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0342420). · CC-BY-4.0

• misogyny: The overall definition includes claims not stated as definitions within the packet, beyond reporting that teachers referenced certain behaviours they attributed to online misogyny.; The packet does not provide an explicit general definition of misogyny as “prejudiced, demeaning, or discriminatory attitudes and behaviour directed at girls or women.”; The packet does not support the definitional generalization beyond the school-based examples of misogynistic comments, praise of misogynistic influencers, and discriminatory behaviour toward female peers and staff.; The packet supports online misogyny in schools, but not the broader dictionary claim that misogyny is generally prejudiced, demeaning, or discriminatory attitudes and behaviour directed at girls or women.; The packet uses the phrase “online misogyny” but does not substantiate the specific wording that it is “directed at girls or women.”; The second sentence adds specific elements (“influencer praise” and “harmful treatment of female peers or staff”) that are only described indirectly by teachers’ examples; the packet does not define these as the core components of misogyny itself (it reports perceptions/examples in schools).

  Over Harriet; Bunce Carl; Baggaley Jonathan; Zendle David. Understanding the influence of online misogyny in schools from the perspective of teachers. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0299339; article XML SHA-256 a7503cf118280eab36e5f6b56d1f15e882663bc151773197ee68bb51b4ec7b06. “Understanding the influence of online misogyny in schools from the perspective of teachers” (10.1371/journal.pone.0299339). · CC-BY-4.0

• mitigating factor: The added clause about self-compassion being linked with lower aggression partly through reduced perceived stress is supported by the packet, but it is presented as if it were part of the term’s definition rather than a study-specific finding.; The definition generalizes beyond the source by defining a mitigating factor as something that lessens any negative psychological outcome; the packet only supports self-compassion as a mitigating factor against aggression in this study.; The definition specifies self-compassion is a mitigating factor “because it is linked with lower aggression, partly through reduced perceived stress.” While the packet does support reduced aggression and perceived stress as a mediator, the packet does not explicitly frame self-compassion in the precise “frequency/strength/impact” terms used in the first sentence.; The definition’s general description (“helps lessen the strength, frequency, or impact of a negative psychological outcome”) is not stated in the provided packet; the packet only discusses self-compassion in relation to lower aggression.

  Guan Fang; Zhan Chengqing; Li Shanyin; Tong Song; Peng Kaiping. Effects of self-compassion on aggression and its psychological mechanism through perceived stress. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s40359-024-02191-w; article XML SHA-256 76d87e0cd57ff50cd2ade58807c0e24778e6246b7fd6d28edbf2cc6bb4e8b86e. “Effects of self-compassion on aggression and its psychological mechanism through perceived stress” (10.1186/s40359-024-02191-w). · CC-BY-4.0

• mixed distribution: The definition adds a general statistical explanation not supported by the source text; the packet only ties the term to passenger patience in this study.; The definition’s first sentence claims a “model that combines more than one statistical distribution,” but the packet does not define mixed distributions in that way or state that the model combines multiple statistical distributions.; The packet does support that a “mixed distribution model of passenger patience” was “constructed through survival analysis” and “calibrated to reflect empirical data accurately,” but the definition adds an unverified rationale/description about “represent variation within a population” and the specific modeling mechanism of combining multiple distributions.; The packet supports that a mixed distribution model of passenger patience was constructed through survival analysis, but it does not state that a mixed distribution is a model combining more than one statistical distribution.

  Yang Fangyi. Modelling taxi drop-off decisions in FIFO lanes via survival and discrete choice analysis. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0331664; article XML SHA-256 4bd458576c84491089785dca40a9cf2e8f504e3437335e9abc18a3e3606113f3. “Modelling taxi drop-off decisions in FIFO lanes via survival and discrete choice analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0331664). · CC-BY-4.0

• mobbing: The packet does not define mobbing as “a form of harmful workplace mistreatment, similar to workplace bullying.” It only mentions mobbing in relation to administrative pressures and educational settings.; The packet supports mobbing as a harmful workplace issue in educational settings, but it does not establish that mobbing is the same as or specifically similar to workplace bullying.; The packet supports that mobbing can occur in educational/workplace contexts and relates it to outcomes (teachers’ mental health, job performance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment), but the “similar to workplace bullying” framing in the definition is not explicitly supported by the provided text.; The packet uses “sometimes reached the level of mobbing” and discusses context, but the definition presents broader general wording (“can arise from pressures within an organization such as a school”) without clear, explicit support for that generalization beyond administrators’ pressures in schools.; The phrase “pressures within an organization such as a school” is only loosely supported; the packet refers to pressures exerted by administrators and the prominence of mobbing in educational contexts, not a general organizational definition.

  Ergen Hüseyin; Giliç Fahrettin; Yücedağlar Asena; İnandi Yusuf. Leadership styles and quiet quitting in school context: unveiling mobbing as a mediator. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1538444; article XML SHA-256 88dd582c623009192eb131cd684a308410be431aee9b728134aa41644a6b1408. “Leadership styles and quiet quitting in school context: unveiling mobbing as a mediator” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1538444). · CC-BY-4.0

• moderator: The definition’s explanation (“how the relationship between two other variables appears or how strong it is”) is not supported by any explicit language in the provided packet text.; The definition’s specific example about boredom proneness, short-video addiction, and gender is not actually provided in the packet beyond a single statement that gender is a moderator; the packet does not support the described interpretation in the definition text.; The example sentence is broader than the packet because it introduces the specific relationship between boredom proneness and short-video addiction as if it were part of the definition rather than a study-specific usage.; The packet does not state a general definition of “moderator” (e.g., that it affects the form or strength of a relationship); it only mentions that gender is used as a “moderator.”; The packet supports only that gender was used as a moderator in one study; it does not define a moderator as a variable that changes the strength or appearance of a relationship between two variables.

  Hui Xueli; Wang Yan; Cheng Wenfeng; Shi Yantao. Boredom proneness and short-video addiction among Chinese vocational college students: psychological resilience as a mediator and gender as a moderator. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1889736; article XML SHA-256 dcd80b58cecd6eaeba97cc115753f0d95a5ce2b83004d6f811ef35bb516d0f56. “Boredom proneness and short-video addiction among Chinese vocational college students: psychological resilience as a mediator and gender as a moderator” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1889736). · CC-BY-4.0

• module: The definition adds an explanatory gloss about what a module is that is not stated in the source packet; a supported diagnostic sense should stay within the packet’s evidence.; The packet does not explicitly define what an “ADOS-2 module” is (e.g., that it is a specific version or section of ADOS-2). It only states that ADOS-2’s diagnostic performance is heterogeneous “particularly across modules.”; The packet supports that ADOS-2 performance varies across modules and that module-specific diagnostic accuracy was studied, but it does not define a “module” as a specific version or section of ADOS-2.; While the packet supports that module-specific diagnostic accuracy varies in real-world clinical referral populations (“particularly across modules”), the definition’s explanation of what a module means is not supported by the provided text.

  Kılıncel Senay; Bulut Furkan; Goksel Pelin; Usta Mirac Baris; Kilincel Oguzhan. Module-specific diagnostic accuracy of ADOS-2 in real-world clinical referral populations: an updated systematic review and HSROC meta-analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1840734; article XML SHA-256 6667e56e6c1cfd2a1e348cb60c327fd319b7a5211696dd8179a4c3c353f41d7c. “Module-specific diagnostic accuracy of ADOS-2 in real-world clinical referral populations: an updated systematic review and HSROC meta-analysis” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1840734). · CC-BY-4.0

• monogamy: The definition adds that genetic monogamy is “one of several adaptive reproductive strategies”; the packet only states that “both of these extremes represent alternative adaptive strategies” (it does not support “several”).; The definition narrows the term to "genetic monogamy" without clearly matching the packet’s wording; the packet specifically discusses genetic monogamy as one pole of mating-system variation, not monogamy in general.; The packet supports the general idea of ecological/biological conditions favoring “both extremes,” but the phrasing “can evolve under particular ecological and biological conditions” is not explicitly framed as “particular” in the packet, which instead describes “discrete ecological and biological conditions.”; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source is about mating-system variation in sharks and rays, not a cognition/psychology or counselling sense of "monogamy".

  Gayford Joel H; Flores-Flores Estefanía M. No evidence for population-level benefits of polyandry in sharks and rays. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0308141; article XML SHA-256 bfbe5a4a3bc0661b544094e6c9a550bf134782a591ebf4d8ce2caba23c022924. “No evidence for population-level benefits of polyandry in sharks and rays” (10.1371/journal.pone.0308141). · CC-BY-4.0

• mood-as-information theory: Claims in the definition (people use mood as information; negative situations shift evaluations; examples like rating life satisfaction) are not explicitly supported by the packet content provided.; The only provided text mentions an aim to test whether “bringing the pandemic to salience” (a “prime”) affects life satisfaction reports, but it does not state the general mechanism described in the definition (unconscious use of mood/emotion as information; folding feelings into judgments).; The packet does not provide the requested conceptual definition of “mood-as-information theory” (e.g., using current mood or emotionally salient context as information for judgments).; The packet only supports salience of the pandemic during life-satisfaction evaluations and unconscious effects on reported satisfaction; it does not support the broader claim that people use their current mood as information in general.; The phrase about ‘bringing a negative situation to mind’ shifting evaluations because ‘that feeling is folded into the judgment’ is an unsupported elaboration beyond the source text.; The source is a study framing/extrapolation of the theory, not a full definition establishing the theory’s scope as written.

  O’Donnell Alice; Wilson Lydia; Bosch Jos A.; Borrows Richard. Life satisfaction and happiness in patients shielding from the COVID-19 global pandemic: A randomised controlled study of the ‘mood as information’ theory. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0243278; article XML SHA-256 a5168ebf6c553d64258ef2aef7dae53e1f4c4a39eae6c9ab696b4fd853f03247. “Life satisfaction and happiness in patients shielding from the COVID-19 global pandemic: A randomised controlled study of the ‘mood as information’ theory” (10.1371/journal.pone.0243278). · CC-BY-4.0

• mores: The added sentence about customary norms that behavior may follow or disregard is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet.; The claim that mores are “traditional social standards or expectations about how people should behave” is not supported by the supplied source text and shifts the term to a different part of speech/sense.; The definition gives a general dictionary sense of “mores,” but the packet supports a different concept: an attitude of accepting or tolerating behaviors that may disregard traditional social mores (source label: Permissiveness).; The definition’s claim that mores are “customary norms that behavior may follow or disregard” is only partially supported: the packet mentions disregard, but does not support the idea that behavior “may follow” mores.; The packet does not define what “mores” are; it only describes an attitude (permissiveness) that is tolerant of behaviors that may disregard “traditional social mores,” without explicitly stating that mores are “traditional social standards or expectations about how people should behave.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Permissiveness” (C16971). · CC-BY-4.0

• morning sickness: The packet does not define morning sickness as such (e.g., as a pregnancy-related problem); it only uses the phrase “morning sickness” as something pregnant women experience and try to alleviate.; The packet only states that pregnant women consume kola nut during the first trimester to “alleviate morning sickness and dizziness”; it does not support the claim that morning sickness is a problem that “commonly occurs during the first trimester.”; The packet supports that pregnant women may consume kola nut during the first trimester to alleviate morning sickness, but it does not explicitly support the broader definitional claim that morning sickness is a pregnancy-related problem that commonly occurs during the first trimester.

  Atiba Foluso A.; Fatokun Amos A.; Imosemi Innocent O.; Malomo Adefolarin O.. Kola nut from Cola nitida vent. Schott administered to pregnant rats induces histological alterations in pups’ cerebellum. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0247573; article XML SHA-256 b56aeef3b4cb4cd358aed7f54bb0816cfa722e13edadb90cd990d395de7e4049. “Kola nut from Cola nitida vent. Schott administered to pregnant rats induces histological alterations in pups’ cerebellum” (10.1371/journal.pone.0247573). · CC-BY-4.0

• morpheme: The definition’s first sentence claims general linguistics content (e.g., “meaning-bearing part of a word” and “verb element… shared between forms”), but the provided packet does not explicitly define “morpheme” in those terms; it only uses the term in describing the study’s design.; The packet shows only that a morpheme was a verb element used in morpheme-mediated semantic priming; it does not define morpheme as a general meaning-bearing part of a word or expression.; The second sentence is a study-specific description rather than a dictionary definition of the term, and it narrows the sense to this article without supporting the broader term meaning from the packet.

  Lei Qianqian; Wang Jianqin; Yang Xingang. Inhibitory reversal of morpheme-mediated semantic priming in L2 Chinese: embodiment conflicts in conventional action metaphor processing. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1778678; article XML SHA-256 0a8bbd10b3a5ed433482745771506c3511411136ef2c0e3dfde322a9c2e50ba8. “Inhibitory reversal of morpheme-mediated semantic priming in L2 Chinese: embodiment conflicts in conventional action metaphor processing” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1778678). · CC-BY-4.0

• mortality salience: Because the first sentence’s definition-level characterization of “having thoughts about death or fatal risk” is not directly supported by the provided text, the overall definition is not fully supported by the packet.; The packet does not explicitly define mortality salience as “the state of having thoughts about death or fatal risk.” It only uses the term to describe an experimental manipulation/condition (MS vs control) tied to death/fatal risks (e.g., microplastics fatal health risks).; The packet supports mortality salience as an experimental condition involving reminders of fatal health risks, but it does not explicitly support the broader dictionary-style claim that it is the state of having thoughts about death.; The requested field is not well supported by the source packet, which is about attitudes and intentions in a psychology/public-health experiment rather than learning.; The second sentence adds an explanatory gloss about “making mortality more noticeable” and generalizes to “death or fatal risk” beyond what is stated in the packet.

  Chiu Hsiao-Ling; Wang Kung-Jeng; Wang Tsang-Hsien. The impact of mortality salience and explicit self-esteem on plastic reduction intention: A moderated mediation model. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0320059; article XML SHA-256 b8ff3cf62878619ffdcb22b71a8bd985c1d238ce5979fb50763ce2756e51bb35. “The impact of mortality salience and explicit self-esteem on plastic reduction intention: A moderated mediation model” (10.1371/journal.pone.0320059). · CC-BY-4.0

• motor cortex: The definition adds a broader generalization about movement-related activity that is not stated in the source packet.; The packet does not support the claim that the motor cortex is “a set of brain areas…that show movement-related neuronal activity”; it only mentions premotor and primary motor cortices in the context of oscillatory activity.; The packet supports references to the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex, and that their activity/interaction may influence motor memory consolidation, but it does not support defining the motor cortex as a set of brain areas or describing them as showing movement-related neuronal activity.; The packet supports that motor memory consolidation may be influenced by offline non-invasive brain stimulation to the primary motor cortex (M1) and that this involves oscillatory neuronal activity and interaction, but the definition generalizes beyond what is stated (e.g., defining the motor cortex as a set of areas with movement-related activity).

  Dabbagh Alhuda; Idaji Mina Jamshidi; Tzvi Elinor; Nikulin Vadim; Rumpf Jost-Julian; Classen Joseph. Absence of evidence for post-training tDCS effects on motor memory consolidation and premotor–primary motor cortex interaction: a resting-state EEG study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1698460; article XML SHA-256 a78a21a3ccd09be7466f10a3ba9026dc40c35651ae1d2018d77167b1ddb3f710. “Absence of evidence for post-training tDCS effects on motor memory consolidation and premotor–primary motor cortex interaction: a resting-state EEG study” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1698460). · CC-BY-4.0

• motor evoked potential: The definition is placed under the field “diagnosis,” but the packet presents MEPs as part of neurophysiological assessment of excitability in a stimulation study, not as a diagnostic concept or criterion.; The definition is slightly overgeneralized in saying the response is produced when the motor cortex is stimulated; the packet only supports measurement of MEP amplitudes via single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols, without defining the phenomenon that broadly.; The field is not defensible from the packet: motor evoked potential is described as a TMS-derived physiological measure of corticospinal excitability, not a diagnosis-related term.; The packet does not support the claimed sense that an MEP is “the measured muscle response produced when the motor cortex is stimulated”; it only describes measuring “motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes” after stimulation, without stating that it is specifically a muscle response in the packet text provided.; While the packet links increased MEP amplitudes to “enhanced corticospinal excitability,” it does not explicitly support the broader statement that “amplitude is used as an index of corticospinal excitability” as a general characterization of MEPs within this packet.

  Cheng Shu; Chen Moxian; Liang Shan; Zhao Yanpin; Long Xiaojing; Meng De; Zhu Feifei; Zhang Jing; Bai Zhongfei; Ao Lijuan. Immediate excitatory effect of transcranial ultrasound intensity on the human primary motor cortex: a double-blind, sham-controlled and crossover study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1884060; article XML SHA-256 91f29c9efea14c0d821efa2e057318adc50bbce4c01b3f45e4bf5eef23409e72. “Immediate excitatory effect of transcranial ultrasound intensity on the human primary motor cortex: a double-blind, sham-controlled and crossover study” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1884060). · CC-BY-4.0

• motor imitation: The definition adds an extra general claim about what motor imitation is without support from the packet; the packet supports only the perspective-taking/body-transformation aspect.; The definition frames motor imitation as a “diagnosis” term, but the packet provides background about impairments in neurodevelopmental disorders and tasks; it does not support defining the term specifically in a diagnostic sense or as a diagnostic concept.; The definition’s first substantive claim—“copying another person’s movements”—is not supported anywhere in the provided packet text, which discusses perspective-taking/body transformation in motor imitation rather than copying movements.; The first sentence (“Motor imitation is copying another person’s movements.”) is not supported by the supplied text, which only says that in motor imitation taking a partner’s perspective often involves a mental body transformation.

  Gauthier Soizic; Anzalone Salvatore M.; Cohen David; Zaoui Mohamed; Chetouani Mohamed; Villa François; Berthoz Alain; Xavier Jean. Behavioral Own-Body-Transformations in Children and Adolescents With Typical Development, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Developmental Coordination Disorder. 2018; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00676; article XML SHA-256 dacde21ecd510e293c10e0729240f8ad78f3806f55cb42f29fbb157f3f0d541b. “Behavioral Own-Body-Transformations in Children and Adolescents With Typical Development, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Developmental Coordination Disorder” (10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00676). · CC-BY-4.0

• motor set: Because the definition includes these unsupported general characterization claims, the requested term sense is not fully defensible from the packet.; The packet does not define “motor set” as a “state of readiness or organization” of the motor system; this phrasing is not supported by the provided text.; The packet supports that a particular motor set is influenced by cognitive aspects of the task, but it does not define motor set itself as a “state of readiness or organization” of the motor system.; The packet supports that an “implicit coupling between eye and hand motor systems is contingent upon the particular motor set determined by the cognitive aspects of the performed oculomotor task,” but it does not explicitly support the broader wording that motor set is “shaped by the cognitive demands and context of an action.”; “How movement systems are coupled” is only indirectly implied; the source speaks specifically about contingent implicit eye-hand coupling in one task, not a general definition of motor set.

  Falciati Luca; Maioli Claudio. Dynamic Changes in Upper-Limb Corticospinal Excitability during a ‘Pro-/Anti-saccade’ Double-Choice Task. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00624; article XML SHA-256 d6d3e151035734a096843f95bffc82cd80acb81fe770486a82dcce20934a57f1. “Dynamic Changes in Upper-Limb Corticospinal Excitability during a ‘Pro-/Anti-saccade’ Double-Choice Task” (10.3389/fnhum.2017.00624). · CC-BY-4.0

• motor system: The claim that the system “can show abnormalities after acute ischemic stroke” is supported, but the overall definition contains unsupported definitional content.; The packet does not explicitly define the motor system as “the nerve system involved in movement.”; The packet mentions spinal cord ventral horn neurons as part of the lower motor system, but it does not support the broader wording about the motor system including lower motor parts in general.; The packet supports abnormalities in the lower motor system after acute ischemic stroke, but it does not define the motor system generally as the nervous system involved in movement.; While the packet mentions “lower motor system” abnormalities after stroke and refers to “spinal cord ventral horn (VH) neurons,” it does not explicitly state that the motor system “includes lower motor parts such as spinal cord ventral horn neurons” as part of its definition.

  Zhang Lei; Liu Jingwen; Liu Mingsheng. Transsynaptic degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons exists but plays a minor role in lower motor system dysfunction in acute ischemic rats. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0298006; article XML SHA-256 ecd989d458a4f72901c04435f1b5fb63b4aded44450bbd3f1cc2fe76bac37575. “Transsynaptic degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons exists but plays a minor role in lower motor system dysfunction in acute ischemic rats” (10.1371/journal.pone.0298006). · CC-BY-4.0

• motor tension: The packet defines catatony as “a psychosis with motor tension symptoms, catalepsy, tetanoid rigidity,” and notes that the motor side is marked, but it does not explicitly define “motor tension” as “abnormal tension on the movement or muscular side.”; The packet does not define the term "motor tension" directly; it only says catatony is a psychosis with "motor tension symptoms," so the definition infers a sense that is not explicitly supported.; The packet does not mention “rigid tightening” wording; while “tetanoid rigidity” is present, the specific phrasing and implied meaning in the definition are not directly supported.; The phrase "shown by symptoms such as catalepsy and rigid tightening" is only partly supported by the source’s list of motor-side features (catalepsy, tetanoid rigidity) and should not be presented as a full definition from this packet.; The references to catalepsy and being part of the motor features of catatony are supported, but the definition contains additional explanatory content not stated in the provided text.; The wording "abnormal tension on the movement or muscular side of a disorder" goes beyond the packet’s phrasing and is not established there as a definition of the term.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-1039500-1051500). · public-domain-US

• motor tract: The definition’s wording that “the motor tract refers to the part of the brain associated with large ganglionic motor cells” is only partially supported: the packet says there is a “large ganglionic … of the motor tract” but it does not clearly define the motor tract as a specific “part of the brain” beyond that reference.; The epilepsy sentence overstates the source: it reports diseased changes in cells of the motor tract in some cases of epileptic insanity, not that the motor tract as such is a site where these cells may undergo disease changes in epilepsy.; The packet only says there are “large ganglionic cells of the motor tract”; it does not support defining the motor tract itself as a specific part of the brain or as having movement-related function.; The phrase “movement-related function” is not explicitly supported by the packet text; the excerpt mentions “large ganglionic cells of the motor tract” but does not directly describe movement-related function in these terms.; While the packet supports that these cells are discussed as having a “diseased condition” in relation to epilepsy (“in the brains of the epileptic insane,” and “diseased condition … of the … large ganglionic cells of the motor tract”), the definition includes additional interpretive phrasing (“movement-related function,” “part of the brain associated with”) that goes beyond what is stated.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-1071000-1083000). · public-domain-US

• movement learning: The handwriting-specific gloss goes beyond the source by stating that movement learning refers to learning movement patterns for forming and linking letters; the packet says letters were taught by demonstrating correct writing movements, but it does not define the term in that way.; The packet does not define “movement learning” as a general process of learning any skill through practicing and understanding body movements; it only mentions that “movement learning becomes more valuable” in the specific context of children learning cursive writing and connecting letters.; The packet supports that cursive handwriting instruction used demonstrations of “correct writing movements” and is based on the idea that “movement learning” becomes more valuable when children connect letters, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s phrasing that movement learning is “learning a skill through practicing and understanding the body movements needed to perform it correctly.” In particular, the packet does not clearly substantiate the component of “understanding the body movements.”

  Semeraro Cristina; Coppola Gabrielle; Cassibba Rosalinda; Lucangeli Daniela. Teaching of cursive writing in the first year of primary school: Effect on reading and writing skills. 2019; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0209978; article XML SHA-256 6ff65f3c33bd6a7526092ad3229780f8c5b42330f06df7f32f939af752c86866. “Teaching of cursive writing in the first year of primary school: Effect on reading and writing skills” (10.1371/journal.pone.0209978). · CC-BY-4.0

• movement therapy: The definition is placed in the cognition field, but the packet does not link movement therapy to cognition specifically—only to mental and physical function more generally.; The field label is not the main issue, but the definition should be supported by the packet’s wording and sense; here it is not.; The packet content supports that a dance/movement therapy practitioner uses dance/movement therapy to improve mental and physical function, but it does not support that this is a “therapeutic approach” in the abstract (it describes an occupation/discipline: “A health professional who uses dance/movement therapy…”).; The packet supports a health professional (Dance Therapist), not the therapy itself, so the definition targets the wrong sense of the term.; “Therapeutic approach that uses dance or movement” is broader and differently framed than the supplied source text, which only states that the professional uses dance/movement therapy to improve mental and physical function.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Dance Therapist” (C205543). · CC-BY-4.0

• multiple mating: Field mismatch: the packet describes genetic evidence of multiple mating in a breeding population of a bird species (parentage/kinship and breeding system), not cognition.; The definition’s added gloss about the source packet referring to the behavior in both males and females is supported, but the overall entry is misclassified for the requested field.; The source packet supports a biological/ecological use in a breeding population of Veeries, not a cognition/psychology/counselling sense of the term.

  Halley Matthew R; Heckscher Christopher M; Kalavacharla Venugopal. Multi-Generational Kinship, Multiple Mating, and Flexible Modes of Parental Care in a Breeding Population of the Veery ( Catharus fuscescens ), a Trans-Hemispheric Migratory Songbird. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0157051; article XML SHA-256 7e47ec539ce0f21da2ce4493109a18ffc6ca609acff4b7fa04f4fc34eae6b813. “Multi-Generational Kinship, Multiple Mating, and Flexible Modes of Parental Care in a Breeding Population of the Veery ( Catharus fuscescens ), a Trans-Hemispheric Migratory Songbird” (10.1371/journal.pone.0157051). · CC-BY-4.0

• multivariate normality: Although the packet mentions “distributional assumptions, such as multivariate normality” in the context of bootstrap usage, it does not support the specific framing that “some statistical methods may require” multivariate normality beyond that example.; The definition adds interpretive detail beyond the packet rather than staying tightly within the source-supported sense.; The definition’s first sentence gives a general meaning that is not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet does not state what “multivariate normality” means (e.g., no description of a joint normal distribution across multiple variables).; The packet supports only that multivariate normality is a distributional assumption that bootstrap-based GSCA can avoid; it does not support the fuller explanation that several variables jointly follow a normal distribution or the contrast with examining variables one at a time.

  Jung Kwanghee; Lee Jaehoon; Gupta Vibhuti; Cho Gyeongcheol. Comparison of Bootstrap Confidence Interval Methods for GSCA Using a Monte Carlo Simulation. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02215; article XML SHA-256 45a4f43a96b2a9a165e6e1df63ae0873b3e58d8bd3798cff7dd787f7398cefd0. “Comparison of Bootstrap Confidence Interval Methods for GSCA Using a Monte Carlo Simulation” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02215). · CC-BY-4.0

• multivariate test: The definition goes beyond the packet by giving a general statistical explanation that is not stated there and is only indirectly inferable from the source text.; The definition’s first sentence contains general statistical characterization that is not explicitly supported by the provided packet text.; The packet does not provide a definition of “multivariate test” or state the general meaning (e.g., “used to see whether groups differ… when several related outcomes are considered together rather than one at a time”).; The packet supports use of a MANOVA/multivariate test for group differences, but it does not clearly support the added claim that it was used across both multiple cognitive and biochemical measures at once; the biochemical analyses are described separately.; While the packet indicates that a multivariate approach (MANOVA/multivariate test) was used to test outcomes across multiple measures (e.g., biochemical markers and multiple cognitive parameters), this does not supply the missing general definition content required by the first sentence.

  Elsharkawy Amal M; Hassanein Faika; Abouelkheir Samia S; Masoud Inas M; Felefel Wael; Darwish Inas E. An experimental study of the dual modulation of the colchicine-induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and the soluble product of Dipylidium caninum adult worm. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0324191; article XML SHA-256 615171a37611ac16fb9d01c7c14b3edf51f37efd5a8e5e570457e95c83c7cdc4. “An experimental study of the dual modulation of the colchicine-induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and the soluble product of Dipylidium caninum adult worm” (10.1371/journal.pone.0324191). · CC-BY-4.0

• muscarine: The definition adds an unsupported inference that muscarine has a role in modulating cortical activity linked to consciousness and working memory research; the packet only says muscarine was bath-applied to partly mimic an “aroused-like” state and that layer 2/3 pyramidal cells are important in theories of those functions.; The definition’s concluding claim that the results “indicat[e] a role in modulating cortical activity linked to consciousness and working memory research” goes beyond what the packet explicitly supports. The packet states that the authors used muscarine to partly mimic an “aroused-like” state and that L2/3 pyramidal cells are important for access consciousness and working memory according to leading theories, but it does not explicitly conclude that muscarine itself “indicates” that role.; The phrasing shifts from the packet’s specific in vitro slice preparation to a broader claim about a brain state and cortical activity that is not directly supported.

  Fleiner Anne S; Kolnier Daniel; Hagger-Vaughan Nicholas; Ræder Johan; Storm Johan F. Effects of ketamine and propofol on muscarinic plateau potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal cells. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0316262; article XML SHA-256 861a42284523f0d72f71cfca144feaef7e7161ea40e93020f4dc1347ace1c8f7. “Effects of ketamine and propofol on muscarinic plateau potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal cells” (10.1371/journal.pone.0316262). · CC-BY-4.0

• muscle action potential: The claim that this is “the electrical response recorded from a muscle when its nerve is stimulated” is not stated in the packet as a definition; the packet only says CMAPs were recorded after peroneal nerve stimulation and used in MUNE.; The definition centers on the term “muscle action potential,” but the packet discusses “compound muscle action potential (CMAP)” and “surface-recorded motor unit potential (SMUP)” in the context of motor unit number estimation; it does not define “muscle action potential” as such or equate the two terms.; The packet does not explicitly state that the CMAP “reflects the combined activity of the muscle’s functioning motor units” in those exact terms (it describes using maximal CMAP size within a premise/ratio for MUNE, but not that specific phrasing of combined motor-unit activity).; The packet supports compound muscle action potential (CMAP), not the broader term “muscle action potential,” so the entry appears to use the wrong sense/term.; While the packet supports that CMAP size is used in motor unit number estimation (MUNE) by relating maximal CMAP size to mean SMUP size, the definition’s overall “muscle action potential → CMAP” framing is not directly supported.; “Reflects the combined activity of the muscle’s functioning motor units” is an unsupported paraphrase; the packet says MUNE estimates motor units by dividing maximal CMAP size by mean surface-recorded motor unit potential size, but does not define CMAP this way.

  Klein Cliff S; Liu Hui; Xiong Yuan. Estimation of the number of motor units in the human extensor digitorum brevis using MScanFit. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0302214; article XML SHA-256 c837527d05a85919b968ec8d41e25f61ace48dc2aed01142af8b648bfb406254. “Estimation of the number of motor units in the human extensor digitorum brevis using MScanFit” (10.1371/journal.pone.0302214). · CC-BY-4.0

• muscle dysmorphia: The association with bulimia nervosa and exercise addiction is supported, but the wording 'sometimes appearing alongside' is a weaker generalization than the packet’s 'several disorders can be present concomitantly.'; The packet does not define muscle dysmorphia as a disorder involving distress related to muscularity or body build; it only says it is a common psychological disorder present in Lebanese adolescents.; The packet does not state that muscle dysmorphia involves distress specifically related to muscularity or body build; it only describes it as a “common psychological disorder” in Lebanese adolescents.; While the packet supports that other disorders (including bulimia nervosa and exercise addiction) can be present concomitantly with muscle dysmorphia, it does not provide wording that specifically matches “sometimes appearing alongside” in the way the definition implies.

  Rahme Deema; Dabbous Mariam; Malaeb Diana; Hallit Souheil; Obeid Sahar. The mediating effect of body appreciation between muscle dysmorphia and bulimia nervosa among Lebanese adolescents. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12888-023-04772-2; article XML SHA-256 3c694840a0dbb7a60bd5022aeea9ae18e73ca9906390d289c8ae507bcb0ccb7e. “The mediating effect of body appreciation between muscle dysmorphia and bulimia nervosa among Lebanese adolescents” (10.1186/s12888-023-04772-2). · CC-BY-4.0

• muscle relaxation: The claim that it is used to reduce psychological distress and improve comfort is broader than the packet supports; the packet reports only preliminary effects and a trend in reducing anxiety, depression, and stress in one small trial.; The definition adds that muscle relaxation is used to “help people reduce psychological distress and improve comfort,” but the packet only reports effects and measurements related to anxiety, depression, stress, and quality of life, without mentioning “psychological distress” in those exact terms or “comfort.”; The definition states “reduce psychological distress” and “improve comfort” as general aims; these are not substantiated by the provided packet text.; The packet does not define muscle relaxation in general; it only describes progressive muscle relaxation as a skill taught in a specific study.; The statement about benefits on anxiety, depression, stress, and quality of life is presented as studied findings, not as an established or general definition.

  Nguyen Khanh Thi; Hoang Huong T X; Bui Quang V; Chan Dorothy N S; Choi Kai C; Chan Carmen W H. Effects of music intervention combined with progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety, depression, stress and quality of life among women with cancer receiving chemotherapy: A pilot randomized controlled trial. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0293060; article XML SHA-256 ddee362b2b5f68197fb0ebc5b9d63070320cfd79d56cce0d6b46c89f35e13bfb. “Effects of music intervention combined with progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety, depression, stress and quality of life among women with cancer receiving chemotherapy: A pilot randomized controlled trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0293060). · CC-BY-4.0

• myofascial pain syndrome: The claim about “lower day-to-day functioning” is a looser paraphrase of decreased functional capacity/daily activities and is not stated as such in the source.; The definition adds unsupported anatomy detail by saying trigger points occur in “nearby tissues”; the packet only mentions palpable trigger points in skeletal muscles and associated facial structures.; The definition states that trigger points are “sensitive” and that pain involves “nearby tissues,” but the packet only describes “palpable trigger points” and “associated facial structures,” without directly supporting the wording “sensitive” or the general phrase “nearby tissues.”; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: this is a medical/musculoskeletal pain term, not a development/psychology sense.; While the packet supports the general concepts of regional pain, muscle spasm, limited range of motion, and decreased functional capacity, the definition’s phrasing (“lower day-to-day functioning”) is not stated verbatim or as an exact construct in the provided text.

  Erkin Yüksel; Ozduran Erkan; Özbek İlhan Celil; Hancı Volkan. Readability, quality, and reliability of AI-generated ınformation on myofascial pain syndrome: A comparative analysis of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Perplexity. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0350402; article XML SHA-256 0a562dcf5db13c213b7e32b1a847bb3c88689bd160b25cbe2ad82a88aca5803d. “Readability, quality, and reliability of AI-generated ınformation on myofascial pain syndrome: A comparative analysis of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Perplexity” (10.1371/journal.pone.0350402). · CC-BY-4.0

• myography: The definition adds a general sense and wording about physiological signals linked to muscle contraction that is not explicitly supported by the source packet.; The definition’s first sentence gives a general meaning of “myography” (recording/measurement of muscle activity using physiological signals linked to muscle contraction) that is not explicitly supported in the provided packet. The packet only directly discusses force myography (FMG) in relation to predicting hand gestures from axial forces at the skin surface.; The packet supports force myography (FMG), not the broader term myography as the recording or measurement of muscle activity.; The packet supports the idea that force myography uses pattern recognition to predict hand gestures from axial forces at the skin surface created by underlying muscle contractions, but because the general first sentence is unsupported, the overall definition cannot be accepted.; The sentence about force myography estimating hand gestures from forces at the skin surface is supported, but it is only one narrower technique and does not justify defining myography itself that way.

  Young Peyton R; Hong Kihun; Winslow Eden J; Sagastume Giancarlo K; Battraw Marcus A; Whittle Richard S; Schofield Jonathon S. The effects of limb position and grasped load on hand gesture classification using electromyography, force myography, and their combination. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0321319; article XML SHA-256 fab20084c463a2ae66a2062e83450088938dd634ae7f51954ba275ea0dff0b0d. “The effects of limb position and grasped load on hand gesture classification using electromyography, force myography, and their combination” (10.1371/journal.pone.0321319). · CC-BY-4.0

• N-of-1 design: The packet does not explicitly state the contrast “within one person rather than across a group,” so that wording goes beyond the supplied source.; The packet does not state, in the definition’s terms, that an “N-of-1 design” is an approach that evaluates an intervention “within one person rather than across a group.” It only describes an “N-of-1, single-case experimental design evaluation” for a subset of three participants.; The packet mentions “within-case and start-point randomization,” but it does not explicitly support the definition’s claim of “randomization of timing and conditions.”; The packet supports that the study uses an embedded randomized N-of-1, single-case experimental design with within-case and start-point randomization, but it does not specifically support the added claim that randomization includes “timing and conditions.”; The source describes a subset of three participants and an N-of-1 single-case design, but it does not support the definition as a general clinical explanation of the term beyond this study context.

  Hannigan Caoimhe; Lemercier Antoine; McDermott Garret; Lydon Helena; Kennelly Sean P; Kelly Michelle. Study protocol for an observational research study with an embedded N-of-1 design: Increasing the availability of goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation for people living with dementia in Ireland. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0322121; article XML SHA-256 a6af39093b398e0c90bf62a35606579f26b0c5ed6ade0f3e72343119d31c09a8. “Study protocol for an observational research study with an embedded N-of-1 design: Increasing the availability of goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation for people living with dementia in Ireland” (10.1371/journal.pone.0322121). · CC-BY-4.0

• Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test: The definition adds a general description of the test’s purpose and format that is not stated for the NNAT-I in the packet; the packet only gives a general background description of nonverbal intelligence tests, not this named instrument specifically.; The packet does not state that it is “used to measure cognitive ability” in general terms; it only indicates it was used to evaluate criterion-related validity alongside TONI-3.; The packet does not support the claim that the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test “measure[s] cognitive ability without relying on language.” It only refers to the test as a criterion-related validity measure (NNAT-I) used for correlations.; The packet supports that the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test–I (NNAT-I) was used as a comparison measure in criterion-related validity analyses, but it does not define the test itself as a nonverbal assessment for measuring cognitive ability without language reliance.; While the packet does support that NNAT-I was used as a comparison/validity measure (criterion-related validity) in the study context, the definition also contains unsupported descriptive claims about what the test measures and how (language reliance).

  Bildiren Ahmet; Kavruk Sevinç Zeynep. Psychometric properties of the test of nonverbal intelligence–third edition (TONI-3) in Turkish middle school students. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1828497; article XML SHA-256 a4a096a40e0edce8af562b432fc016fa30766ad5e78fb72ab4200f955ac5df50. “Psychometric properties of the test of nonverbal intelligence–third edition (TONI-3) in Turkish middle school students” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1828497). · CC-BY-4.0

• narcotic analgesic: "Act through opioid-related receptors" is an unsupported generalization from a study of the delta opioid receptor, not a source-backed definition of the term as a class of drugs.; The definition’s framing as “the opioid or opiate group” and acting “through opioid-related receptors” is not explicitly stated in the packet as the definition of the term “narcotic analgesic,” only as the study’s receptor/ligand context.; The packet does not define or support the term "narcotic analgesic" directly; it only discusses the opioid receptor group, opiates/opioid peptides, and "non-narcotic analgesic" alternatives.; The packet does not provide a definition for the term “narcotic analgesic” or state that “narcotic analgesic” is specifically a general category of “pain-relieving drug.”; The wording "narcotic" is not supported by the packet, which uses the contrasting phrase "non-narcotic analgesic" rather than defining narcotic analgesics.; While the packet mentions the δ opioid receptor (DOR) and interactions with “opiates and opioid peptides” in the context of pain relief, it does not support the claimed sense that narcotic analgesics are “used for pain relief” as a definitional component of the term.

  Goode-Romero Guillermo; Dominguez Laura. Descriptive molecular pharmacology of the δ opioid receptor (DOR): A computational study with structural approach. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0304068; article XML SHA-256 757c2b643c09a40912548c845d4c9d0979fa97324a49b249bf0b214c72f4a7c9. “Descriptive molecular pharmacology of the δ opioid receptor (DOR): A computational study with structural approach” (10.1371/journal.pone.0304068). · CC-BY-4.0

• narrative psychology: The definition claims narrative psychology focuses on “interpretive, story-like ways people make sense” of experiences; the packet describes “interpretive processes” and “context-sensitive operationalizations,” but it does not explicitly support the “story-like” phrasing.; The definition presents narrative psychology as a broader established approach rather than limiting the sense to the packet’s specific, preliminary framing of reflective selfhood and rural woman identity reinterpretation in one study.; The packet supports a context-sensitive, narrative-informed account of selfhood and agency under structural constraint, but it does not explicitly support the “story-like ways people make sense of their lived experiences” formulation.; The remainder of the definition (context-sensitive perspective; interpretive meaning-making; selfhood and agency; structurally unequal conditions/structural constraint) is broadly consistent with the packet, but the unsupported “story-like” component is a substantive claim.

  Yang Wenyuan; Zhu Xiaomin. Beyond vulnerability: reflective selfhood, rural woman identity reinterpretation, and agency under structural constraint. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1893046; article XML SHA-256 2f7598fd49a571560ca30b2b253a3df729ae5f81b4a70500b4a20c4126b4c105. “Beyond vulnerability: reflective selfhood, rural woman identity reinterpretation, and agency under structural constraint” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1893046). · CC-BY-4.0

• narrative theory: Several parts of the definition (e.g., “understanding how presenting information as a narrative can shape audience…”) are not stated in the packet as what narrative theory specifically is, making the requested sense of the term only indirectly implied rather than supported.; The definition generalizes from a broader statement about how linguistic presentation can affect attention, emotion, and cognition, but the packet does not explicitly equate that effect with narrative theory or say that message form is the key feature of the term.; The definition’s claim that narrative theory treats “the form of a message, not just its content” as important is not directly supported as a description of narrative theory; the packet instead provides a general statement that linguistic presentation can affect responses even when content remains unchanged, without tying this specifically to narrative theory.; The packet does not define narrative theory itself; it only says the study integrates elements of the Elaboration Likelihood Model and narrative theory, so attributing this specific framework to the term is unsupported.; The packet does not explicitly define “narrative theory” as a framework for understanding narrative-shaped attention, feelings, and thinking; it only mentions narrative theory as an element integrated into another model (A-ELM) without giving a definition.

  Feng Guangchao Charles; Luo Yiwen; Yu Zhenwei; Wen Jinlang. Effects of rhetorical devices on audience responses with online videos: An augmented elaboration likelihood model. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0282663; article XML SHA-256 0a7fc605889235f07e71d105ae0c659459d0c7a80022b13dee3d2a4bd3958222. “Effects of rhetorical devices on audience responses with online videos: An augmented elaboration likelihood model” (10.1371/journal.pone.0282663). · CC-BY-4.0

• native speaker: The definition’s first sentence (“A native speaker is a person who naturally speaks a particular language”) is not supported by the provided packet text.; The first sentence gives a general lexicographic definition that is not supported by the supplied source passage.; The packet supports only the review function of a native speaker in manuscript preparation; it does not define a native speaker as someone who “naturally speaks” a particular language.; While the second sentence about using a native speaker to review writing for correctness and accuracy is supported by the packet (Rule 7: “If you are not a native speaker… make sure to have a native speaker go over the final draft to ensure correctness and accuracy”), the definition as a whole includes an unsupported substantive claim.

  PLOS: Ten Simple Rules for Writing Research Papers. 2014-01-30; DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003453. “Ten Simple Rules for Writing Research Papers” (b73df5f1d0f65d4b2e62). · CC-BY-4.0

• native: The contrast to ‘non-native’ as a language that is not the listener’s first language is not supported by the supplied text.; The definition’s specific claim that “native refers to a person’s own first language” is not explicitly stated in the packet text. The packet mentions “native and non-native languages” and “native English and Korean speaker,” but does not clearly define native as a speaker’s first language.; The packet supports an opposition between native and non-native language processing in speech perception, but it does not state that ‘native’ means a person’s first language.

  Quan Luong Do Anh; Trang Le Thi; Choi Inyong; Woo Jihwan. Differential electroencephalography responses in speech perception between native and non-native speakers. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1661010; article XML SHA-256 112522a1454f51b86ad5ad02638ec064208bf747556c79f137ee43d7e4a8b57e. “Differential electroencephalography responses in speech perception between native and non-native speakers” (10.3389/fnhum.2025.1661010). · CC-BY-4.0

• natural group: The contrast with an 'arranged household role' is not supported by the source packet; the passage defines family as a natural group and separately notes a household as partly natural, partly artificial, but does not frame the term in terms of an arranged role.; The definition adds an interpretive gloss ('joined by family relationship') that is acceptable, but the unsupported contrast makes the overall sense exceed the packet’s wording.; The packet does not support the claim that a natural group is “joined … rather than by an arranged household role”; it only contrasts “natural” (family) with “artificial” elements in a household, explicitly including “servants.”; The packet supports that “natural group” can mean father, mother, and children, and more broadly includes grandparents/grandchildren/relatives, but the provided definition adds wording (“arranged household role”) not present in the supplied text.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Family (household)” (Family). · public-domain-US

• natural language: Because the definition’s first sentence (“ordinary language people use to communicate, in spoken or written form”) is unsupported by the provided packet, the overall definition cannot be accepted as fully supported.; The definition goes beyond the source by introducing a broader general-language definition that is not stated in the packet.; The packet does not define “natural language” as the ordinary spoken or written language people use; it only discusses NLP as enabling computers to interpret and process “natural language.”; The packet supports only the NLP sense: language that computers can be designed to interpret and process. It does not support the added claim that natural language means the ordinary language people use to communicate, whether spoken or written.

  Cook Darren; Cook Elizabeth A; Roy Sumanta; Thiara Ravi; Selvarajah Rani. A collaborative approach to applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) to Domestic Homicide Reviews (DHRs): A study protocol. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0348948; article XML SHA-256 6356d08e58b232f248f20859a2c825b32921e5e845ceffebb7a482dd2bb20eb3. “A collaborative approach to applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) to Domestic Homicide Reviews (DHRs): A study protocol” (10.1371/journal.pone.0348948). · CC-BY-4.0

• naturalistic environment: Claims like “a person’s usual real-world setting” and “outside a controlled laboratory or clinic” are not stated in the packet.; The definition shifts from defining the environment to describing a research approach (“studying experiences and responses”), which is only indirectly supported by the packet’s example of wearable/EMA assessment in everyday life.; The packet does not provide an explicit definition of “naturalistic environment”; it only uses the phrase in describing a study context (remote assessment in everyday life).; The packet does not support the general statement that, “In mental health research,” the term specifically refers to studying “experiences and responses as they happen in everyday life.” It instead describes using wearable technology to quantify physiological response to psychosocial stress during exams in everyday settings.; The phrase “person’s usual real-world setting” is broader than the packet, which only supports stressors encountered “in the naturalistic environment” or “in everyday life.”; “Outside a controlled laboratory or clinic” is not stated in the packet and adds an unsupported contrast to laboratory/clinic settings.

  Pakhomov Serguei V S; Thuras Paul D; Finzel Raymond; Eppel Jerika; Kotlyar Michael. Using consumer-wearable technology for remote assessment of physiological response to stress in the naturalistic environment. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0229942; article XML SHA-256 a798fd774bf91c4b38592d900049a73facb184e6cf45c43a6fa7042c2aac553e. “Using consumer-wearable technology for remote assessment of physiological response to stress in the naturalistic environment” (10.1371/journal.pone.0229942). · CC-BY-4.0

• nature–nurture: The definition adds a general traditional contrast framing that is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source’s discussion of sex/gender categories and the nature-nurture dichotomy.; The definition claims the source “described as an outdated opposition that can oversimplify development by treating causes as if they were separate rather than intertwined.” The packet does support that invoking the nature/nurture debate can bring “outdated metaphors and assumptions,” and it discusses separating vs entangling ("bucket" vs "knot"), but it does not explicitly state that the oversimplification is specifically about “development” being treated as separate causes rather than intertwined.; The definition says nature–nurture is “the traditional contrast between innate or biological influences and environmental or social influences.” The packet does not provide this description or an explicit definition of nature–nurture in those terms.; The packet states that nature–nurture is regarded oppositionally and that this framework has been rejected in biological and developmental sciences, but it does not directly support the specific phrasing about “innate/biological vs environmental/social influences,” nor the precise oversimplification mechanism asserted in the definition.; The source supports that the nature/nurture framework is an outdated opposition linked to assumptions about innateness and causation, but it does not explicitly support the broader gloss about environmental or social influences or about explaining human traits and behavior.

  Maney Donna L.; Duchesne Annie; Grossi Giordana. Sex/gender entanglement: A problem of knots and buckets. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s13293-025-00758-9; article XML SHA-256 7d834172c36309f015f41bf4b372bf83ae4ca2df3a6da2031a77f38a0d1ad485. “Sex/gender entanglement: A problem of knots and buckets” (10.1186/s13293-025-00758-9). · CC-BY-4.0

• need for affiliation: The definition adds a broad motivational description not stated in the packet; the packet is a leadership study, not a full dictionary definition of the term.; The definition characterizes need for affiliation as an “implicit motive that can shape how effectively a person relates to and leads others.” The packet supports that implicit motives (including affiliation) relate to leadership behaviors/outcomes, but the specific phrasing about “how effectively a person relates to” others is not directly supported in the provided excerpt.; The definition claims that need for affiliation is a “motivational tendency to value close, positive relationships with other people”; the provided packet excerpt does not define it in terms of valuing close/positive relationships.; The definition states it includes “show concern for others’ needs.” While the packet reports that need for affiliation was related to leaders’ ratings of concern for followers’ needs, this specific “concern for others’ needs” element is only evidenced in the leadership context described, not as a general definitional feature across people generally.; The packet supports that need for affiliation is an implicit motive and that it is related to concern for followers’ needs and leadership effectiveness, but it does not define it as a general tendency to value close, positive relationships with other people.

  Steinmann Barbara; Ötting Sonja K.; Maier Günter W.. Need for Affiliation as a Motivational Add-On for Leadership Behaviors and Managerial Success. 2016; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01972; article XML SHA-256 ab413055c17d7c6f6193e49f76751be18e33d16dd56231169d74c2ed2a724afe. “Need for Affiliation as a Motivational Add-On for Leadership Behaviors and Managerial Success” (10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01972). · CC-BY-4.0

• need for control: Because the first sentence’s characterization of the sense of “need for control” is not explicitly supported by the packet, the definition as a whole does not defensibly match the supplied source.; The definition claims that “need for control” is an urge to “keep situations or behaviour tightly managed or predictable,” but the provided packet only references “the importance of control” as a theme in participants’ experiences and does not specify this particular meaning (tight management/predictability).; The packet uses “need for control” as a study theme tied to participants’ eating experiences, not as a general definition of a person’s urge to keep situations or behaviour tightly managed or predictable.; The second sentence adds specific study details (“this study,” “participants,” “their eating difficulties,” “alongside obsessive-compulsive symptoms and strong emotions”) that are only partially supported and overstate the source’s wording; the packet says eating difficulties often emerged in response to heightened emotions, the need for control, and/or OCD symptoms, not that these motives were specifically linked in that exact formulation.

  Kucukterzi-Ali Sonay; Ludlow Amanda K; Gutierrez Roberto; Fineberg Naomi A; Gale Tim M. Understanding atypical eating behaviours in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A qualitative study. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0328500; article XML SHA-256 2787b9aa20f8446a38b27d2aaf1e57a2539ae56628e1572abe3aed0a8c132738. “Understanding atypical eating behaviours in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A qualitative study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0328500). · CC-BY-4.0

• need for intimacy: The definition also attributes the meaning to “participants’ expressed wish for intimacy” being “sometimes harder to achieve because of mental health difficulties and medication side effects.” While the packet does support mental health and medication side effects as barriers to achieving the desired level of sexual activity, it does not explicitly frame that barrier as difficulty achieving “intimacy” specifically.; The definition claims “felt desire for close, fulfilling connection with another person,” but the packet only states that participants “feel the need for intimacy” and do not describe intimacy as “close, fulfilling connection” in those terms.; The definition states that this is “often linked with wanting more sexual activity and relationship closeness.” The packet only reports that these participants “want to engage in sexual activity more often,” and it does not support the broader wording “often” or the specific idea of “relationship closeness.”; The packet supports participants’ expressed need for intimacy and a desire for more sexual activity, but it does not define need for intimacy as a general felt desire for “close, fulfilling connection” or as something “often linked” with relationship closeness.; The second sentence narrows the sense to this study’s participants, which is supported, but the overall definition still adds unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s wording.

  Brand Elnike; Nagaraj Dinesh; Ratsch Angela; Heffernan Edward. A Qualitative Study on Sexuality and Sexual Experiences in Community Forensic Mental Health Patients in Queensland, Australia. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.832139; article XML SHA-256 78fbd660ad2c101f3436452310008637e6650fca02d882da17d3fb2491e6402a. “A Qualitative Study on Sexuality and Sexual Experiences in Community Forensic Mental Health Patients in Queensland, Australia” (10.3389/fpsyt.2022.832139). · CC-BY-4.0

• need for power: The packet supports that power motivation/need for power is expressed in dominant vs prosocial forms in leadership, but it does not explicitly define “need for power” as “a motivation to have influence or impact.” That specific wording is not directly supported by the provided text.; “Especially in leadership” is supportable, but the definition should not present that as the core sense without making clear the packet is about leadership behavior rather than the general term across contexts.; “Motivation to have influence or impact” goes beyond the packet’s wording; the source supports power motivation in leadership and its expression in dominant or prosocial ways, but not the broader “impact” framing.

  Friederichs Katja M; Waldenmeier Karla; Baumann Nicola. The benefits of prosocial power motivation in leadership: Action orientation fosters a win-win. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0287394; article XML SHA-256 c99ad818be554be16e0796008e9c6162a5a5c1af13977bf14c0e05162616dcf6. “The benefits of prosocial power motivation in leadership: Action orientation fosters a win-win” (10.1371/journal.pone.0287394). · CC-BY-4.0

• nerve block: The definition includes “usually,” while the packet does not support that frequency qualifier.; The definition’s “control or treat pain” is broadly consistent with the packet’s “manage or treat pain,” but the unsupported “temporarily” and “usually” prevent a full match.; The packet defines nerve block as “interruption of neural conduction” via injection, but it does not explicitly state that this interruption is temporary; the definition’s “temporarily stops” claim is therefore not directly supported.; The packet supports interruption of neural conduction in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by injection to manage or treat pain, but it does not explicitly support the claim that the block is temporary.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Nerve Block” (D009407). · public-domain-US-government

• nerve ending: The definition adds an anatomical characterization of “nerve ending” that is not stated in the source packet.; The definition claims a “nerve ending” is the part of a nerve cell that can provide excitatory input; the packet only states that dendritic spiny processes receive excitatory input from “nerve endings,” not what cellular part a nerve ending is.; The packet supports that each dendritic spine receives excitatory input from one nerve ending, but it does not support the claim that a nerve ending is a part of a nerve cell.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Dendritic Spines” (D049229). · public-domain-US-government

• nerve trunk: The definition’s claim that this “refers to the mixed nerve stem that carries fibres onward into other branches” is an interpretive gloss; the packet does not define the term or state this referral in definitional form.; The definition’s wording (“through which fibres pass together before dividing into particular branches or destinations”) is not explicitly stated in the supplied passage.; The field requirement (history) is not the issue; however, the definition is not supported by the packet’s text closely enough to justify each substantive claim.; The packet does not provide a general definition of “nerve trunk” as “the main stem of a nerve.” It only mentions “the mixed nerve trunk” in a description of fibre course.; The packet only shows the term in context (“mixed nerve trunk”) and does not explicitly support the generalized definition that a nerve trunk is the “main stem of a nerve” through which fibres pass before dividing.; “In this passage, it refers to the mixed nerve stem that carries fibres onward into other branches” is plausible from context, but the wording still goes beyond what the source explicitly states.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-976500-988500). · public-domain-US

• network sampling: The definition attributes the method as “network sampling” and describes it generally as studying hard-to-reach populations via social network information gathered during a survey; the packet specifically ties this approach to PNS in the context of estimating female sex workers’ population size.; The definition’s final clause (“using respondent-driven sampling”) is only supported insofar as the packet states that the BBS used respondent-driven sampling; however, the definition frames this within a broader “network sampling” label that is not what the packet defines or uses.; The definition’s opening generalization about studying hard-to-reach populations is broader than what is explicitly defined in the packet and should stay tied to the specific PNS use described in the study.; The packet discusses “privatized network sampling (PNS)” used to estimate population size using network information collected within a bio-behavioral survey (BBS) that used respondent-driven sampling (RDS), but it does not provide a general definition of “network sampling” as a term.; The source supports privatized network sampling (PNS), a population size estimation method, not the broader term ‘network sampling’ as defined here.

  Tuyishime Elysée; Kayitesi Catherine; Remera Eric; Malamba Samuel Sewava; Kabano Ignace Habimana; Chukwu Angela Unna. Estimating the size of hard to sample populations: A comprehensive study on female sex workers and sexually exploited minors in Rwanda using privatized network sampling in 2023. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0329772; article XML SHA-256 097dc76226ed326ce587f4b98896d23e2c27c71de1567d3817da67ec9ef7c4b3. “Estimating the size of hard to sample populations: A comprehensive study on female sex workers and sexually exploited minors in Rwanda using privatized network sampling in 2023” (10.1371/journal.pone.0329772). · CC-BY-4.0

• neural correlate: Because the packet does not support the general definitional wording, the requested sense of the term is not fully supported.; The first sentence gives a general definition of “neural correlate” (a brain-/nervous-system feature associated with a psychological/behavioral phenomenon), but the provided packet does not explicitly define the term in these terms—only discusses “peripheral and neural correlates” in relation to self-harm.; The note about the evidence being ‘not yet mature and often conflicting’ is supported, but the definition mixes that research-status statement into the term’s meaning in a way the packet does not define.; The packet supports only that neural correlates were studied in relation to self-harm; it does not support the broader definitional claim that a neural correlate is any brain- or nervous-system feature associated with a psychological or behavioral phenomenon.

  Sparrow-Downes Victoria M.; Trincao-Batra Sara; Cloutier Paula; Helleman Amanda R.; Salamatmanesh Mina; Gardner William; Baksh Anton; Kapur Rishi; Sheridan Nicole; Suntharalingam Sinthuja; Currie Lisa; Carrie Liam D.; Hamilton Arthur; Pajer Kathleen. Peripheral and neural correlates of self-harm in children and adolescents: a scoping review. 2022; DOI 10.1186/s12888-022-03724-6; article XML SHA-256 9e1616f5d67295e82846274637ae244c7534cd7a27dac7fe649101d8913f298a. “Peripheral and neural correlates of self-harm in children and adolescents: a scoping review” (10.1186/s12888-022-03724-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• neural induction: The definition adds unsupported general biology (“cells guided to become neural progenitors, the early cells that give rise to brain and nervous system tissue”); the packet only shows a longer neural induction and regional patterning period in an iPSC-based midbrain neural progenitor model.; The packet does not define “neural induction” as a stage that guides stem cells to become neural progenitors, nor does it state that these early cells give rise to brain and nervous system tissue.; The packet does not support the specific claim that a longer neural induction period produced midbrain neural progenitors with “different receptor expression” in the general terms used; it only provides receptor-expression results (OPRM1/OPRK1) for that longer vs shorter period.; The packet only supports that “a longer neural induction and regional patterning period” increases expression of OPRM1 (mu) and OPRK1 (kappa) in midbrain neural progenitors compared to a shorter protocol, rather than supporting the broader characterization about neural induction in general.; The packet supports that a longer neural induction period was compared with a shorter protocol and affected receptor expression, but it does not define neural induction itself as a stem-cell developmental stage that produces neural progenitors.

  Sullivan Rhea; Ahrens Quinn; Mills-Huffnagle Sara L.; Elcheva Irina A.; Hicks Steven D.. A human iPSC-derived midbrain neural stem cell model of prenatal opioid exposure and withdrawal: A proof of concept study. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0319418; article XML SHA-256 c2b4d26b09e1033c8e20bee70bd28307cbba7647f86b2298e7bc3e2ddb7eb1ce. “A human iPSC-derived midbrain neural stem cell model of prenatal opioid exposure and withdrawal: A proof of concept study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0319418). · CC-BY-4.0

• neural integration: The definition’s broad claim that neural integration is the brain’s general combining of different kinds of information into a coordinated response is not supported by the packet, which only discusses reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds.; The first substantive claim (“the brain’s combining of different kinds of information into a coordinated response”) is not explicitly supported anywhere in the supplied packet text.; The packet does not support the added general description about a “coordinated response.”; The packet supports “reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds in dyslexic children and adults,” but the definition phrases it more generally (“found to be reduced in dyslexia”) without additional support beyond that specific neuroimaging finding context.; The source supports a specific reading-related use of the term in dyslexia, but the definition presents it as a general brain process without enough textual support.; While the packet does support the specific sense that neural integration is reduced for “letters and speech sounds” in dyslexic children and adults, the definition adds an additional generalized characterization of neural integration that the packet does not provide.

  Žarić Gojko; Fraga González Gorka; Tijms Jurgen; van der Molen Maurits W.; Blomert Leo; Bonte Milene. Reduced Neural Integration of Letters and Speech Sounds in Dyslexic Children Scales with Individual Differences in Reading Fluency. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0110337; article XML SHA-256 7937e77cd995ac6996d97b634e70e7e76bc5c04462591fbc49209e83f7231d82. “Reduced Neural Integration of Letters and Speech Sounds in Dyslexic Children Scales with Individual Differences in Reading Fluency” (10.1371/journal.pone.0110337). · CC-BY-4.0

• neural receptor: The first sentence also generalizes to “signaling substances such as hormones.” While glucocorticoids (hormones) are discussed, the packet does not support that neural receptors (as used here) broadly “allow cells to respond” to signaling substances in general; it specifically frames glucocorticoid signaling via GR/MR.; The first sentence claims a general definition: “found in brain or other nervous-system tissue.” The packet discusses receptor expression in brain (and mentions vertebrate tissues overall) but does not support the “other nervous-system tissue” portion as part of the term’s meaning in this source.; The first sentence is broader than the source, which supports receptor-mediated transcriptional effects and stress response, but not the general definitional claim about receptors enabling cells to respond to signaling substances in nervous tissue.; The packet does not define or use the term as a general “receptor found in brain or other nervous-system tissue”; it discusses glucocorticoid receptors (MR and GR) in the brain and other vertebrate tissues, not a broad class called “neural receptor.”; “In this source, neural receptors refer to glucocorticoid-binding receptors in the brain” overstates the article’s wording: the source mentions “neural receptor patterns” and specific receptors (MR and GR), but does not establish that ‘neural receptor’ is the term for those receptors.

  Senft Rebecca A; Meddle Simone L; Baugh Alexander T. Distribution and Abundance of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors throughout the Brain of the Great Tit ( Parus major ). 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0148516; article XML SHA-256 83a62b0642d5f7ff6b7e4de495fe623728aa512b4442f1a6e3caada8881eddf1. “Distribution and Abundance of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors throughout the Brain of the Great Tit ( Parus major )” (10.1371/journal.pone.0148516). · CC-BY-4.0

• neural substrate: Because the packet provides no explicit basis for the general, mental-function/behavior framing, the requested sense of “neural substrate” cannot be fully justified from the packet.; The definition adds an explanatory gloss (“meaning it supports allocentric spatial representation”) that is acceptable only for the specific example, but the broader generic claim is still unsupported as written.; The definition’s first sentence (“…underlies and supports a particular mental function or behavior”) is not supported anywhere in the supplied packet; the packet only uses the phrase “neural substrate” in relation to the hippocampus for a specific spatial-learning representation.; The first sentence gives a broad general definition (“brain structure or neural system that underlies and supports a particular mental function or behavior”) that is not stated in the packet; the packet only supports the hippocampus as the neural substrate of viewpoint-invariant cognitive maps/allocentric spatial representations.

  Webb Jordan A; Paquette Sebastien; Fournier Neil M; Reynolds Michael G; Brown Liana E; Lehmann Hugo. Evidence of allocentric spatial learning in male rats with large lesions of the hippocampus. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0344593; article XML SHA-256 a7f54f7ffb6211915e020624e5c18761fc9f50262cef475d894c3222129c8693. “Evidence of allocentric spatial learning in male rats with large lesions of the hippocampus” (10.1371/journal.pone.0344593). · CC-BY-4.0

• neuroblastoma: The definition describes the origin as “immature nerve-related cells,” but the packet specifically says it arises from “neural crest cells” in the sympathetic nervous system; the “immature nerve-related cells” phrasing is not supported by the packet.; The definition is a bit broader than the packet on origin and does not stay fully close to the supplied source wording.; The packet does not use the wording “usually develops,” so the “usually” modifier in the definition is not explicitly supported by the packet text (even though early childhood is supported).; “Immature nerve-related cells” is not supported by the packet’s wording; the packet says the tumor arises from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Neuroblastoma” (D009447). · public-domain-US-government

• neurocognition: The definition adds an explanatory characterization that goes beyond the source wording rather than staying tightly anchored to the packet’s described relationships.; The definition’s statement that neurocognition refers to “general cognitive abilities linked to brain-based information processing” is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text.; The packet supports neurocognition as an important determinant of real-life functioning and notes a strong association with negative symptoms and a weaker one with positive symptoms, but it does not explicitly support the broader gloss “general cognitive abilities linked to brain-based information processing.”; The remainder of the definition (association with negative vs. positive symptoms, and relevance to real-world functioning/variability in real-life behavior) is supported, but the unsupported first claim is substantive.; While the packet supports that neurocognition is strongly associated with negative symptoms and weakly with positive symptoms, it does not define neurocognition in those terms (i.e., as general, brain-based information-processing abilities) in the excerpt provided.

  Brasso Claudio; Colli Gianluca; Bellino Silvio; Bozzatello Paola; Montemagni Cristiana; Rocca Paola. Assessing directional connections between symptoms, cognition, insight, and real-life functioning in schizophrenia: a partial ancestor graphs analysis. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1782281; article XML SHA-256 5a7936fac11fcdfa52992dd7065b1bd4aa82edb11e4c32b35b2b4c3328b26280. “Assessing directional connections between symptoms, cognition, insight, and real-life functioning in schizophrenia: a partial ancestor graphs analysis” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1782281). · CC-BY-4.0

• neuroleptic malignant syndrome: The claim that the syndrome is “rare” is not supported by the supplied source packet.; The definition states the syndrome is “rare,” but the provided packet does not describe it as rare.; “Thinking changes” is an imprecise paraphrase of the packet’s “cognitive dysfunction”; the rest is broadly supported, but the unsupported rarity claim prevents approval.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome” (D009459). · public-domain-US-government

• neuromuscular disorder: The definition is imprecise about the sense of the term: the source describes “a group of disorders,” not “any condition in a group of disorders.”; The packet defines the term as “a group of disorders” affecting the neuromuscular system, but the provided definition says “any condition in a group of disorders,” which is not the same phrasing/scope as the packet.; “Often worsen over time” is acceptable paraphrase of “tend to be progressive,” but the phrasing is awkward and not as clear or direct as required.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Neuromuscular Disorder” (C189005). · CC-BY-4.0

• Neurontin: The definition claims “Neurontin is a brand name for gabapentin,” but the provided packet text does not explicitly state that Neurontin is a brand name for gabapentin (it only describes gabapentin as a synthetic analogue of GABA).; The packet identifies gabapentin as a synthetic analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid, with anticonvulsant activity, analgesic properties, and an unknown exact mechanism that appears to inhibit excitatory neuron activity; it does not support the claim that Neurontin is a brand name for gabapentin.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Gabapentin” (C1108). · CC-BY-4.0

• neuroprotective: The definition adds a broad general meaning (“protect nerve tissue and brain-related functions from damage or degeneration”) that is not stated in the packet and is broader than the supplied usage.; The definition’s phrase “having the potential to protect nerve tissue and brain-related functions from damage or degeneration” is a general neuroprotection gloss that is not explicitly stated in the packet text (the packet instead frames results as “neuroprotective potential” assessed via docking/dynamics).; The packet supports only a specific research-context sense: neuroprotective potential of natural ligands against VaD-associated proteins and pathways, not a general clinical or physiological definition.; “Amyloid buildup” is not the same wording as the packet’s “amyloid aggregation,” so the specific claim is not directly supported as stated.; “Blood-brain barrier disruption” is stronger than the packet’s wording, which mentions effects on blood-brain barrier integrity, not confirmed disruption.

  Wang Zhizhong; Xu Sen; Lin Ailong; Wei Chunxian; Li Zhiyong; Chen Yingchun; Bie Bizhou; Liu Ling. Targeting vascular dementia: Molecular docking and dynamics of natural ligands against neuroprotective proteins. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0331787; article XML SHA-256 ee98f53021af4564e5e86b27d95a3d056c393a8fbbf3dc78b1eb66132022f4f8. “Targeting vascular dementia: Molecular docking and dynamics of natural ligands against neuroprotective proteins” (10.1371/journal.pone.0331787). · CC-BY-4.0

• neuroscience: The definition describes a monosynaptic reflex, not the term "neuroscience."; The definition does not match the requested term sense: the packet supports the descriptor 'Reflex, Monosynaptic,' not 'neuroscience.'; The definition is a one-sentence description of a reflex pathway, which is unrelated to the term 'neuroscience' as provided.; The supplied packet content is specifically about the reflex "MONOSYNAPTIC" (afferent neurons synapsing directly on efferent neurons without intercalated neurons), and provides no support that "neuroscience" is defined this way.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Reflex, Monosynaptic” (D012023). · public-domain-US-government

• neurotic depression: The packet supports that the term refers to depression “not psychotic,” but it does not support the claim that “Neurotic depression” is an “older term.”; “Older term” is not supported by the packet; the source only says it is “a term used for any state of depression that is not psychotic.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Neurotic Depression” (C35369). · CC-BY-4.0

• nigrostriatal tract: Because the core composition claim in the first sentence is not directly supported by the supplied text, the definition contains at least one unsupported substantive detail.; The definition claims the nigrostriatal tract is “made up of dopaminergic neurons,” but the packet only mentions that MPTP is “selective for dopaminergic neurons” and induces “nigrostriatal injury”; it does not explicitly state that the nigrostriatal tract itself is composed of dopaminergic neurons.; The packet does not explicitly define the nigrostriatal tract as being made up of dopaminergic neurons; it only says the tract’s diffusion values were compared in macaques with nigrostriatal injury induced by a toxin selective for dopaminergic neurons.; The second sentence is supportable, but the definition should not add an unsupported structural description beyond what the source states.

  Shimony Joshua S; Rutlin Jerrel; Karimi Morvarid; Tian Linlin; Snyder Abraham Z; Loftin Susan K; Norris Scott A; Perlmutter Joel S. Validation of diffusion tensor imaging measures of nigrostriatal neurons in macaques. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0202201; article XML SHA-256 0e07a03afc330975c4b67ce3897776497c8f0266958ad9abd4d8511c4901b5ac. “Validation of diffusion tensor imaging measures of nigrostriatal neurons in macaques” (10.1371/journal.pone.0202201). · CC-BY-4.0

• ninth cranial nerve: The definition states that the ninth cranial nerve carries signals involved in swallowing; the packet describes motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle but does not explicitly mention swallowing or swallowing-related functions.; “Salivary gland activity” is broader than the packet’s support for parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands.; “Swallowing” is not stated in the packet; the source only supports motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, and sensory/taste afferents from specified regions.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Glossopharyngeal Nerve” (D005930). · public-domain-US-government

• nitrous oxide: The definition claims that “in mental health-related contexts” nitrous oxide “may be referred to” for anti-anxiety/calming effects; the packet does not discuss mental health contexts or such referential use, only that nitrous oxide has analgesic, sedative, and anti-anxiety properties and has been studied for pain management in medical settings.; The packet supports nitrous oxide as an inhalational agent with analgesic, sedative, and anti-anxiety properties, but it does not support the added framing that it is referred to specifically in “mental health-related contexts.”; “Calming effects during medical procedures” is broader wording than the source supports; the packet mentions anti-anxiety properties and use in medical settings, but not a distinct mental-health usage.

  Wang Ziyang; Wang Fei; Xing Yihui; Jiang Xiaochen; Ding Zhiguo; Li Yuxiang; Tang Lu. Efficacy of nitrous oxide in adults undergoing puncture biopsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0286713; article XML SHA-256 83acdc082df4e7651c4e7b40d9f1b7ca13dba86c3512353b6eb0f1bac8c55ecf. “Efficacy of nitrous oxide in adults undergoing puncture biopsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials” (10.1371/journal.pone.0286713). · CC-BY-4.0

• nm: The definition introduces a generic “radionuclide imaging” explanation, but the packet’s term is specifically “Radionuclide Imaging” and should not be treated as a psychology/counselling entry without clear field support.; The provided field is "mental health", but the packet only supports diagnostic imaging of cancer growth, trauma, infection, or degenerative disorders; it does not provide any mental-health context or application.; The requested field is mental health, but the packet identifies this as a diagnostic procedure, not a mental health term.; The term is given as "nm", but the packet content describes an imaging technique called "Radionuclide Imaging"; the definition does not establish what "nm" specifically refers to.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Radionuclide Imaging” (C62667). · CC-BY-4.0

• NMHA: The definition adds interpretive detail (“unhealthy overactivity” and the broader-network mechanism) that is not stated in the supplied source text.; The packet does not explicitly support the claim that NMHA operates “across broader brain networks” (it only states NMHA proposes exercise as a systemic regulator of LHb pathology, without detailing network scope beyond that).; The packet supports NMHA as the “Network-Mediated Habenular Attenuation” model and says it proposes exercise as a systemic regulator of lateral habenula pathology, but it does not support the added claim about “broader brain networks involved in depression.”; The packet supports that LHb hyperactivity is involved in depression (“pathological lateral habenula (LHb) hyperactivity”), but it does not explicitly phrase this as “unhealthy overactivity,” so that wording is not directly supported.

  Ferreira-Vorkapic Camila; Ferreira Diego Moura; Coelho Renato Ramos; Wiech Monika Anna; Dantas Estélio Henrique Martin. Exercise-induced attenuation of the lateral habenula: a multi-axial quantitative synthesis of circuit-level resilience in depression. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1887822; article XML SHA-256 7fb7b8175c23591117d7dd9d38d6d960fb10602a6bd736e3617c96b9ae4991a9. “Exercise-induced attenuation of the lateral habenula: a multi-axial quantitative synthesis of circuit-level resilience in depression” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1887822). · CC-BY-4.0

• nocebo: The packet supports nocebo effects in pain as being driven by negative expectations and involving anticipatory/top-down processing, but it does not define nocebo generally as a “harmful or symptom-worsening effect.”; The packet supports that nocebo effects on pain are driven by negative expectations and involve anticipatory/top-down processing that augments sensory perception, but it does not explicitly describe nocebo as a “harmful or symptom-worsening effect.”; The wording “can make pain feel stronger before the sensation occurs” goes beyond the packet’s phrasing; the source says top-down processes augment sensory perception based on negative expectations before sensation occurs, not that pain is made stronger in that exact sense.

  Blythe Joseph S.; Peerdeman Kaya J.; Veldhuijzen Dieuwke S.; Karch Julian D.; Evers Andrea W. M.. Electrophysiological markers for anticipatory processing of nocebo-augmented pain. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0288968; article XML SHA-256 915ae1ae0f7eef699f666e3c98506d6d7fd2f1846f03caf0f16fdf3f7d3827a6. “Electrophysiological markers for anticipatory processing of nocebo-augmented pain” (10.1371/journal.pone.0288968). · CC-BY-4.0

• nociceptor: The definition’s claim that a nociceptor “can be activated when depolarization reaches a high enough level to trigger action potentials” is not stated as a general definition in the packet. The packet discusses VGSC NaV1.7 facilitating action potential generation upon slow depolarization, but it does not describe this as the defining activation threshold for nociceptors.; The packet does not explicitly define a nociceptor as a “pain-related sensory nerve fiber.” It uses the term “nociceptors” and discusses relevance to pain clinically, but it does not provide that definitional phrasing.; The packet does not support the broad claim that nociceptors, as such, are C-fibers; it only mentions heat-mechanosensitive polymodal nociceptors (C-HT) in this study.; The packet supports a study of pig C-HT nociceptors/C-fibers, but it does not establish as a general source definition that nociceptors are pain-related sensory nerve fibers.; The parts of the definition about nociceptors being C-fibers and including heat- and mechanosensitive polymodal fibers are consistent with the packet, but the above unsupported definitional elements prevent a full pass.

  Soares Sabrina; Schmelz Martin; Carr Richard; Sohns Kyra; Rukwied Roman. Assessing NaV1.7 during tonic firing in pig C-nociceptors. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0335081; article XML SHA-256 7c80dc4ea310577fe6401f43555ac3adeca10c5fa2e6f4e6b03803996f3ffc98. “Assessing NaV1.7 during tonic firing in pig C-nociceptors” (10.1371/journal.pone.0335081). · CC-BY-4.0

• nocturnal myoclonus: The definition includes “brief” jerks, but the packet does not describe them as brief.; The definition is a bit more interpretive than the source wording; the packet describes contractions of a muscle or group of muscles and does not specifically say “muscle jerks.”; The packet describes irregular rhythm and amplitude, but does not explicitly frame this as “vary in timing,” so that phrasing is not directly supported.; The packet excerpt does not explicitly state that the shock-like contractions occur “during the night,” even though it discusses “NOCTURNAL MYOCLONUS SYNDROME.”; The packet supports involuntary, shock-like contractions that are irregular in rhythm and amplitude and are followed by relaxation, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that they occur “during the night.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Myoclonus” (D009207). · public-domain-US-government

• noise dose: The definition’s broad framing (“especially when discussing its effects on hearing”) is not stated as part of a term definition in the packet; hearing effects are discussed, but not as definitional context for the term.; The opening generalization (“the amount or level of noise exposure being received or given”) is broader than the packet supports; the source only refers to a single sub-traumatic noise dose used in an animal study.; The packet does not support the claim that “noise dose” is an amount/level of noise “being received or given” (the text only describes a specific experimental “sub-traumatic noise dose,” not both received/given in general).; The requested field is not well supported by the source text, which is a hearing/biomedical article rather than a social or counselling context.

  Patel Sally; Shah Lisa; Dang Natalie; Tan Xiaodong; Almudevar Anthony; White Patricia M.. SIRT3 promotes auditory function in young adult FVB/nJ mice but is dispensable for hearing recovery after noise exposure. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0235491; article XML SHA-256 8c50395654582d963f33fd6bbdc0d926fc8540243c87988b7de36a3fd3305413. “SIRT3 promotes auditory function in young adult FVB/nJ mice but is dispensable for hearing recovery after noise exposure” (10.1371/journal.pone.0235491). · CC-BY-4.0

• nonfluent aphasia: The definition narrows the term to a specific subtype without support from the packet’s wording; the source only states that FTLD includes primary progressive nonfluent aphasia among its syndromes.; The definition’s wording “as supported here” for the equivalence between “nonfluent aphasia” and “primary progressive nonfluent aphasia” is not directly supported by the provided packet text.; The packet does not state that the term “nonfluent aphasia” (by itself) refers to “primary progressive nonfluent aphasia”; it only lists “PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA” as one syndrome within FTLD.; The packet supports PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA as a clinical syndrome within frontotemporal lobar degeneration, but it does not establish nonfluent aphasia itself as that exact term or synonym.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration” (D057174). · public-domain-US-government

• nonmetric: The definition’s specific examples (“anatomical tooth characteristics or anomalies instead of size-based measurements”) are only partially suggested by the source label; the packet text provided does not substantiate that “nonmetric” specifically corresponds to “instead of” numerical measurement.; The first sentence adds a general semantic definition that is not directly stated in the source packet.; The packet does not explicitly define “nonmetric” as features described by form/pattern/presence rather than numerical measurement.; The packet mentions “metric and nonmetric traits” of primary molars but does not provide a clear stated contrast with size-based or numerical measurement.; The packet supports that the term is used for anatomical dental traits or anomalies contrasted with metric traits, but it does not explicitly define nonmetric as features described by form, pattern, or presence rather than numerical measurement.

  Ghorbanyjavadpour Fataneh; Jamali Kosar; Roayaei Ardakani Maryam; Rakhshan Vahid. Morphometric variations and nonmetric anatomical traits or anomalies of the primary molar teeth, plus the molars' size thresholds for sex identification. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12903-024-03908-4; article XML SHA-256 5213a690a8f5bab71581d072d3c8ee706128ae9c96251fa2a05ffad70efe269a. “Morphometric variations and nonmetric anatomical traits or anomalies of the primary molar teeth, plus the molars' size thresholds for sex identification” (10.1186/s12903-024-03908-4). · CC-BY-4.0

• nonprobability sampling: The claim that ‘extra methods may be needed to support valid population-level conclusions’ is not stated in the packet; the packet only says poststratification can improve or support valid population-level inferences from nonprobability samples.; The packet does not state or explicitly support the claim that nonprobability sampling “does not rely on probability-based selection.”; The packet supports nonprobability samples/designs and mentions convenience samples and cohort studies, but it does not explicitly define nonprobability sampling as participant selection that ‘does not rely on probability-based selection.’; The rest of the definition (mention of convenience samples and cohort studies, and the idea that additional methods like poststratification relate to making population-level/external-validity inferences from nonprobability samples) is broadly consistent with the packet, but the missing support for the probability-based selection aspect is substantive.

  Oh Yeon Woo; Lee Dongkyu; Cho Jaelim; Kim Changsoo; Kim Kyoung-Nam. A causal inference framework for poststratification: a method for improving external validity in epidemiological studies. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s12874-026-02835-y; article XML SHA-256 fe8f10a4a8696b41c389f96e817901559546659e2f612a52c1fbc414e917548b. “A causal inference framework for poststratification: a method for improving external validity in epidemiological studies” (10.1186/s12874-026-02835-y). · CC-BY-4.0

• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: The definition conflates the drug term with the delivery formulation (describing the NSAID as “incorporated into a biodegradable hydrogel”); the packet supports the delivery system, but not a term-level definition of NSAIDs themselves.; The definition narrows the term to the study’s ibuprofen-loaded hydrogel context rather than defining the general class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.; The packet does not provide a definition of “nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug” as a pharmacologic class; it only uses ibuprofen as a model NSAID for delivery in a hydrogel.; The packet supports that ibuprofen was used as a model NSAID in a biodegradable hydrogel for pH-responsive, diffusion-controlled release, but it does not support redefining NSAID as the incorporated hydrogel formulation itself.

  Matalqah Sina M; Singamaneni Venkata Ramana; Jahnavi Patibandla; Hani Umme; Fatima Farhat; Vodeti Rajeshwar; Gupta Prem Shankar; Duza Mohammad Badrud; Amin Md Al. Bio-waste derived fluorescent carbon dots based biodegradable mechanically strong hydrogel for stimuli-responsive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) delivery. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0340974; article XML SHA-256 ae7aa788b67d0e6e169a32dd49fd76e17cade6263061b2d32dcede00379c3826. “Bio-waste derived fluorescent carbon dots based biodegradable mechanically strong hydrogel for stimuli-responsive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) delivery” (10.1371/journal.pone.0340974). · CC-BY-4.0

• norm: The definition claims that norms can be followed to “simplify choices,” but the packet only mentions motives of “gaining or avoiding (dis)approval” and an “adaptive heuristic,” plus emotion regulation; “simplify choices” is not supported by the packet.; The packet supports social norms as influences on decision-making, including gaining or avoiding approval, serving as an adaptive heuristic, and reducing negative emotions under uncertainty, but it does not define a norm as a “shared expectation” or “common pattern of behavior.”; The requested sense is about social norms in decision-making; the definition adds a generalized dictionary-style definition that is not directly supported by the supplied source packet.

  Bergquist Magnus; Ekelund Malin. The role of emotion regulation in normative influence under uncertainty. 2025; DOI 10.1186/s40359-025-03033-z; article XML SHA-256 3fe6bc204acaab0729d442779e188f742cc6192010f82b5d25b249a09dee42cc. “The role of emotion regulation in normative influence under uncertainty” (10.1186/s40359-025-03033-z). · CC-BY-4.0

• not otherwise specified: The claim that the diagnosis is used for patients “considered outside the bipolar disorder and schizophrenia spectrum categories being compared” is not stated in the packet and overinterprets the comparison groups.; The definition’s framing about being “outside” those categories is an unsupported inference beyond the provided text.; The packet does not state that PNOS is used to label patients “considered outside the bipolar disorder and schizophrenia spectrum categories.” It only says PNOS is compared to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses.; The packet supports the specific diagnosis “psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (PNOS),” but not the standalone term “not otherwise specified” as that diagnosis.; The statement that the clinical presentations under this diagnosis are “not yet well understood” is broadly supported by the packet’s “lack of knowledge” wording, but the definition adds unsupported specificity beyond the source text.

  Widing Line; Simonsen Carmen; Flaaten Camilla B.; Haatveit Beathe; Vik Ruth Kristine; Wold Kristin F.; Åsbø Gina; Ueland Torill; Melle Ingrid. Symptom Profiles in Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. 2020; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580444; article XML SHA-256 6d51b7ea4dc48fa1a276ef1f4728610aa3f286656087daab98ec2361434f2b39. “Symptom Profiles in Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified” (10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580444). · CC-BY-4.0

• novelty: Because the central descriptive phrasing about novelty’s effect (“quality of newness,” “attracts attention,” “arouses curiosity”) is not supported by the provided text, the requested sense of the term is not adequately evidenced.; The contrast in the source is between curiosity/interest in novelty and learning “for the sake of information,” but the definition adds interpretive wording that is not stated in the packet.; The packet distinguishes curiosity from “interest in novelty (Neugier)” and contrasts that with learning “for the sake of information” (Wissbegier), but it does not define novelty as a “quality of newness.”; The packet does not define novelty as “the quality of newness that attracts attention and arouses curiosity or interest”; it only mentions “interest in novelty” as one of two cases under curiosity.; The packet does not explicitly state that novelty “attracts attention and arouses curiosity or interest”; it only labels one case as “interest in novelty (Neugier)” without describing it in those terms.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Curiosity” (Curiosity). · public-domain-US

• NPC: Field mismatch: the packet describes “no-prevention couples (NPC)” as a category/type of HIV-serodiscordant heterosexual couples (defined by partners’ serostatus and “no-prevention” context), not as a diagnostic term.; Some elements are only indirectly supported: the packet mentions “psychopathology,” “illness behaviors,” and “psychosocial factors” related to transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, but does not explicitly define NPC as being used specifically to examine “mental health factors” (as distinct from psychopathology) in the way the definition states.; The definition adds a broader framing about “mental health factors linked to sexual health risk” that is only loosely supported; the packet specifically mentions psychosocial factors, health behaviors, psychopathology, and STD transmission, not that exact usage.; The requested field is not defensible here: NPC in the packet is a study abbreviation for “no-prevention couples,” not a diagnosis term.

  Lazzari Carlo; Rees Jon; Graham Yitka; Owens Rebecca. Psychiatric comorbidities and sexual health risks in HIV-serodiscordant heterosexual couples involving women with borderline personality disorder: a mixed-method study and theoretical modeling. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1775933; article XML SHA-256 14d6422ff5e1b0df36b2cfb4b08008fd6ea7f10a28220ae9a3834efff9643c3c. “Psychiatric comorbidities and sexual health risks in HIV-serodiscordant heterosexual couples involving women with borderline personality disorder: a mixed-method study and theoretical modeling” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1775933). · CC-BY-4.0

• NREM sleep: The first sentence asserts a definition (“NREM sleep is … a sleep–wake state described as being under neural regulation”), but the packet does not provide an explicit definitional description of NREM sleep in those terms; it only discusses neural circuits involved in sleep–wake regulation.; The packet supports that NREM sleep is non-rapid eye movement sleep and that activation of the SCN–HDB pathway increased NREM sleep during the dark phase in mice, but it does not support the added characterization that NREM sleep is a sleep–wake state "described as being under neural regulation."; The requested field is "learning," but the supplied source is a sleep/neuroscience article rather than a learning-related psychology/counselling sense, so the field is not defensible from the packet.; The second sentence’s specific claim about increased NREM sleep during the dark phase in mice via activation of the SCN→HDB pathway is supported, but the overall definition is not purely grounded in the packet because the definitional portion goes beyond what is stated.

  Chen Lei; Chen Changfeng; Jin Qiaoling; Liang Yue; Wu Jian; Zhang Pingping; Cheng Juan; Wang Liecheng. Efferent pathways from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the horizontal limbs of diagonal band promote NREM sleep during the dark phase in mice. 2024; DOI 10.1186/s12868-024-00881-0; article XML SHA-256 d42a79cd75fada762334fb3f514a0db872cce04731a951bf96ae9d0c0a0f8c7e. “Efferent pathways from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the horizontal limbs of diagonal band promote NREM sleep during the dark phase in mice” (10.1186/s12868-024-00881-0). · CC-BY-4.0

• nuclei: The definition adds an unsupported biological generalization: the packet discusses nuclei in histology images, but does not define nuclei as the central structures within cells.; The definition claims that nuclei are “central structures within cells”; the provided packet describes nuclei regions in histology images but does not state that nuclei are central structures within cells.; The packet does support automated detection/segmentation and classification of nuclei in histopathology images for cancer detection, but the unsupported “central structures within cells” component makes the overall definition not fully supported by the packet.; The wording narrows to a clinical image-analysis context that is only indirectly supported; the packet supports automated segmentation/classification of nuclei for cancer detection, but not a general dictionary-style definition of nuclei itself.

  Chowdhury Anjir Ahmed; Mahmud S M Hasan; Uddin Md Palash; Kadry Seifedine; Kim Jung-Yeon; Nam Yunyoung. Nuclei segmentation and classification from histopathology images using federated learning for end-edge platform. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0322749; article XML SHA-256 e4c2e63a4a2d12d9d8c65786226df6d6ac7528e174afb6056bdd2220933aec8d. “Nuclei segmentation and classification from histopathology images using federated learning for end-edge platform” (10.1371/journal.pone.0322749). · CC-BY-4.0

• numerosity perception: Because the above parts are not directly supported, the requested sense of the term is not defensibly supported by the supplied source packet.; The definition slightly broadens the source by presenting the concept as a general ability; the packet only describes a simplest model of numerosity perception and does not define the term in that way.; The definition’s claim that it “refers to estimating number rather than simply counting one by one” is not supported by the packet, which does not contrast perception with estimation in those terms (it contrasts Weber’s law vs a counting model).; The packet does not explicitly support the definition’s framing of numerosity perception as an “ability to perceive” number of items/events; it only discusses a “simplest model… one that counts the number of items… (or events in a period of time).”; The packet supports numerosity perception as counting items in a region of space or events in a period of time, but it does not support the added claim that this term specifically means estimating number rather than counting one by one.

  Yago Malo Jorge; Cicchini Guido Marco; Morrone Maria Concetta; Chiofalo Maria Luisa. Quantum spin models for numerosity perception. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0284610; article XML SHA-256 218fb8a55cb7c7df4a650dab13e630029a565b1da1a5db530f747b33b4d2bf47. “Quantum spin models for numerosity perception” (10.1371/journal.pone.0284610). · CC-BY-4.0

• objective indicator: The definition slightly generalizes beyond the packet by presenting a general definition of the term rather than the packet-specific sense only.; The definition’s first sentence gives a general characterization (“measurable sign… without relying on subjective judgment”) that is not stated in the packet.; The packet specifically ties “objective indicator” to distortion-product otoacoustic emissions being an objective indicator of normally functioning cochlear outer hair cells, but it does not support the broader general description in the definition’s first sentence.; The packet supports that distortion-product otoacoustic emissions are an objective indicator of normally functioning cochlear outer hair cells, but it does not explicitly support the broader gloss that an objective indicator is a measurable sign from a test that assesses bodily function without relying on subjective judgment.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions” (C184951). · CC-BY-4.0

• objective: The definition refers to “agreement within and across studies,” while the packet emphasizes “methodological rigor and consistency” and “objective and reproducible behavioural classifications” but does not explicitly use or support the specific notion of “agreement.”; The definition states that objectivity is achieved by avoiding dependence on “a researcher's personal judgment,” but the packet does not explicitly mention personal judgment as the contrast.; The packet mentions rigor and consistency, but not 'agreement within and across studies,' so that part is an unsupported generalization.; The packet supports a standardized, objective, reproducible procedure for behavioural classification, but it does not support the added claim that the methods work by avoiding a researcher's personal judgment.

  Brotier Héloïse; Alba-Gonzalez Pablo; Kannan Prameek; Geffen Eli; Ilany Amiyaal; Koren Lee. Developing objective tools to study rock hyrax ( Procavia capensis ) behaviour in the field. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0343302; article XML SHA-256 ae8137704455f3501d329489eeb574a2deced9ba359c6d9898ba3b7faeaa70fb. “Developing objective tools to study rock hyrax ( Procavia capensis ) behaviour in the field” (10.1371/journal.pone.0343302). · CC-BY-4.0

• oblique: Because the definition includes the unsupported characterization (“slanted or angled”), the overall definition is not fully supported by the provided packet.; The packet supports the specific phrase “obturator oblique radiographic imaging/view,” but it does not explicitly define “oblique” as a generally “slanted or angled radiographic view.”; The packet text supports that “obturator oblique radiographic imaging” is used to evaluate posterior column screws penetration and concerns the acetabulum, but it does not support the claim that “oblique refers to a slanted or angled radiographic view.”; The statement that this is used to assess the acetabulum and posterior column screws is supported, but the broader definitional gloss goes beyond what the packet states.

  Li Hongtao; Xu Li; An Longxin; Li Xiaojing; Zhang Linjing; Liu Jun; Zhai Kaili; Sun Xuecheng; Feng Naibo. Utilization of the posterior iliac line for visualizing posterior column screws in obturator oblique view. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0347522; article XML SHA-256 bac9b58db898e11f058765a780b18563231af7269f29b431aaf77fc4bc8e5d7b. “Utilization of the posterior iliac line for visualizing posterior column screws in obturator oblique view” (10.1371/journal.pone.0347522). · CC-BY-4.0

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration: The definition adds functional claims about OSHA’s role in evaluating protective equipment that are not stated in the supplied text.; The packet does not support the claim that, “In this context, it serves as a standard-setting body for evaluating protective equipment used on the job.”; The packet only states that subjects performed an “Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-accepted quantitative fit test”; it does not define OSHA as a “workplace safety and health authority.”; The packet only supports that the study used an OSHA-accepted quantitative fit test; it does not support the broader characterization of OSHA as a workplace safety and health authority or standard-setting body in this context.

  Strickling Maddison; Zarif Nasheed; Nguyen Hoang; Moradi Khalaj Samira; MacIntyre C Raina; Packard Robert; Selvaduray Guna; Wang Yun. A comparison of fit, heat stress, oxygen saturation and comfort between a novel reusable mask and disposable N95 respirator. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0321538; article XML SHA-256 b55619b0e289414eea7cfb56791550ccbb26d473afca7be986be98b46ac2a22f. “A comparison of fit, heat stress, oxygen saturation and comfort between a novel reusable mask and disposable N95 respirator” (10.1371/journal.pone.0321538). · CC-BY-4.0

• occupational status: The first sentence is only indirectly supported: the packet refers to “occupational stratification” and “occupational status groups,” but does not explicitly define occupational status as a person’s standing within a social ranking of jobs or occupations.; The packet does not explicitly define “occupational status” as “a person’s standing within the social ranking of jobs or occupations.”; The packet does not explicitly state that occupational status is “used as an indicator of socioeconomic position” (it discusses socioeconomic pathways, but not the definitional use as an indicator).; The second sentence overgeneralizes beyond the packet by stating that occupational status is used as an indicator of socioeconomic position; the packet supports links with health inequality, mortality risk, and intergenerational transmission, but does not explicitly support that definitional role.; While the packet supports that occupational status relates to health outcomes/mortality risks and can transmit disparities intergenerationally, those parts alone do not fully substantiate the definition’s first two sentences.

  Li Qingxia; Li Yingji. Occupational status and health disparities among workers—An empirical study based on China health and nutrition survey data. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0324144; article XML SHA-256 11a9a2cf9fab893ed04b2f5155aea48f9ca6b9f562b68c9946461ccab8d17aae. “Occupational status and health disparities among workers—An empirical study based on China health and nutrition survey data” (10.1371/journal.pone.0324144). · CC-BY-4.0

• odds: The definition’s explanatory phrasing (“in this context… associated with a higher chance of those problems”) is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet provides no wording equivalent to this general interpretation.; The packet does not define the term “odds” as “how likely an outcome is to happen.” It only uses the phrase “increase the odds of depression and stress” in a study context.; The packet supports the term only in a research-usage context (“increase the odds of depression and stress”); it does not support the broader definitional claim that odds means how likely an outcome is to happen.; The response adds an explanatory gloss about depression/stress risk that is not directly defined in the source packet.

  Bae Yujin; Song Ye-Seul; Park Eun Hee; Hong Hyun Ju; Kim Hyewon. Associations of weight change with perceived stress and depression: a nationwide population-based study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1941947; article XML SHA-256 a496d6144e19d2d4b9c9c5dcc88b93b5d98dda5bd83763e4bd348abc94d739c2. “Associations of weight change with perceived stress and depression: a nationwide population-based study” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1941947). · CC-BY-4.0

• off response: The packet does not say that an off response is the retinal signal occurring when a light stimulus ends; that temporal definition is unsupported.; The packet does not support the claim that an “off response” is “the retinal signal that occurs when a light stimulus ends.” It only discusses an “OFF-response in the electroretinogram (ERG)” in the context of evaluating OFF-pathway functions, without defining the stimulus-ending condition.; The source only supports a positive OFF-response in the electroretinogram and its relation to the OFF pathway, not a broader definitional statement about the response itself.; While the packet mentions a “positive OFF-response in the electroretinogram (ERG)” and relates it to evaluating “OFF-pathway functions,” it does not explicitly state that this is “linked to the retina’s OFF pathway” in the same definitional way used by the definition (it is only implied by the study’s purpose).

  Lei Bo. Rod-Driven OFF Pathway Responses in the Distal Retina: Dark-Adapted Flicker Electroretinogram in Mouse. 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0043856; article XML SHA-256 057f5544feff2286217f6bf537d671f0bf6df4d2f5b1f5bb19961d0c4376d026. “Rod-Driven OFF Pathway Responses in the Distal Retina: Dark-Adapted Flicker Electroretinogram in Mouse” (10.1371/journal.pone.0043856). · CC-BY-4.0

• olfactory brain: The definition adds that the term refers to “brain areas involved in processing smell-related input,” but the packet only states that these basal forebrain and medial temporal lobe areas “receive synaptic inputs from the OLFACTORY BULB,” without mentioning processing of smell-related information.; The final sentence adds a functional gloss (“involved in processing smell-related input”) that is not stated in the source packet.; “Inner part of the temporal lobe” is a looser rewording than the packet’s “medial part of temporal lobe areas,” so the anatomy is not stated with full precision.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Olfactory Cortex” (D066194). · public-domain-US-government

• olfactory encoding: The definition’s claim that the receptors “make sensory neurons respond specifically to different chemicals” is only indirectly supported by the packet’s statement about specificity of olfactory sensory neuron responses; the “different chemicals” phrasing is not clearly stated in that form.; The field requested is “learning,” but the packet describes chemosensory receptor characterization and insect behaviors (host preference, mate choice, oviposition) rather than learning processes.; The packet does not explicitly define “olfactory encoding” as an information-representation mechanism; it only states that odor detection is mediated by odorant/ionotropic receptors and that these ensure specificity of olfactory sensory neuron responses, which does not directly support the wording about “represented … by the smell system.”; The packet says antennal olfaction mediates behaviors such as host preference, mate choice, and oviposition site selection, but it does not state that olfactory encoding itself is linked to those behaviors, so that connection is unsupported.; The packet supports olfactory receptors and odor-specific sensory neuron responses, but it does not define “olfactory encoding” as the general representation of odor information by the smell system in those terms; that framing is an extrapolation.

  Cao Depan; Liu Yang; Walker William B.; Li Jianhong; Wang Guirong. Molecular Characterization of the Aphis gossypii Olfactory Receptor Gene Families. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0101187; article XML SHA-256 fb2df84540270d0068681a7a9300c976f947cdd59a768021cf1fcc0caada0d15. “Molecular Characterization of the Aphis gossypii Olfactory Receptor Gene Families” (10.1371/journal.pone.0101187). · CC-BY-4.0

• one-shot case study: Although the second sentence is supported (one semester of teaching/practicing transcreation with an online questionnaire administered afterward), the first sentence contains substantive generic wording not explicitly supported by the packet.; The definition claims that a one-shot case study is “a simple research design” and describes it generically as involving “a single teaching or intervention trial.” The packet only states that “a one-shot case study was adopted” and describes a specific implementation (a one-semester teaching trial followed by an online questionnaire); it does not support the generic characterization “simple research design” or the broader definition phrasing beyond the described context.; The field label is not directly supported by the source text, which is about translator training and translation studies rather than cognition; while it may be adjacent, the packet does not establish a cognition sense for the term.; The packet supports that the study used a one-shot case study with a one-semester trial followed by an online questionnaire, but it does not support the broader definitional claim that this is a “simple research design” with a general pre/post structure; that is an unsupported generalization from the source packet alone.; The source does not say the design was used to evaluate the “effects” of transcreation training. It reports students’ overall perceptions, awareness, and confidence after the trial, so the effect-focused wording is unsupported.

  Zhu Minghai. Sustainability of translator training in higher education. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0283522; article XML SHA-256 2372fcc78d2584d044f46f088d87f7e60b75e40235f4997c73e229cb6fd55097. “Sustainability of translator training in higher education” (10.1371/journal.pone.0283522). · CC-BY-4.0

• one-trial learning: The definition’s claim about performance “changing immediately” and “instead of building up gradually across repeated trials” goes beyond what is stated in the provided text.; The packet supports that the auto-shaped bees showed “one-trial learning” and contrasts this with an “asymptotic approach to a maximal efficiency,” but it does not explicitly define “one-trial learning” as learning appearing after a single experience/trial or as performance changing immediately.; The packet uses the term in an example (“Auto-shaped bees showed one-trial learning”) but does not itself define it as learning after a single experience or training trial.; “slowly approaching maximum efficiency” goes beyond the packet’s wording; the source only contrasts one-trial learning with an asymptotic approach to maximal performance, not a general definition of efficiency.

  Abramson Charles I; Dinges Christopher W; Wells Harrington. Operant Conditioning in Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera L.): The Cap Pushing Response. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0162347; article XML SHA-256 4277598507c3cbf0e41236779623baaae02d7bdbd2e04d043094520ba5457e4b. “Operant Conditioning in Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera L.): The Cap Pushing Response” (10.1371/journal.pone.0162347). · CC-BY-4.0

• on–off cell: The definition adds a generalized cell-state description (“high expression of a regulator” / “low expression”) that is not stated that way in the packet; the packet supports ON and OFF subpopulations tied specifically to RovA and invasiveness/virulence, not this broader formulation.; The definition’s example phrasing (“ON state with high expression of a regulator or an OFF state with low expression”) is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text (the packet mentions RovA ON/OFF subpopulations and high-/low-invasive subpopulations, but does not state that ON/OFF corresponds directly to high vs low regulator expression).; The packet is about bacterial virulence regulation, not the requested psychology/counselling field of learning, so the field is not defensible here.; The provided field is “learning,” but the packet describes a bacterial thermoresponsive bistable switch controlling virulence; this is not supported as belonging to “learning.”

  Nuss Aaron Mischa; Schuster Franziska; Roselius Louisa; Klein Johannes; Bücker René; Herbst Katharina; Heroven Ann Kathrin; Pisano Fabio; Wittmann Christoph; Münch Richard; Müller Johannes; Jahn Dieter; Dersch Petra. A Precise Temperature-Responsive Bistable Switch Controlling Yersinia Virulence. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006091; article XML SHA-256 50ad4c5fdee6b50fb6e0b0a4b8709b304648fdbb67ac08f56f8712c04fbdf880. “A Precise Temperature-Responsive Bistable Switch Controlling Yersinia Virulence” (10.1371/journal.ppat.1006091). · CC-BY-4.0

• oocyte: The definition adds a broad characterization of how oocytes are studied; the packet specifically reports an experiment on in vitro maturation under methylglyoxal stress and punicic acid treatment, not a general counseling/mental-health sense of the term.; The provided source packet describes in vitro oocyte and embryo development under dicarbonyl (methylglyoxal) stress and antioxidant (punicic acid) effects; it does not provide any mental-health/psychology framing or relevance, so the requested field (“mental health”) is not defensible.; The requested field is mental health, but the packet is a reproductive biology study about mouse oocytes, so the entry is not defensible for this field.

  Ronasi Shahrzad; Mahdavi Amir Hossein; Varnosfaderani Shiva Rouhollahi; Kowsar Rasoul; Jafarpour Farnoosh; Nasr-Esfahani Mohammad Hossein. Punicic acid alleviates methylglyoxal-induced oocyte dysfunction during in vitro maturation in mouse species. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0314602; article XML SHA-256 89d8d0caeedaf098db68a874331eacc4b45612b099419b74002d153c6f4148fa. “Punicic acid alleviates methylglyoxal-induced oocyte dysfunction during in vitro maturation in mouse species” (10.1371/journal.pone.0314602). · CC-BY-4.0

• operandum: The definition adds an interpretation of operandum as a general “target” or “response method” beyond what the packet explicitly supports; the packet only shows it as the response act used in the task (for example, nose-poking).; The definition’s suggested examples (“lever-pressing or nose-poking”) are only partially supported: lever-pressing is described as a response method in the study, but “operandum” is explicitly tied to nose-poking only; the packet does not clearly state lever-pressing “as operandum.”; The packet only explicitly uses “operandum” in the phrase “nose-poking as operandum” and does not support the broader claim that “operandum means the … target” (a target is not described as the meaning of operandum in the provided text).; The provided “field” is set to “diagnosis,” but the packet content concerns an animal self-administration paradigm and experimental model details, not diagnosing a condition.; The requested field is not defensible here: the packet uses the term in an animal self-administration research context, not in diagnosis or clinical assessment.

  Amchova Petra; Kucerova Jana; Giugliano Valentina; Babinska Zuzana; Zanda Mary T.; Scherma Maria; Dusek Ladislav; Fadda Paola; Micale Vincenzo; Sulcova Alexandra; Fratta Walter; Fattore Liana. Enhanced self-administration of the CB 1 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 in olfactory bulbectomized rats: evaluation of possible serotonergic and dopaminergic underlying mechanisms. 2013; DOI 10.3389/fphar.2014.00044; article XML SHA-256 48f4ba7c2e7acf787736fc6c45d48fb97136a88cafafa6ad83fcd3cafeef178f. “Enhanced self-administration of the CB 1 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 in olfactory bulbectomized rats: evaluation of possible serotonergic and dopaminergic underlying mechanisms” (10.3389/fphar.2014.00044). · CC-BY-3.0

• opioid use disorder: Because the definition’s first sentence is unsupported, the overall definition cannot be considered defensible against the packet.; The claim that it is “associated with opioid withdrawal” is not supported by the packet; the packet only says ketamine may be used as an adjunct during treatment of opioid withdrawal.; The definition adds a general clinical explanation beyond the source and is not limited to the wording and scope provided in the packet.; The packet supports that opioid use disorder is a public health crisis with substantial economic cost, morbidity, and mortality, but it does not define it as a “mental health condition involving disordered use of opioid drugs.”; The packet text does not define opioid use disorder as a “mental health condition” or as “disordered use of opioid drugs,” so those substantive claims in the definition are not supported by the provided source.

  Shen Mary R.; Campbell Dylan E.; Kopczynski Anika; Maddams Samuel; Rosenblum Naomi; Nigam Kabir; Suzuki Joji. Ketamine in treating opioid use disorder and opioid withdrawal: a scoping review. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1552084; article XML SHA-256 609e41a22e571d38cd45e52888cd925b32fcc90266adf1768fe7200ea4d7c7da. “Ketamine in treating opioid use disorder and opioid withdrawal: a scoping review” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1552084). · CC-BY-4.0

• optimal outbreeding: Field mismatch: the packet describes female mate choice in red mason bees (Osmia bicornis) based on odor, thorax vibrations, and relatedness; it does not provide support that this belongs in a “cognition” field.; The definition adds a generalized formulation (“a form of mate choice in which an individual selects a partner partly according to genetic relatedness or distance”) that is broader than the packet’s wording; the packet only presents this as a putative hypothesis for female choice in red mason bees, not as a general definition or current consensus.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source is about insect mating signals and relatedness, not a psychology/cognition definition.; Unsupported generalization: the definition states that partner choice is “partly according to genetic relatedness or distance.” The packet explicitly mentions choice based on “its relatedness to the female,” but it only treats “genetic distance” as a hypothesis/cue to be tested (not established as part of the mate-choice mechanism).

  Conrad Taina; Paxton Robert J.; Assum Günter; Ayasse Manfred. Divergence in male sexual odor signal and genetics across populations of the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis , in Europe. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0193153; article XML SHA-256 f7d2f296bc9208f2ed7c8f6a03fb8d9754cfcc763a8d3909c0310c7fa91c946e. “Divergence in male sexual odor signal and genetics across populations of the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis , in Europe” (10.1371/journal.pone.0193153). · CC-BY-4.0

• oral contraceptive: The definition partly shifts from the term’s meaning to the study context; the packet supports that specific oral contraceptive formulations were examined for olfactory performance and wellbeing, but not that this is the term’s definition.; The definition’s claim that the source “refers to pill formulations such as combined estrogen-progestogen or progestogen-only regimens” is only partially supported: the packet explicitly lists ethinylestradiol-based and progestogen-only pills, but it does not explicitly describe them using the terms “combined estrogen-progestogen” or “progestogen-only regimens” as such.; The packet does not explicitly state that an oral contraceptive is a “birth control” method or that it is “taken by mouth”; it discusses “oral contraceptive (OC) use” and pill formulations, but those specific phrases/senses are not directly supported in the provided text.; The source packet supports oral contraceptive use and pill formulations, but it does not explicitly state the general definitional claim that an oral contraceptive is a hormone-based birth control pill taken by mouth.; “Studied in relation to smell performance and wellbeing” is broadly consistent with the packet’s Sniffin’ Sticks (olfactory performance) and self-report life satisfaction/happiness, but it does not use the exact “smell performance” wording; this is close, yet the earlier missing explicit support on “birth control pill taken by mouth” is sufficient for rejection.

  Gonçalves Patrícia Maria Rodrigues; de Azevedo Bruna Cestari; Fomin Denilson; Galeazzo Raul Galliano; Veiga César Antônio; Rezende Natália Queiroz; Siba Isadora Pozzetti; Pascarelli Raphaela Goncalves Barros; Dieamant Gustavo; Podgaec Sérgio; Pinheiro Camila Hernandes. Olfactory perception and wellbeing across hormonal contraceptive users and menstrual cycle phases. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2026.1646597; article XML SHA-256 d4f1b9339a134c496430931e8bd95423458cdfb27049fbd07f7a98a62942c536. “Olfactory perception and wellbeing across hormonal contraceptive users and menstrual cycle phases” (10.3389/fnhum.2026.1646597). · CC-BY-4.0

• oral sound: The packet does not explicitly support that “oral sound” is specifically “produced through the mouth”; it mentions “oral sound production” but does not define it as mouth-produced sound.; The packet supports bioacoustics and animal communication, but it does not support the added claim about early detection of changes in development.; The packet supports using oral sound production to help with understanding behavior and animal health/early diagnosis, but not the broader claim that it is used to 'support early detection' of development or general health changes in the way stated.; While the packet supports bioacoustics helping understand signaling and supporting early diagnosis/health monitoring, it does not clearly substantiate “early detection of changes in … development” as such (it references failure to thrive/ill health, but “development” as a general target is not explicitly stated in the provided text).

  Rideout Hannah; Whetton Anthony D.. Leveraging artificial intelligence in bioacoustics for animal health monitoring and early diagnosis in veterinary medicine. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fvets.2026.1816544; article XML SHA-256 8817e8850b5ea50c10e1abfd404e34afc7551d5998d664ec6694cf643de5a395. “Leveraging artificial intelligence in bioacoustics for animal health monitoring and early diagnosis in veterinary medicine” (10.3389/fvets.2026.1816544). · CC-BY-4.0

• oral–genital contact: The field is not defensible from the packet, which is about HPV transmission in head and neck lesions rather than mental health.; The packet does not explicitly define what “oral–genital contact” means (e.g., mouth contacting another person’s genitals); it only lists “oral-genital contact” as a pathway of HPV transmission.; The packet supports only that oral-genital contact is listed as a pathway of HPV transmission; it does not define the term as sexual contact between a person’s mouth and another person’s genitals.; The statement that this is “one possible route for transmitting HPV” is supported, but the added anatomical/behavioral definition (“between a person’s mouth and another person’s genitals”) is not directly stated in the provided text.

  Chaudhary Ajay Kumar; Singh Mamta; Sundaram Shanthy; Mehrotra Ravi. Role of human papillomavirus and its detection in potentially malignant and malignant head and neck lesions: updated review. 2009; DOI 10.1186/1758-3284-1-22; article XML SHA-256 20a64ddd8e0a4ec522982aff730f1994f533b195ec09443c335b40780e32a812. “Role of human papillomavirus and its detection in potentially malignant and malignant head and neck lesions: updated review” (10.1186/1758-3284-1-22). · CC-BY-2.0

• oral–lingual dyskinesia: The first sentence adds a definitional characterization that is not stated in the source packet, so the definition goes beyond the supplied evidence.; The packet does not define “oral–lingual dyskinesia” as a “movement abnormality involving the mouth and tongue”; it only mentions the term as a “novel feature” reported in GNAO1 encephalopathy.; The packet supports that oral-lingual dyskinesia was reported as a novel feature in GNAO1 encephalopathy, but it does not define the term as a movement abnormality involving the mouth and tongue.; While the packet supports that oral-lingual dyskinesia is reported as a novel feature in people with GNAO1 encephalopathy, the definition’s first substantive claim is not supported by the provided text.

  Marcé-Grau Anna; Dalton James; López-Pisón Javier; García-Jiménez María Concepción; Monge-Galindo Lorena; Cuenca-León Ester; Giraldo Jesús; Macaya Alfons. GNAO1 encephalopathy: further delineation of a severe neurodevelopmental syndrome affecting females. 2016; DOI 10.1186/s13023-016-0416-0; article XML SHA-256 d2cbd3a1cb90b72769b9a66173dbd87c282558c876c219c30b8e0995c76f4006. “GNAO1 encephalopathy: further delineation of a severe neurodevelopmental syndrome affecting females” (10.1186/s13023-016-0416-0). · CC-BY-4.0

• Orap: The definition is otherwise close to the packet, but the unsupported brand-name claim makes it fail as written.; The packet does not explicitly state that “Orap” is the brand name for pimozide; it only describes a dopamine antagonist/antipsychotic property associated with pimozide.; The packet supports pimozide as a dopamine antagonist with antipsychotic property, but it does not say that Orap is the brand name for pimozide.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Pimozide” (C47672). · CC-BY-4.0

• order of magnitude: The definition adds a broad general gloss about ‘a very large approximate difference in size’ that is not specifically grounded in the packet’s usage, which only supports the roughly tenfold increase example.; The definition’s claim that “commonly meaning about a tenfold change” is unsupported by the provided packet text.; The field is not defensible from the packet: the source is an AI energy/emissions article, not a cognition or psychology context.; The packet does not define “order of magnitude” as a tenfold (or any specific) change; it only uses the phrase “roughly an order of magnitude” to describe AI electricity demand increasing.

  Turkay Berke M; Pehlivan Ipek; Onat Nuri C; Kucukvar Murat; Türkay Metin. Scenario-based forecasting of the global energy demand and carbon footprint of artificial intelligence. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0343056; article XML SHA-256 c7154a680998875a384008e4386c66aa46c8caf1772ebd3ce432e3b79d447b37. “Scenario-based forecasting of the global energy demand and carbon footprint of artificial intelligence” (10.1371/journal.pone.0343056). · CC-BY-4.0

• organizational effect: The claim that prenatal androgen exposure could help shape later vulnerability to PMDD goes beyond the packet, which does not state vulnerability or causal shaping.; The definition claims the article uses the term to suggest “prenatal androgen exposure could help shape later vulnerability to PMDD,” but the packet only says the research investigates the “possible role of prenatal androgen in the PMDD,” without specifying “later vulnerability.”; The definition contains interpretive phrasing (“in this context, … refers to…”) that goes beyond what is explicitly supported by the packet text provided.; The definition’s core meaning (“lasting influence… on later psychological or bodily development”) is not stated in the provided packet. The packet only notes an “organizational effect of prenatal sex hormones” and aims to study prenatal androgen in PMDD.; The packet only says there is a potential organizational effect of prenatal sex hormones in PMDD and that the study aimed to investigate the possible role of prenatal androgen; it does not define organizational effect as a lasting influence on later psychological or bodily development.

  Li Zheng; Xu Meng-jiao; Jin Ying; Zhu Bing-gen. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is associated with the longer length from clitoris to urethra. 2021; DOI 10.1186/s12905-021-01403-4; article XML SHA-256 6da2d691490440b4e01d70b2d914d8017a1bcd403830ef70adac0e364cfb4e58. “Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is associated with the longer length from clitoris to urethra” (10.1186/s12905-021-01403-4). · CC-BY-4.0

• overidentification: The definition adds unsupported meaning by saying internal thoughts are treated as if they fully define reality or the self; the packet only states that cognitive fusion is overidentification with internal thoughts.; The definition’s first sentence adds content not supported by the packet: specifically, “treated as if they fully define reality or the self” is not stated in the provided text.; The packet supports cognitive fusion as a construct linked to reduced psychological flexibility and maladaptive emotion regulation, but not the full explanatory wording used here for overidentification.; While the packet does support that cognitive fusion involves overidentification with internal thoughts and that this compromises psychological flexibility and contributes to maladaptive emotion regulation, the definition’s elaboration about defining reality/self is not evidenced.

  Bergmann Niklas; Conell Ingmar; Hahne Inge; Zierhut Marco; Ta Thi Minh Tam; Hahn Eric; Böge Kerem. Validation of the cognitive fusion questionnaire in regular meditators and persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1748422; article XML SHA-256 e58136ff7a48fd3fd14873a3ed7b28ad97ca897b1de448728b8a18eca8879041. “Validation of the cognitive fusion questionnaire in regular meditators and persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1748422). · CC-BY-4.0

• overprotection: Overall, multiple substantive elements of the definition (notably “overly sheltering,” “keep them dependent,” and the added causal nuance) are not fully supported by the packet text.; The packet does not substantiate the claim that this “can keep them dependent.”; The packet explicitly mentions “parental overprotection” with a “pattern of upbringing resulting in infantilization and prevention of independent behavior,” but it does not support the specific phrasing that the child is “treated in an overly sheltering way.”; The packet supports parental overprotection as a pattern of upbringing that can result in infantilization and prevention of independent behavior, but it does not support the added claim that it “can keep them dependent.”; The packet supports the presence of “infantilization” and the “prevention of independent behavior,” but your definition adds “encourage infantilization” and “limit the development of independent behavior” as causal/intentional effects that are not stated in the packet beyond “resulting in”/“prevention of.”; “Overly sheltering” is not stated in the source text and is an unsupported elaboration beyond the packet wording.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Encounter due to Parental Overprotection” (C183450). · CC-BY-4.0

• overreaction: The definition attributes a specific source-material sense to “overreaction” as an amplified inflammatory response, but the packet uses the word only in passing and does not define it as the term’s sense.; The only clear packet support is that CD14 “may sometimes lead to overreaction and tissue and organ injury,” which is framed in an inflammatory/immunologic context rather than cognition.; The packet does not support the definitional wording that an overreaction is “stronger than is helpful” or “going beyond what is needed for the situation.”; The packet does not support the general definition of “overreaction” as a response that becomes stronger than is helpful; it only says CD14 can amplify inflammatory responses and may sometimes lead to overreaction and tissue and organ injury.; The provided source text is about atibuclimab/CD14 and preventing an inflammatory cascade; the definition’s focus on a general response in the cognition field is not explicitly supported by the packet.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source record is about atibuclimab/CD14 as a pharmacologic substance and immunologic factor, not a cognition term.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Atibuclimab” (C172657). · CC-BY-4.0

• P3 component: The definition contains 4 sentences, but the instructions require the definition to be one to three concise sentences.; The definition says the NoGo-P3 was used as an index of inhibitory control and that larger amplitudes were linked to better response inhibition, but the packet reports correlations with NoGo accuracy and an interpretation of altered brain–behavior coupling, not a direct statement that amplitude indexes inhibition or that larger amplitudes equal better response inhibition.; The definition says “larger NoGo-P3 amplitudes were linked here to better response inhibition”; the packet reports positive correlations between NoGo accuracy and NoGo-P3 amplitude and a group difference in brain–behavior coupling, but it does not directly state “better response inhibition” as such (it is inferred from inhibitory accuracy).; The definition’s phrase “It is used as an index of inhibitory control” is not phrased that way in the packet; the packet reports correlations/interaction with NoGo accuracy and interprets the findings as related to inhibitory control, but “used as an index” is an added characterization.; The packet supports a late positive NoGo-condition ERP at about 400–600 ms, but it does not support the broader claim that the P3 component itself generally is an EEG event-related potential; it only defines the NoGo-P3 in this study.; The wording “suggesting it may reflect effortful executive processing” is broadly consistent with the packet, but the definition compresses several study-specific interpretations into a general definitional claim rather than clearly limiting them to this article's findings.; “P3 component” in the packet is described specifically as the late positive ERP in the NoGo condition (hereafter termed “NoGo-P3”); the definition presents it as the P3 component more generally (even though it tries to narrow to NoGo-P3).

  Zhang Lei; Lu Fang; He Yuxin; Tang Lin; Zhang Li; Xiang Jing; Gu Chun rong; Guo Su wan; Yu Zheng hong. Altered brain–behavior coupling during inhibitory control in ankylosing spondylitis: ERP evidence from NoGo-P3 component. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0351397; article XML SHA-256 189c15a10a844fe024ffd4e77a9fc59c69d1accaff88fc65d49f4d667bc674ed. “Altered brain–behavior coupling during inhibitory control in ankylosing spondylitis: ERP evidence from NoGo-P3 component” (10.1371/journal.pone.0351397). · CC-BY-4.0

• paired-associates learning: Because the definition includes substantive details not explicitly supported by the packet, it cannot be accepted under the requirement that every substantive claim be supported.; The added claim that the visuo-spatial form means learning associations between visual patterns and their locations is not stated in the packet.; The final clause about task performance reflecting visuo-spatial learning is only partly supported; the packet says eventual accuracy is a measure of visuo-spatial learning during the task, but not the broader definition given here.; The packet does not define “paired-associates learning” generally as “learning to link two items together so that one helps recall the other,” nor does it provide this requested sense of the term outside the visuo-spatial task context.; The packet does not state that the visuo-spatial form specifically involves “associations between visual patterns and their locations”; it only describes “visuo-spatial paired associates learning (vsPAL)” and refers to performance/accuracy as reflecting “visuo-spatial learning,” without specifying the visual-pattern-and-location pairing.; The packet only supports visuo-spatial paired associates learning as a task and as a measure of visuo-spatial learning; it does not define paired-associates learning generally as learning to link two items so one helps recall the other.

  Weed Michael R.; Polino Joseph; Signor Laura; Bookbinder Mark; Keavy Deborah; Benitex Yulia; Morgan Daniel G.; King Dalton; Macor John E.; Zaczek Robert; Olson Richard; Bristow Linda J.. Nicotinic alpha 7 receptor agonists EVP-6124 and BMS-933043, attenuate scopolamine-induced deficits in visuo-spatial paired associates learning. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0187609; article XML SHA-256 4d8f21f6234d80a0591d649eb4c49486c7c1f4b6ca5e9d2ec250456b6f5d4103. “Nicotinic alpha 7 receptor agonists EVP-6124 and BMS-933043, attenuate scopolamine-induced deficits in visuo-spatial paired associates learning” (10.1371/journal.pone.0187609). · CC-BY-4.0

• pairmate: The definition adds contextual gloss (“especially the dam he has co-housed and reproduced with”) that is not stated in the source and goes beyond the packet’s wording.; The definition’s claims about influencing “the male’s parental behavior toward their pups” and “signals” are partially supported (it discusses induced maternal-like care/pup retrieval when separated by pairmate-dam signals), but the additional definitional framing about breeding/reproducing is not supported by the packet text.; The packet supports that a pairmate dam provides signals that can induce paternal retrieval behavior, but it does not explicitly define pairmate as the male’s breeding partner or as the dam he has co-housed and reproduced with.; The packet supports that “signals from the pairmate dam” can elicit pup retrieval behavior in male mice, but it does not explicitly define “pairmate” as a “female breeding partner.”; The packet uses “pairmate dam,” “biological pups,” and “co-housed” (e.g., with an unrelated non-pairing dam), but it does not state that the dam was “the male’s paired mate, especially the dam he has co-housed and reproduced with,” nor that reproduction is part of the definitional sense of the term.; The source uses the term in the compound “pairmate dam” and “pairmate-dependent paternal behavior,” so the standalone sense of pairmate is only indirectly supported.

  Liang Mingkun; Zhong Jing; Liu Hong-Xiang; Lopatina Olga; Nakada Ryusuke; Yamauchi Agnes-Mikiko; Higashida Haruhiro. Pairmate-dependent pup retrieval as parental behavior in male mice. 2014; DOI 10.3389/fnins.2014.00186; article XML SHA-256 0889c3fdd858080ef8e7cc882e6ea211861f63083a298e0fdfa32dc53d23cf0e. “Pairmate-dependent pup retrieval as parental behavior in male mice” (10.3389/fnins.2014.00186). · CC-BY-3.0

• paleopallium: The definition claims Paleopallium is an “older” cortical region, but the packet does not include the word “older” or any age-related/ancestry sense of the term.; The packet states “Basal forebrain and medial part of temporal lobe areas that receive synaptic inputs from the OLFACTORY BULB,” but does not explicitly phrase this as an “older cortical region,” nor does it explicitly state “part of the olfactory cortex” in the definition text itself (it is only indirectly suggested by the packet’s source label/category).; The packet supports that this is a basal forebrain and medial temporal lobe area receiving synaptic inputs from the olfactory bulb, but it does not support the added claim that it is an "older cortical region."; The statement that it "is part of the olfactory cortex" is not stated in the packet text; the source label alone is not enough to support that as a substantive claim.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Olfactory Cortex” (D066194). · public-domain-US-government

• pancreatitis: Field mismatch: the packet definition is purely medical (inflammation of the pancreas, acute vs chronic based on CT/ERCP, causes like alcohol and gallstones) and does not relate to mental health as a field.; The definition is otherwise supported by the packet, but the field mismatch fails the requested sense/context requirement.; The requested field is not defensible: the packet defines pancreatitis as a medical condition of the pancreas, not a mental health term.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Pancreatitis” (D010195). · public-domain-US-government

• paraventricular nucleus: The definition adds unsupported detail by describing the nucleus as a "group of nerve cells"; the packet only says it is a nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus.; The definition’s “front part” is consistent with “anterior part,” but the unsupported “group of nerve cells” prevents passing.; The packet states only that it is a “Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.” It does not explicitly describe it as “a group of nerve cells,” so that substantive wording is not directly supported.; The wording "front part" is acceptable for "anterior part," but the rest of the definition should not go beyond the packet-supported location claim.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus” (D010286). · public-domain-US-government

• parental rejection: The definition goes beyond the source by presenting a broader contextual interpretation rather than the source’s narrower association with emotional eating in youngsters.; The packet states that parental rejection is characterized by a lack of parental warmth/acceptance and/or physically and psychologically hurtful behaviors toward the child, but it does not explicitly describe parental rejection itself as “an important stressor for youngsters.” The packet mentions “other stressors” and separately emphasizes the importance of parental rejection for emotional eating, but the specific “important stressor” wording for parental rejection is not directly supported.; The packet supports the characterization of parental rejection as lacking warmth/acceptance or involving hurtful behavior, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that it is an “important stressor for youngsters.”

  Vandewalle Julie; Mabbe Elien; Debeuf Taaike; Braet Caroline; Moens Ellen. The Daily Relation between Parental Rejection and Emotional Eating in Youngsters: A Diary Study. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00691; article XML SHA-256 27f7fe2259ef9655387bfffb92bff78bc668d723ead28c570ec38fa38507967e. “The Daily Relation between Parental Rejection and Emotional Eating in Youngsters: A Diary Study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00691). · CC-BY-4.0

• parent–child interaction therapy: The definition claims PCIT is “described as a treatment whose effectiveness can be compared with usual care in child and adolescent mental health clinics.” This comparison is supported by the packet (“compare … PCIT with treatment as usual (TAU) … referred to regular child and adolescent mental health clinics”), but the overall definition contains unsupported elements beyond this comparison.; The definition states that parent–child interaction therapy is “used with young children and their parents,” but the provided packet text only states that the effectiveness of “Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)” was compared with treatment as usual in “young children” referred to clinics, without explicitly mentioning parents.; The definition’s description that children are “particularly for children referred for behavior problems” is only supported in part: the packet says the children “were referred … for behavior problems,” but it does not support the “particularly” emphasis.; The packet only supports that PCIT was studied as a treatment for young children referred to child and adolescent mental health clinics for behavior problems; it does not support the broader definitional claim that it is a therapeutic approach used with young children and their parents.; The requested sense is only partially supported: the behavior-problem/young-children context is present, but the definition adds unsupported generalization about routine use and effectiveness in clinics.; The second sentence reports a study aim (comparing PCIT with treatment as usual), not a stable description of what the term means, so the definition overstates the source.

  Bjørseth Åse; Wichstrøm Lars. Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in the Treatment of Young Children’s Behavior Problems. A Randomized Controlled Study. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0159845; article XML SHA-256 600f70589c6110bdf330a92c3c5bebf37a55c436a3701540d448a8ce94b7b97d. “Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in the Treatment of Young Children’s Behavior Problems. A Randomized Controlled Study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0159845). · CC-BY-4.0

• paroxysm: The added gloss “such as an abrupt involuntary contraction of muscles” is not the meaning of paroxysm here; it is the surrounding definition of convulsion, where paroxysm is used as a near-synonym for a muscular contraction.; The definition overgeneralizes from one historical occurrence and should not present that historical usage as a broad dictionary sense without support from the packet.; The example in the definition (“abrupt involuntary contraction of muscles”) is broadly consistent with the packet’s wording, but the packet does not explicitly characterize the contraction as “sudden” or “outburst,” so that added phrasing is not directly supported.; The packet does not support the general sense of “paroxysm” as a “sudden violent attack or outburst”; it only uses “paroxysm” as part of the phrase “A violent and purposeless contraction or paroxysm of a group of muscles.”; The packet supports only a medical sense in this source: “a violent and purposeless contraction or paroxysm of a group of muscles.” It does not support the broader general sense “sudden violent attack or outburst.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Convulsion” (Convulsion). · public-domain-US

• participative decision making: The definition adds "workplace" as a setting, but the source context is limited to higher-education teachers and school climate factors; workplace is not supported by the packet.; The definition claims the term is a “school or workplace climate factor”; the packet only clearly frames participative decision-making as one of the “school climate factors” (no workplace context is supported).; The definition’s description of participative decision making (i.e., people are involved in making decisions rather than authority making decisions) is not stated or defined in the provided packet text.; The definition’s specific link (“linked with greater teacher enjoyment”) is supported as a positive direct effect, but other substantive parts of the definition are not supported, so the overall definition cannot pass.; The packet supports participative decision-making as a school climate factor and reports a direct positive effect on teacher enjoyment, but it does not define the term as people being involved in decisions rather than decisions being made by those in authority.

  Bing Xiaoyi; Cai Jianqiao. Unpacking the role of school climate factors in fostering teacher enjoyment and self-efficacy in higher education. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0329001; article XML SHA-256 f8fdafc8cebb1c39984223a63da17143b5f3bb7d21531789973ac62d4f8f76bb. “Unpacking the role of school climate factors in fostering teacher enjoyment and self-efficacy in higher education” (10.1371/journal.pone.0329001). · CC-BY-4.0

• passive avoidance: The definition adds a use/purpose claim beyond the source’s description of the task itself.; The definition adds that the task is "used in the study of learning and memory," but the provided packet text only describes the task structure (negative stimulus during training; omitted during testing) and does not explicitly support the claim about its use in learning-and-memory research.; The final sentence, “It is used in the study of learning and memory,” is not supported by the packet text.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Passive Avoidance Task” (C226113). · CC-BY-4.0

• passive resistance: The definition adds unsupported wording and implications: the packet says “passive resistance to demands for adequate performance” and “indirect expression of hostility,” but it does not explicitly support “avoiding demands” or “rather than opposing them openly.”; The definition’s claim that the term “appears as part of a broader pattern of … reduced cooperation in social and work situations” is not supported by the packet text. The packet mentions negativistic attitudes and indirect hostility/passive resistance to demands for adequate performance, but does not mention reduced cooperation.; “Reduced cooperation in social and work situations” is not stated in the packet; the packet instead says “negativistic attitudes and passive resistance to demands for adequate performance in social and occupational situations.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder” (C34904). · CC-BY-4.0

• patho-: Because the definition’s key claims about what the prefix “patho-” denotes are not stated or supported in the provided text, the definition cannot be considered field-defensible within the supplied packet.; The added explanation that it marks mechanisms as involving pathological processes rather than normal function goes beyond what is stated in the source text.; The packet does not provide an explicit dictionary or etymological definition of the prefix “patho-” (e.g., that it means disease/abnormal bodily functioning).; The packet only shows “(patho-) physiological mechanisms” used in context, but it does not explain the prefix’s meaning, its intended sense, or how it should be interpreted in general terms.; The packet only uses the form in the phrase “(patho-) physiological mechanisms” and does not explicitly support the broader dictionary claim that the prefix means a link to disease or abnormal bodily functioning.

  Eberle Claudia; Fasig Teresa; Brüseke Franziska; Stichling Stefanie. Impact of maternal prenatal stress by glucocorticoids on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in their offspring: A systematic scoping review. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0245386; article XML SHA-256 be927e0808ef657f63011154f2de5153f6e77a4076aee353d7b441cddf1e4676. “Impact of maternal prenatal stress by glucocorticoids on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in their offspring: A systematic scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0245386). · CC-BY-4.0

• pathological aggression: The definition’s first sentence claims a specific contrast—“aggression occurring in clinical or patient populations, rather than the normal range…in healthy people”—but the provided packet does not supply a corresponding definition or clear support for this characterization beyond mentioning “patient populations presenting with pathological aggression.”; The packet does not define pathological aggression as aggression in clinical or patient populations, nor does it contrast the term with the “normal range” of aggressive traits in healthy people; that framing is an unsupported generalization.; The source supports a research association between aggression and altered OFC-amygdala connectivity, but not that this is the defining sense of the term as stated.

  Beyer Frederike; Münte Thomas F.; Wiechert Juliana; Heldmann Marcus; Krämer Ulrike M.. Trait Aggressiveness Is Not Related to Structural Connectivity between Orbitofrontal Cortex and Amygdala. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0101105; article XML SHA-256 ee119300eceb755c2b446b539d33bedaa5d928763e06dfc1a7fd243725323c6a. “Trait Aggressiveness Is Not Related to Structural Connectivity between Orbitofrontal Cortex and Amygdala” (10.1371/journal.pone.0101105). · CC-BY-4.0

• pathological aging: The definition adds a general explanatory contrast with “healthy aging” that is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supported wording.; The packet does not explicitly state that, “in this packet, it is used to describe aging associated with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease.” While the study compares cognitively impaired AD patients to controls and mentions “pathological aging,” the packet does not explicitly equate the term’s meaning to that stated definition.; The packet does not provide or support the claim that “pathological aging refers to aging that is affected by disease-related decline rather than typical healthy aging.” It only uses the phrase “pathological aging” without defining it.; The packet uses the phrase “pathological aging” in the context of cognitively impaired Alzheimer’s disease patients, but it does not define it as aging affected by disease-related decline rather than typical healthy aging.

  Kliem Elisabeth; Forster Michael; Leder Helmut. Aesthetic Preference for Negatively-Valenced Artworks Remains Stable in Pathological Aging: A Comparison Between Cognitively Impaired Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Controls. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879833; article XML SHA-256 1dd18a635aeb3ccde573c437b6f04fc381673131895fe1b335a44e89b1b33b0b. “Aesthetic Preference for Negatively-Valenced Artworks Remains Stable in Pathological Aging: A Comparison Between Cognitively Impaired Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Controls” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879833). · CC-BY-4.0

• patient history: Because “gathers symptom information” is not directly supported by the provided packet text, the definition includes an unsupported substantive claim.; However, the claim that it "gathers symptom information" is not stated in the packet and is an unsupported addition.; The packet states that the instrument has two parts (patient history completed by the patient, and a physical exam completed by a health professional), but it does not explicitly say that the patient history “gathers symptom information.”; The packet supports that the first part is a patient history completed by the patient and that the second part is a physical exam completed by a health professional.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Questionnaire” (C100771). · CC-BY-4.0

• Paxipam: Because “Paxipam” is not supported by the provided packet, the definition’s requested term sense (“Paxipam is…”) is not defensible from the supplied source.; The mechanism is more specific than the packet warrants: the packet supports benzodiazepine-GABA-A receptor binding and increased chloride-channel opening, but not the definition’s exact wording about Paxipam or its stated receptor-complex phrasing as written.; The packet content is for “Halazepam” (source_label: Halazepam) and does not explicitly provide information establishing that “Paxipam” is the same substance or even mentions “Paxipam.”; The packet text is for Halazepam, not Paxipam, so the requested term/sense is not supported by the source packet.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Halazepam” (C61780). · CC-BY-4.0

• PCIT: The definition leans on source-label/background framing for the acronym expansion rather than the source text itself, which only supports the intervention description.; The field is not defensible: PCIT is a therapy/intervention, not a diagnosis term.; The term PCIT is described in the packet as an “approach”/therapy, not as a diagnostic concept; the provided field is “diagnosis,” which is not defensible based on the packet.

  Seçer İsmail; Ulaş Sümeyye; Tatlı Eda; Çimen Fatmanur; Bülbül Burcu; Tosunoğlu Beyzanur. Investigation of the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy on adjustment and behavioral problems in children with subthreshold autism. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1408847; article XML SHA-256 ceb261d29adfe025e1a9bb1109b3d8f14937a45341b9b3c83cff70d22ae6bfbc. “Investigation of the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy on adjustment and behavioral problems in children with subthreshold autism” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1408847). · CC-BY-4.0

• Pcs: The definition adds a broader functional explanation of PCS that goes beyond the source, which only says perceptual-cognitive skills are a strong predictor of future expert performance and are relevant for informing selection/development decisions in football.; The definition claims that “PCS refers to perceptual-cognitive skills” and specifies that these are abilities involved in “taking in information and using it to think and make effective decisions.” The provided packet does not define PCS in terms of information intake, thinking, or decision-making.; The gloss “abilities involved in taking in information and using it to think and make effective decisions” is not stated or clearly supported by the packet.; The packet supports that perceptual-cognitive skills (PCS) are “a strong predictor of future expert performance in football” and that knowledge of PCS can “inform (de)selection and development decisions,” but the first sentence adds definitional detail not supported by the packet.; The sense of “Pcs” is supported only insofar as it maps to “Perceptual-cognitive skills (PCS),” but the added cognitive-mechanism phrasing (“taking in information…make effective decisions”) is not evidenced in the supplied text.

  Triggs Andrew O; Causer Joe; McRobert Allistair P; Reeves Matthew J; Andrew Matthew. Perceptual-cognitive skills in talent development environments: a survey of academy football coaches in the United Kingdom. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1751602; article XML SHA-256 47b4b81db3213bbd2994e8823ee89629f1eae5155167c6660351ff1bb3fe5c5e. “Perceptual-cognitive skills in talent development environments: a survey of academy football coaches in the United Kingdom” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1751602). · CC-BY-4.0

• peer counseling: The claim that peer counseling is a 'promising, low-cost way' to improve breastfeeding outcomes is broader than the packet support; the source says peer counseling is promising and separately discusses low-cost, high-yield primary prevention interventions, but does not specifically state that peer counseling itself is low-cost.; The definition adds an unsupported generalization that peer counseling is a community-based support approach where people receive guidance from peers rather than only from formal health services; the packet only describes breastfeeding peer counseling as a community-based strategy.; The packet supports that “BF peer counseling” is a promising, community-based strategy and that combining health systems and community-based services has larger effects, and it states the interventions are “Low-cost.” However, it does not support the claim that peer counseling provides guidance “rather than only from formal health services.”; The packet text does not explicitly define peer counseling as guidance “from peers” (it uses the term “peer counseling” in the context of breastfeeding outcomes, but the requested first-sentence mechanism/contrast is not stated).

  Martinez-Brockman Josefa L.; Granner Josephine R.; Buchanan Brice; Acosta Lisbette; Lonczak Marilyn; Goeschel Lori; Xu Xiao; Curry Leslie; Nunez-Smith Marcella; Pérez-Escamilla Rafael. Evaluation and adaptation of a two-way text messaging intervention in the WIC breastfeeding peer counseling program: A qualitative analysis. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0313779; article XML SHA-256 5d7332b3cb527236c27ebb66e6bf4d0df2162d8e55d9d6310336fc6ca7ab9943. “Evaluation and adaptation of a two-way text messaging intervention in the WIC breastfeeding peer counseling program: A qualitative analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0313779). · CC-BY-4.0

• percept: The packet is an entry for “Idea,” not “Percept,” and it does not directly define percept as “an object as actually perceived through present sensation.”; The packet states that “objects as perceived by means of actual sensations are included under the term [‘idea’],” which contradicts the supplied definition’s claimed strict contrast between “percept” (present sensation) and “idea” (reproduced image).; The packet supports that idea is a reproduction of an object not actually present to the senses and that some broader usages (e.g., German Vorstellung) can cover both perception and idea, but it does not support the full contrastive definition of percept given here.; The provided definition defines “percept,” but the packet contains an “Idea” entry and does not give a definition of the term “percept.”; The statement that some writers used broader terms is supportable, but the definition’s framing as a historical-psychology term for percept goes beyond the supplied text.; While the packet discusses distinctions between “perceptual experiences” (called impressions) and “ideas,” it does not define “percept” as an object actually perceived through present sensation.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Idea” (Idea). · public-domain-US

• perceptual–motor coordination: The packet does not explicitly support the meaning that this refers to “coordination needed to carry out more complex physical skills and tasks”; it only uses the phrase in a generalized way within an interpretation about wrestling-technique demands, without defining the term.; The packet does not provide a definition of “perceptual–motor coordination,” nor does it state that it is “the ability to use perceptual information to organize and control movement.”; The packet does not support the general definition that perceptual–motor coordination is the ability to use perceptual information to organize and control movement.; The packet only supports a narrower contextual use: techniques that demand higher perceptual-motor coordination and greater task complexity in school physical education; it does not establish the broader explanatory statement in the first sentence.

  Gürsoy Salih; Zekioglu Aylin. Peer-mediated instruction improves acquisition of complex wrestling techniques in school physical education. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0348070; article XML SHA-256 4d0d02fe1c61a67418823fd701ca0496edfa93386597f187ee7872564018b267. “Peer-mediated instruction improves acquisition of complex wrestling techniques in school physical education” (10.1371/journal.pone.0348070). · CC-BY-4.0

• performance goal: Several elements of the first sentence (e.g., “achievement focus,” “behavior is directed by expectations of success,” and “value placed on outcomes or external incentives”) are only indirectly supported via broader discussion of achievement motivation/expected value theory and the broader “achievement goal orientation” construct, not a direct definition of “performance goal” as such.; The definition adds a generalized theory-style description of motivation and external incentives that is broader than what the packet explicitly defines for this term.; The final sentence overstates the source by attributing lower self-efficacy, greater concern about failure, and maladaptive avoidance specifically to “weaker performance goals”; the packet only discusses poor achievement goals and performance goal orientation more generally.; The packet repeatedly discusses **“performance goal orientation”** (and “poor achievement goals / poor mastery of goals in performance goal orientation”), but it does not define **“performance goal”** as a standalone term; the definition’s requested sense may not match what the packet supports.; The packet supports “performance goal orientation,” not the standalone term “performance goal,” so the requested sense is not securely established.; While the packet links poor achievement goals to lower self-efficacy and maladaptive failure-avoidance, the definition’s specific phrasing “weaker performance goals” is not clearly mapped as the same construct label within the packet, which uses related but not identical wording (e.g., poor mastery, poor achievement goals, performance goal orientation).

  Guan Jinliang; Yu Peng; Liu Chengzhen; Ma Wangyan. Cumulative ecological risk and problematic smartphone use among Chinese college students: the roles of performance goal orientation, learning goal orientation and psychological resilience. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1467653; article XML SHA-256 d9900d7729c55d22562cda1b1627d5af1f392ad4d3cd5bdc639c2a3bd1c997ec. “Cumulative ecological risk and problematic smartphone use among Chinese college students: the roles of performance goal orientation, learning goal orientation and psychological resilience” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1467653). · CC-BY-4.0

• persecutory delusion: The definition blends a modern diagnostic-style summary with the historical account; the packet is a historical OCR passage, so the wording should not present unsupported general clinical phrasing as if it were supplied by the source.; The definition says persecutory delusion is “part of a more organised suspicious mental state” in which ordinary events are taken as signs of conspiracy and referring personally; while the packet does describe persecutory delusions as “highly organised,” “grouped and systematised,” and says the person sees “ominous signs of conspiracy in the most ordinary events” and that “everything tends to refer to him,” this support applies within the packet’s discussion of “true insane delusions of the paranoic type,” not as a general formulation matching the definition’s first-sentence specifics.; The definition’s first sentence claims a “fixed false belief that one is being plotted against, harmed, or watched by others”; the packet supports persecutory delusions as relating to persecution/conspiracy and being a “persecute,” but it does not explicitly support the specific contents “plotted against,” “harmed,” or “watched by others.”; The packet supports the historical description of persecutory delusions as highly organised, systematised, and involving suspicion that ordinary events and the questioner may be part of a conspiracy, but it does not explicitly support the opening clinical gloss “a fixed false belief.”

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-2929500-2941500). · public-domain-US

• personality deterioration: The added description that Pick disease is a dementia ‘linked to circumscribed atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes’ goes beyond the term being defined and turns the entry into a disease summary rather than a supported definition of ‘personality deterioration.’; The first sentence (“a decline or worsening of a person’s usual personality”) is not explicitly supported by the packet text, which only lists “personality deterioration” among clinical features without defining it as “decline/worsening” relative to a usual baseline.; The packet lists personality deterioration only as a clinical feature of Pick disease; it does not define it as a decline or worsening of a person’s usual personality.; While the second sentence is broadly supported (the packet states Pick disease clinical features include personality deterioration, and describes circumscribed atrophy of the poles of the frontal and temporal lobes), the unsupported definition of what “personality deterioration” means prevents a fully defensible match to the provided source packet.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Pick Disease of the Brain” (D020774). · public-domain-US-government

• personification: The definition claims that personification is “linked with … the rise of beliefs in supernatural beings,” but the packet does not support a claim about any “rise” (historical development) of such beliefs; it only states that “the personification of cosmic phenomena (animism) must be cited as the origin of all such conceptions.”; The definition slightly overextends the source by framing personification as treating phenomena as having personal agency; the packet supports human-like interpretation, not agency as such.; The packet supports personification of cosmic phenomena as an anthropomorphic/anthropathic standpoint, but it does not explicitly support the added claim about the “rise” of beliefs in supernatural beings.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Demon” (Demon). · public-domain-US

• philosophy of science: The packet does not provide a general definition of “philosophy of science” as “a way of examining how a scientific idea is formed…whether its assumptions are plausible, and how it comes to be accepted as empirically supported.” It only states that the author “use[s] a philosophy of science framework to track the initial thinking, the plausibility, and the acceptance of ADHD.”; The packet supports the idea of using a “philosophy of science framework” to assess “scientific integrity” of ADHD, but it does not explicitly justify the broader framing in the definition (e.g., “before and alongside research evidence” or “empirically supported”) as characteristics of the term itself.; The phrase “how it comes to be accepted as empirically supported” is not supported by the packet; the source says ADHD was accepted in DSM-III through bias and compromise and concludes it is not empirically confirmed.; “Before and alongside research evidence” goes beyond the packet, which supports examining initial thinking and plausibility prior to empirical investigation, but does not state that the framework is used alongside research evidence in general.

  Mills Sheelah. The scientific integrity of ADHD: A critical examination of the underpinning theoretical constructs. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1062484; article XML SHA-256 c519fad793654b7d6b548782f78b86e0015970a0e5d374f7d578d4831e05f476. “The scientific integrity of ADHD: A critical examination of the underpinning theoretical constructs” (10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1062484). · CC-BY-4.0

• phonological store: The claim that the store is “a part of verbal working memory” and specifically “speech-based information briefly” is an unsupported generalization not directly stated in the provided packet text.; The definition adds unsupported framing such as "part of verbal working memory" and "speech-based information briefly so it can be mentally rehearsed" beyond what is explicitly stated in the packet.; The definition’s description of “contents that are refined during this rehearsal process within brain circuits” is only partially supported (the packet mentions a “corrective signal that refines the process of rehearing the contents of the phonological store”), but the full, explicit phrasing about what the store holds and for how long is not supported.; The packet mentions that phonological store contents are “rehearing”/refined in neural circuits for verbal working memory, but it does not define the phonological store as “holding speech-based information briefly” or as a component “within verbal working memory” in those explicit terms.; The phrase "within brain circuits supporting verbal working memory" overstates the source, which only says the regions are important in verbal working memory and that the process may be refined by a corrective signal; it does not define the term that way.; The requested field is not defensible for this term: "phonological store" is a cognitive/psychology concept, not a diagnosis term.

  Puri Basant K; Counsell Serena J; Saeed Nadeem; Bustos Marcelo G; Treasaden Ian H; Bydder Graeme M. Regional grey matter volumetric changes in forensic schizophrenia patients: an MRI study comparing the brain structure of patients who have seriously and violently offended with that of patients who have not. 2008; DOI 10.1186/1471-244x-8-s1-s6; article XML SHA-256 01612d69eb06c28f25018949925b1580b99a3e1be7f7e824d311bb5d524b2d43. “Regional grey matter volumetric changes in forensic schizophrenia patients: an MRI study comparing the brain structure of patients who have seriously and violently offended with that of patients who have not” (10.1186/1471-244x-8-s1-s6). · CC-BY-2.0

• phonosurgery: The definition’s statement about what the packet lacks (“does not provide more detail about the specific procedures involved”) is not supported as a substantive, source-anchored claim about the term itself.; The packet does not explicitly define *phonosurgery* as “surgery related to the voice”; it only discusses “quality control after phonosurgery” and uses voice-related outcomes (e.g., hoarseness, voice failure) to measure questionnaires.; The packet supports postoperative quality control after phonosurgery and mentions hoarseness, voice failure, and quality-of-life questionnaires, but it does not explicitly define phonosurgery as “surgery related to the voice.”; The sentence adds a meta-comment about what the packet does not provide; that is not part of the term’s definition and is not supported as a definitional claim.

  Hansen Aleksander Grande; Zhang Chi; Loven Jens Øyvind; Berdal-Sørensen Hanne; TarAngen Magnus; Haye Rolf. A questionnaire using vocal symptoms in quality control of phonosurgery: vocal surgical questionnaire. 2018; DOI 10.1186/s12901-018-0057-0; article XML SHA-256 6264dd8d8b3ae0b042431f3389e5f907a6b06255cb98a012d85c268f4025ffd6. “A questionnaire using vocal symptoms in quality control of phonosurgery: vocal surgical questionnaire” (10.1186/s12901-018-0057-0). · CC-BY-4.0

• physiological measure: Because of that added generality, not every substantive claim in the definition is supported by the packet’s wording and scope.; The definition’s first sentence (“reflect biological processes or strain”) is more general than the packet, which specifically defines the concept as the cumulative burden of stress on the body (and does not describe it as reflecting “biological processes or strain” in general terms).; The opening sentence adds a broad general definition (“body-based indicator used to reflect biological processes or strain”) that is not supported by the packet; the packet only defines a specific stress-related physiological measure.; The requested sense is not well matched to the packet: the source record labels the concept as “Allostatic Load,” so the definition should not present the term “physiological measure” as if it were the named concept without that distinction.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Allostatic Load” (C219641). · CC-BY-4.0

• Pierre Robin sequence: The definition adds an outcome-oriented clinical claim about breathing support/intubation difficulty in babies that is supported only in the packet’s anesthesia/airway-management context, not as a general dictionary sense for a mental health entry.; The field is not defensible: Pierre Robin sequence is a congenital airway/anatomical condition, not a mental health term.; The term “Pierre Robin sequence” in the packet is described as a rare congenital syndrome/medical airway condition (micrognathia, glossoptosis, airway obstruction), not as something within “mental health,” so the provided field is not defensible based on the packet.

  Irouschek Andrea; Moritz Andreas; Kremer Sven; Fuchte Tobias; Danzl Anja; Schmidt Joachim; Golditz Tobias. An approach to difficult airway in infants: Comparison of GlideScope ® Spectrum LoPro, GlideScope ® Spectrum Miller and conventional Macintosh and Miller blades in a simulated Pierre Robin sequence performed by 90 anesthesiologists. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0288816; article XML SHA-256 c80494f237d16db95c8994ea49db72c3ce6919fb3941ffcbd6fa9ac6fae293f5. “An approach to difficult airway in infants: Comparison of GlideScope ® Spectrum LoPro, GlideScope ® Spectrum Miller and conventional Macintosh and Miller blades in a simulated Pierre Robin sequence performed by 90 anesthesiologists” (10.1371/journal.pone.0288816). · CC-BY-4.0

• population mean: The packet does not define “population mean” as the average value for an entire population; it only mentions “the population mean” in the statement that “The sample mean is an unbiased estimate of the population mean.”; The packet supports that the sample mean is an unbiased estimate of the population mean, but it does not explicitly define the population mean as “the average value for an entire population.”; The packet supports the idea that the sample mean estimates the population mean, but the definition’s first sentence (about what the population mean is) is unsupported by the provided packet.; The phrase “in research methods” adds a field-specific framing that is not stated in the source text, even though the term fits the field.

  Online Statistics Education, version 2 (David M. Lane, project leader). Version 2; publisher statement snapshot 2026-10-18; SHA-256 0dcad9ee85f61f9e2bb24d26279de155ac749164ea4da2a3bffeabcf9ea471a6. “Bias” (bias.html). · public-domain-US

• population variance: No content in the packet explicitly links the term “population variance” to the described research use in the definition.; The definition’s claim that a bias correction is applied because a sample does not include the whole population is not stated in those terms in the supplied packet.; The packet discusses Bessel’s correction and estimation in the context of effect size calculations (and standardized mean differences), not “sample variance used to estimate population variance” in general.; The packet only mentions population variance in the context of Bessel’s correction for estimating it; it does not define population variance as the variance of an entire population or explain it as variation around the population mean.; The packet text does not define “population variance” or explain its meaning as variance across an entire population around a population mean.; The statement that sample variance is used to estimate population variance with a bias correction is partly supported, but the definition adds broader explanatory content that is not supported by the packet and goes beyond the cited passage.

  Frontiers: Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science. 2013 volume 4; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863. “Calculating and reporting effect sizes” (9b939b04f5240b5c5c85). · CC-BY-4.0

• Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: The definition adds “general tendency” language that is broadly consistent with trait affectivity, but the packet does not state this as a general tendency in those terms; it frames PANAS as measuring trait positive affect and trait negative affect.; The packet excerpt states PANAS is designed to measure two distinct temperamental/personality traits (trait positive affect and trait negative affect), and it provides examples of the PA and NA affective states; however, it does not explicitly describe PANAS as a “self-report measure” in the supplied text.; The packet supports PANAS as a measure of trait positive affect and trait negative affect, but it does not explicitly support describing it as a self-report measure.; The wording “used to assess” and the examples of enthusiastic, alert, anxiety, anger, fear, and guilt are supported, but the full definition combines supported and unsupported claims in a way that is not fully grounded in the packet.

  Hovmand Oliver Rumle; Reinholt Nina; Christensen Anne Bryde; Eskildsen Anita; Bach Bo; Arendt Mikkel; Poulsen Stig; Hvenegaard Morten; Arnfred Sidse M.. Affectivity in danish patients with emotional disorders: assessing the validity of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12888-023-05450-z; article XML SHA-256 a4c254b810cbe98f16f8e0b9976872090fcc0866a751fbe64ec452215e4c6f15. “Affectivity in danish patients with emotional disorders: assessing the validity of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)” (10.1186/s12888-023-05450-z). · CC-BY-4.0

• positive contrast: The definition slightly overstates the mechanism by presenting a general MRI method description rather than the packet’s narrower point about distinguishing susceptibility artefacts/voids from proton-free structures.; The definition’s phrasing “empty because of susceptibility effects or lack of protons” is only partially supported: the packet explicitly contrasts “susceptibility voids” with “proton-free structures,” but does not describe “empty” areas in those exact terms.; The packet does not support the specific claim that implants/devices are made to “stand out as visible bright” signals; it only says implants/devices can be delineated and that “positive contrast techniques” were implemented to discriminate susceptibility voids from proton-free structures.; The packet supports using positive contrast techniques to visualize or delineate implants/devices and to discriminate susceptibility voids from proton-free structures, but it does not support the added claim that they create “bright” signals.

  Ciritsis Alexander; Truhn Daniel; Hansen Nienke L; Otto Jens; Kuhl Christiane K; Kraemer Nils A. Positive Contrast MRI Techniques for Visualization of Iron-Loaded Hernia Mesh Implants in Patients. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0155717; article XML SHA-256 21d96f0a71e70f37a74941fffdf077acd513ace908ec4b4a6ec1824da8b1e223. “Positive Contrast MRI Techniques for Visualization of Iron-Loaded Hernia Mesh Implants in Patients” (10.1371/journal.pone.0155717). · CC-BY-4.0

• positive family history: The definition adds a general gloss and a contextual explanation that go beyond the supplied text; the source only indicates ‘positive family history’ in an MDD study, not the broader meaning stated here.; The packet does not define what “positive family history” means (e.g., relatives having the condition).; The packet only mentions “positive family history (PFH)” in relation to first-episode major depressive disorder, but it does not state the meaning of PFH or that it refers specifically to major depressive disorder occurring in the family.; The packet shows the abbreviation PFH used with first-episode major depressive disorder, but it does not explicitly support the general definition that a person has relatives with the condition being discussed.

  Li Zhiyong; Pan Min; Zhang Xulai; Wang Anzhen; Fang Wenmei; Guan Jianjun; Zhang Boyu; Cheng Xialong. Neurocognitive risk markers in first-episode major depressive disorder with positive family history: a large-scale case–control study. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1662007; article XML SHA-256 a97a7947d9abd8d9baeb0614a266135dc6cd49201084877894e754df3b8ba731. “Neurocognitive risk markers in first-episode major depressive disorder with positive family history: a large-scale case–control study” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1662007). · CC-BY-4.0

• positive motivation: The definition’s general phrasing (“greater tendency to mentally and behaviorally approach it”) is not explicitly supported by the packet text; the packet reports enhanced liking/representational/evoked responses but does not describe “mentally and behaviorally approach” as the operational meaning of positive motivation.; The first sentence gives a general definition of “positive motivation” as a favorable motivational response involving liking and mental/behavioral approach, but the packet only supports a study-specific use tied to adults’ motivational responses to infant faces; it does not provide that broader definitional meaning.; The packet does support that the study’s relevant effects involve adults’ increased positive motivational responses (liking/evoked/representational) to infant faces after secure-attachment priming, but the definition’s broader first sentence contains unsupported claims.; The packet supports infant-face-specific positive/approach motivation in adults, but not the full generalized phrasing about “a stimulus” or the specific claims about “mental” approach and “behavioral” approach as a dictionary definition.; “Positive motivation is a favorable motivational response toward a stimulus” is not directly defined in the packet; the packet discusses motivational responses/enhancement for infant faces but does not provide this as a definitional characterization of the term.

  Ding Fangyuan; Jia Yuncheng; Cheng Gang; Wu Lili; Hu Tianqiang; Zhang Dajun. Secure Attachment Priming Amplifies Approach Motivation for Infant Faces Among Childless Adults. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736379; article XML SHA-256 42058b1ed5851b703205463c44971e03078b1def47c3e465a6c2928e9903cea2. “Secure Attachment Priming Amplifies Approach Motivation for Infant Faces Among Childless Adults” (10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736379). · CC-BY-4.0

• positive regard: The definition shifts the sense from an assessment instrument to a personal attitude, which is not the same term sense supported by the source.; The packet defines this as a rating scale in the Behavior Assessment System for Children, not as the underlying feelings themselves.; The packet supports measuring a subject’s “positive regard towards parents” and feeling “esteemed” by them, but it does not explicitly support the wording “valued and respected.” In particular, “respected” is not stated in the packet.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Relations with Parents Scale” (C121287). · CC-BY-4.0

• positive reinforcement: Adds unsupported detail that positive reinforcement involves giving a reward after the behavior; the packet only says it is for a desired action, behavior, or response.; Because key elements of the definition (timing “after” and intent “to encourage”) are not present in the provided packet text, the definition is not fully supported.; The explanatory phrase 'to encourage it' is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied wording.; The packet does not explicitly support the claims that the purpose is “to encourage it.”; The packet only defines “Positive reinforcement for a desired action, behavior or response” and does not explicitly state that it involves “giving a reward after” the action/behavior.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Reward” (C99754). · CC-BY-4.0

• positive relationship: Because the definition’s first sentence includes that specific interpretation (directional ‘higher with higher’), that substantive claim is not directly supported by the provided packet.; The definition generalizes from the packet’s statement about perfect positive relationship to a broader definition of positive relationship without direct support.; The packet states that Pearson’s correlation ranges from -1 (perfect negative) to +1 (perfect positive) and that it measures the strength of the linear relationship, but it does not explicitly define a positive relationship as “higher values of one go with higher values of the other.”; The packet supports that +1 represents a perfect positive relationship, but it does not explicitly define a general positive relationship as a linear association where higher values of one variable go with higher values of the other.

  Online Statistics Education, version 2 (David M. Lane, project leader). Version 2; publisher statement snapshot 2026-10-18; SHA-256 0dcad9ee85f61f9e2bb24d26279de155ac749164ea4da2a3bffeabcf9ea471a6. “Pearson's r” (pearson_r.html). · public-domain-US

• positive self-talk: The definition adds unsupported framing by describing the term as “inner speech” and as thoughts people “direct toward themselves”; the packet only supports spontaneous self-talk in sport, not those specific characterizations.; The packet does not explicitly define “positive self-talk” as “inner speech with a positive tone”; it only describes “positive and negative spontaneous self-talk” in the context of sports.; The packet supports links between positivity and self-confidence and between positive situational self-talk in competition and performance, but the definition’s phrasing “when it occurs in the competitive situation” is not directly supported as a single combined claim tying positive self-talk (as defined in the first sentence) to improved performance in that exact way.; The performance/self-confidence relationship is misstated: the source says positive self-talk in sport predicted self-confidence, which then predicted positive situational self-talk in competition, and that positive situational self-talk predicted performance. It does not support the claim that the term itself is linked with greater self-confidence and better performance when it occurs in the competitive situation.

  Santos-Rosa Francisco J.; Montero-Carretero Carlos; Gómez-Landero Luis Arturo; Torregrossa Miquel; Cervelló Eduardo. Positive and negative spontaneous self-talk and performance in gymnastics: The role of contextual, personal and situational factors. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0265809; article XML SHA-256 9d0449227186e3674dbd9424c65fa6dce5030cc170ac9090b66eafea3acfffc6. “Positive and negative spontaneous self-talk and performance in gymnastics: The role of contextual, personal and situational factors” (10.1371/journal.pone.0265809). · CC-BY-4.0

• postconventional level: The definition introduces a classification and comparative interpretation that are not stated in the source text; the source only reports group differences in how often the postconventional level appeared.; The packet does not provide a definition or explanation of what the “postconventional level” means in moral reasoning, nor does it explicitly describe it as a “more advanced form of moral reasoning than people placed at lower levels.”; The packet only reports differences in the percentage of subjects categorized as being at the postconventional level across groups; this does not substantiate the definition’s characterization of postconventional as more advanced.; The packet supports that the term refers to a level in moral reasoning, but it does not support the added claim that this level is inherently a more advanced form of reasoning than lower levels.

  Jean-Tron M G; Ávila-Montiel D; Márquez-González H; Chapa-Koloffon G; Orozco-Morales J A; Ávila-Hernández A V; Valdés-Pérez O; Garduño-Espinosa J. Differences in moral reasoning among medical graduates, graduates with other degrees, and nonprofessional adults. 2022; DOI 10.1186/s12909-022-03624-z; article XML SHA-256 93b49afb2dc8330e6c2fc1871833e6f864bb6e296048be4f8a40f99b8aa4af67. “Differences in moral reasoning among medical graduates, graduates with other degrees, and nonprofessional adults” (10.1186/s12909-022-03624-z). · CC-BY-4.0

• postlingually deafened: Because one substantive claim is unsupported, the definition as a whole cannot be passed.; The definition adds a general explanatory gloss that is not supported by the supplied source text.; The definition’s first claim (“became deaf after language had already developed”) is not supported by the provided packet text; the packet only states that cochlear implants are a standard treatment for “postlingually deafened individuals” without defining what “postlingually” means. ; The packet supports that cochlear implants are standard treatment for postlingually deafened individuals, but it does not state that ‘postlingually deafened’ means becoming deaf after language had already developed.

  Wagner Franca; Wimmer Wilhelm; Leidolt Lars; Vischer Mattheus; Weder Stefan; Wiest Roland; Mantokoudis Georgios; Caversaccio Marco D.. Significant Artifact Reduction at 1.5T and 3T MRI by the Use of a Cochlear Implant with Removable Magnet: An Experimental Human Cadaver Study. 2015; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0132483; article XML SHA-256 a21e6b37024f44278690e4f8d0388750094e0acfdaa79f499f84078599836c1a. “Significant Artifact Reduction at 1.5T and 3T MRI by the Use of a Cochlear Implant with Removable Magnet: An Experimental Human Cadaver Study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0132483). · CC-BY-4.0

• posttreatment follow-up: The definition mixes a general glossary-style meaning with a study-specific usage; the study-specific 12-week follow-up is supported, but the broader explanatory claim is not explicitly supported by the source.; The packet states there was an “immediate posttreatment” assessment and a “12-week posttreatment follow-up,” but it does not explicitly define posttreatment follow-up as an assessment point “used to see whether changes in symptoms are maintained over time.”; The packet supports a 12-week posttreatment follow-up in this study, but it does not define the term generally as an assessment point used to determine whether symptom changes are maintained over time.; “In this study, it referred to checking outcomes again 12 weeks after the intervention” is supported by the packet, but the definition’s first sentence includes an unsupported rationale (“maintained over time”).

  Ip Agnes Ka-Yan; Ho Fiona Yan-Yee; Yeung Wing-Fai; Chung Ka-Fai; Ng Chee H; Oliver Georgina; Sarris Jerome. Effects of a group-based lifestyle medicine for depression: A pilot randomized controlled trial. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0258059; article XML SHA-256 ad89eb4fa3c7f4efd0223c18d96baaebbb4ed73a29e683ab65ddf74d735ea8ff. “Effects of a group-based lifestyle medicine for depression: A pilot randomized controlled trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0258059). · CC-BY-4.0

• PPA: The definition claims that a PPA is “a type of marine protected area where only some activities or uses are restricted rather than fully prohibited,” but the provided packet text does not supply this specific definition/meaning of PPA (it only notes that a consistent definition is lacking and that the review conducted a definition).; The packet does support parts of the definition about benefits being ambiguous/variable and not consistently greater than open ocean, and that no PPAs provide greater overall benefits than fully protected MPAs; however, because the key characterization of what “partially protected” means (restricted activities/uses rather than fully prohibited) is not explicitly supported in the packet text, the full definition is not defensible.; The source says PPAs provide only partial protection and that their benefits are ambiguous, but it does not specifically define them as areas where “only some activities or uses are restricted rather than fully prohibited.”; The source supports “partially protected areas (PPAs),” not the singular expansion “partially protected area.”

  Phillips Genevieve A. C.; Ogier Emily; Dutton Ian; Barrett Neville; Krueck Nils C.; Hartmann Klaas. The ambiguous role of partially protected marine protected areas in Australia: Results from a systematic literature review. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0307324; article XML SHA-256 ec61b2160e1eccde78c1848ab82e3428f5d4f2e2e42e4bed98ccaab50cb1a35c. “The ambiguous role of partially protected marine protected areas in Australia: Results from a systematic literature review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0307324). · CC-BY-4.0

• prandial drinking: The definition attributes an anticipatory mechanism to prandial drinking in mammals, but the packet says this anticipatory function has not been demonstrated for prandial drinking.; The definition attributes the anticipatory mechanism to “prandial drinking,” while the packet describes the anticipatory mechanism specifically for “postprandial thirst” in mammals (buccal sensation affecting brain thirst center before blood parameter changes).; The field 'learning' is not clearly supported by the packet for this term; the source is about behavioural osmoregulation and drinking behaviour, not learning.; The packet explicitly links “postprandial thirst” to preventing systemic dehydration, but it does not explicitly state that prandial drinking itself “may help prevent dehydration.”; The packet supports a relation to postprandial thirst and dehydration prevention, but it does not define prandial drinking itself as a mammalian anticipatory response before blood or body-fluid changes occur.

  Katayama Yukitoshi; Tsukada Takehiro; Hyodo Susumu; Sakamoto Hirotaka; Sakamoto Tatsuya. Behavioural osmoregulation during land invasion in fish: Prandial drinking and wetting of the dry skin. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0277968; article XML SHA-256 5fdf27bce6c3198378f31dedea4cc7025bd37ae727030b557dbccd4d3dcf4590. “Behavioural osmoregulation during land invasion in fish: Prandial drinking and wetting of the dry skin” (10.1371/journal.pone.0277968). · CC-BY-4.0

• prehension: Because one substantive claim is unsupported by the packet, the definition cannot be passed under the stated criteria.; The definition’s first sentence (“the act or function of grasping or taking hold of something”) is not explicitly supported by the packet; the packet only describes the hand as “a delicate organ of prehension and touch.”; The packet supports a historical anatomical sense in which the hand is an organ of prehension and touch, but it does not support the broader claim that prehension means the act or function of grasping or taking hold.; The packet supports the historical sense component about the hand serving as an organ for “prehension and touch,” but it does not support the broader, non-anchored phrasing about “act or function of grasping or taking hold.”; The wording “especially the hand’s capacity to serve as a refined organ for grasping as well as touch” goes beyond the source, which only describes the hand as a delicate organ of prehension and touch, not as an abstract functional definition.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Anthropoid” (Anthropoid). · public-domain-US

• prelinguistic: "Attention-related communication" is not stated in the packet and is an unsupported addition.; The definition goes beyond the packet by presenting a broader developmental definition rather than the narrower article-specific sense supported by the source.; The definition goes beyond what is explicitly stated in the packet by asserting specific communicative functions (attention-related communication) that are not evidenced in the supplied text.; The packet does not provide a definition of “prelinguistic” as “the stage before an infant uses language,” so that framing is unsupported.; The packet mentions “prelinguistic infants” in relation to maternal infant-directed speech, positive vocal affect, pitch, and timing of vocal responses, but it does not support the added characterization that these infants are “already taking part in … attention-related communication.”; The packet supports use of the term in relation to infants before language, but it does not define prelinguistic as a general stage in the way the definition states; that wording is an extrapolation from the article context.

  Lam-Cassettari Christa; Kohlhoff Jane. Effect of maternal depression on infant-directed speech to prelinguistic infants: Implications for language development. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0236787; article XML SHA-256 07fad1ed9c7f68f427478c4e53d42b3408eb919a46bf26890a9564f802cc50d6. “Effect of maternal depression on infant-directed speech to prelinguistic infants: Implications for language development” (10.1371/journal.pone.0236787). · CC-BY-4.0

• premeditation: Because the first sentence presents a general definition rather than what the passage explicitly supports, the definition includes an unsupported substantive claim.; The added gloss about "small distracting acts" is not a definition of the term and over-specifies the passage’s example beyond what is directly supported.; The core sense is reversed: in the passage, "without premeditation" means without prior planning or forethought, not "premeditation" itself.; The packet does not explicitly define “premeditation” as a general concept (e.g., “acting without prior planning or deliberate forethought”); it only uses the phrase “without premeditation” in an example.

  William James, Principles of Psychology, volume 1. 1890 original; Gutenberg ebook 57628; snapshot required. “William James, The Principles of Psychology, volume 1, 1890” (fca72454f1995c69b072). · public-domain-US

• prenatal counseling: The definition generalizes prenatal counseling as guidance for pregnancy-related problems in general, but the packet only describes prenatal counseling in the specific context of hyperemesis gravidarum.; The definition’s first sentence (“guidance given during pregnancy to help pregnant women manage and reduce pregnancy-related problems”) is a general description of prenatal counseling that is not supported by the provided packet text, which only discusses prenatal counseling specifically in relation to hyperemesis gravidarum.; The packet supports the hyperemesis-gravidarum–specific meaning (counseling on how to manage and reduce hyperemesis gravidarum, and that it is helpful for averting complications), but it does not substantiate the broader, pregnancy-general characterization in the first sentence.; The source supports counseling on how to manage and reduce hyperemesis gravidarum and avert related complications, but not a broader general definition of prenatal counseling.

  Beyene Girma Alemayehu; Ayele Nitsuh D; Kasahun Abebaw Wasie. Prevalence and determinants of hyperemesis gravidarum among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0314783; article XML SHA-256 351a0d3c9038a37313f23565f149ed3f9992cfa6b5e32c3d52f84a955b2c2d66. “Prevalence and determinants of hyperemesis gravidarum among pregnant women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0314783). · CC-BY-4.0

• preparatory response: The definition describes “an early readiness state” in the motor system, but the packet text provided only states there may be a “motor preparatory response” and investigates whether it contributes to “costly helping”; it does not support the specific characterization as an “early readiness state.”; The packet supports a motor preparatory response related to costly helping, but it does not define the term as an “early readiness state” or state that it “gets a person prepared to act.”; While the packet supports linking a “motor preparatory response” to “costly helping” in the context of bystanders responding to victims in distress, the packet does not explicitly support the phrasing that it “may help prompt costly helping when someone sees another person in distress.”; “Bodily action preparation” and the distress-helping context are plausible from the packet, but the definition generalizes beyond what is explicitly supported by the source text.

  Vickers Brian D.; Seidler Rachael D.; Stansfield R. Brent; Weissman Daniel H.; Preston Stephanie D.. Altruistic responses to the most vulnerable involve sensorimotor processes. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1140986; article XML SHA-256 432bbd449cc021cf603c22efc2ebf815aec857e92a4f391efa95e3a87c85fe94. “Altruistic responses to the most vulnerable involve sensorimotor processes” (10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1140986). · CC-BY-4.0

• preparatory set: The definition generalizes beyond the packet: the source only supports ‘preparatory set’ in the specific context of pro- and anti-saccade preparation, not as a general term for neural readiness before any action.; The definition’s general description of “pattern of neural readiness or planning that develops before an action is carried out” is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text.; The packet supports only that fMRI BOLD responses during a “preparatory period” differed for anti- versus pro-saccades and were interpreted as reflecting “differences in preparatory-set,” not the broader “neural readiness/planning” wording or the “before an action is carried out” framing.; The phrase ‘pattern of neural readiness or planning’ is broader and more abstract than the source’s wording, which describes elevated BOLD response during the preparatory phase and interprets it as differences in preparatory planning.; The second sentence is supported only as an application to anti- versus pro-saccadic eye movements, so the broader opening sentence should not be presented as the term’s general meaning.

  Furlan Michele; Smith Andrew T; Walker Robin. An fMRI Investigation of Preparatory Set in the Human Cerebral Cortex and Superior Colliculus for Pro- and Anti-Saccades. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0158337; article XML SHA-256 fd84a3747df0e64240aa8fbb24d4eb2820538d6f6d3d148788a08f7e25668266. “An fMRI Investigation of Preparatory Set in the Human Cerebral Cortex and Superior Colliculus for Pro- and Anti-Saccades” (10.1371/journal.pone.0158337). · CC-BY-4.0

• prepotent stimulus: The definition adds an interpretive gloss about stimulus–response links being “especially influential” under brief increases in alertness or arousal; that relationship is only indirectly implied by the article and is not stated as a definition in the source.; The definition’s wording about “stimulus–response links that become especially influential under brief increases in alertness or arousal” is only indirectly supported (the packet reports alerting cues boost phasic arousal and amplify prepotent stimulus–response associations), but the packet does not clearly establish the term’s meaning as stated.; The packet does not explicitly define “prepotent stimulus” as “a cue or input that has a strong, automatic tendency to trigger a particular response.” It only mentions that brief increases in phasic arousal “amplif[y] prepotent stimulus–response associations,” without stating a general definition of the term.; The packet supports “prepotent stimulus–response associations” and phasic alertness/arousal, but it does not directly define “prepotent stimulus” as a cue or input with a strong automatic tendency to trigger a response.

  Golden Maya J; Hutcheon Thomas G; Gomez-Rivas Carlos; Kahan Todd A. Trial history shapes the alerting-congruency interaction in selective attention. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1768354; article XML SHA-256 3822f69f2d924361294779c505b4a6b16477fc7fe577e8864980c64ff814e278. “Trial history shapes the alerting-congruency interaction in selective attention” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1768354). · CC-BY-4.0

• prestige: Adds “social respect,” which is not stated in the supplied source text.; The definition should stay within the packet’s wording: “the relative prestige, authority, and privilege of an individual or group.”; The packet definition includes “relative prestige, authority, and privilege of an individual or group,” but it does not mention “social respect.”; “Relative … to others” is consistent with “relative prestige,” but the added phrase “social respect” is a substantive component not supported verbatim in the packet text.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Social Status” (D000091743). · public-domain-US-government

• presupposition: Because the supplied packet lacks support for the requested sense of “presupposition,” the definition includes an unsupported generalization about the term’s meaning.; The packet does not provide a dictionary-style definition of “presupposition” as “something taken as already given or assumed in advance.” It only uses the word in the specific sentence “it is a consequence, not a presupposition” within a discussion of dualism in theology.; The packet only supports the contrast that dualism is “a consequence, not a presupposition”; it does not explicitly support the fuller general definition that a presupposition is something taken as already given or assumed in advance.; The supplied source is a historical theology excerpt, so the definition should not present the term as a settled general dictionary sense without stronger packet support.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Dualism (in theology)” (Dualism (in theology)). · public-domain-US

• primary aging: Because the packet provides no details about how “primary aging” is operationalized or characterized, the definition relies on generalization beyond the supplied source.; The definition adds a generalized description of areas and proportions of older adults that is not stated in the source text.; The definition’s claims (“early or less advanced stage,” “proportion of older adults indicates aging has begun,” and “not as developed as more advanced stages”) are not supported by any explicit wording or conceptual explanation in the provided packet.; The packet does not define “primary aging.” It only mentions that population aging is mainly in the “moderate aging stage,” followed by the “primary aging stage,” without describing what “primary” means.; The packet only shows “primary aging stage” as one category in a study of population aging; it does not define the term as an early or less advanced stage, nor as a stage where aging has merely begun.

  Wu Lianxia; Qian Linyi; Li Yinhuan; Huang Zuyu; Guan Weihua. Spatial coupling relationship between older adults and elderly care resources in the Yangtze River Delta. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0293985; article XML SHA-256 29ebfa28c82cca0f0199e3c94a309103a76c06a81dfb691ebba0e6cdf7448b79. “Spatial coupling relationship between older adults and elderly care resources in the Yangtze River Delta” (10.1371/journal.pone.0293985). · CC-BY-4.0

• primary environment: The added phrase “In this packet, school is described as the primary environment for adolescents” is supported, but the broader definitional wording is not fully established by the source and goes beyond the provided context.; The definition generalizes beyond the packet: it defines “primary environment” broadly as the main setting in which any group lives or functions, but the packet only supports the specific claim that schools are the primary environment for adolescents.; The definition’s first sentence (“Primary environment means the main day-to-day setting in which a group lives or functions.”) is not explicitly supported anywhere in the provided packet; the packet only uses “primary environment for adolescents” to describe schools.; While the second sentence (“school is described as the primary environment for adolescents”) is supported by the packet, the overall definition includes an unsupported general meaning statement.

  Dong Xiaolian; Pang Xinyue; Chen Yingfeng; Li Jiangnan; Xie Yuyang; Zhao Qi; Zhu Zhenguo; Fu Chaowei; Chen Yue; Wang Na. Parental willingness and influencing factors for school-based mental health screening in Eastern China. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s12889-026-26766-x; article XML SHA-256 553d70ea1258bf98f85eb34d0df3a692b566a749cf50cfae040a548c628ceed0. “Parental willingness and influencing factors for school-based mental health screening in Eastern China” (10.1186/s12889-026-26766-x). · CC-BY-4.0

• primary health care: The packet does not support the specific characterization “basic front line of a health system.”; The packet mentions organizational and system-level functions targeted in PHC (for AI/ML purposes), but it does not support the definition’s combined claim that PHC “includes not only clinical care but also the organizational and system-level functions” as a general defining description.; The packet supports PHC as a “cornerstone of health systems worldwide,” but not the broader claim that it is a central part of health care worldwide in that exact sense.; The statement that primary health care itself includes clinical care as well as organizational and system-level functions overstates the source; the packet says the review targets non-clinical, organizational, and system-level functions in PHC, not that these are definitional components of PHC.; While the packet states that primary health care (PHC) is “the cornerstone of health systems worldwide,” it does not explicitly describe PHC as “a central part of health care worldwide” in the way the definition phrases it.; “Basic front line” is not supported by the packet’s wording.

  Galvez-Hernandez Pablo; Audet Li-Anne; Shakeri Zahra; Wodchis Walter P.. Artificial intelligence and machine learning for organizational and system-level functions in primary health care: A scoping review protocol. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0329426; article XML SHA-256 28fef3db57a1ab4828ea2530562c7cef969fdbfe4d346740912a10abbf110f72. “Artificial intelligence and machine learning for organizational and system-level functions in primary health care: A scoping review protocol” (10.1371/journal.pone.0329426). · CC-BY-4.0

• primary motivation: The definition adds a broad, generic meaning that is not stated in the source and goes beyond the supplied context.; The first sentence (“Primary motivation is the main reason or driving force behind a person’s behavior”) is a general definition not explicitly supported by the provided packet text.; The packet supports only the contextual claim that sexual pleasure is described as a primary motivation for engaging in sex; it does not define “primary motivation” in general as the main reason or driving force behind behavior.; While the packet does state that “sexual pleasure is a primary motivation for engaging in sex,” it does not provide support for the broader, behavior-general characterization in the definition.

  Nguyen Nghia C; Luong Truong N; Le Van T; Hobbs Marcia; Andridge Rebecca; Casterline John; Gallo Maria F. Effectiveness of erectogenic condom against semen exposure among women in Vietnam: Randomized controlled trial. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0263503; article XML SHA-256 307768574695985ff0639c2302b4e2932a1bc45d9124400f25a13dc7d5076f38. “Effectiveness of erectogenic condom against semen exposure among women in Vietnam: Randomized controlled trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0263503). · CC-BY-4.0

• primary odor: The definition asserts that the term “primary odor” refers to “an odor as it is first represented by the sensory system before further processing,” but the packet text instead describes “primary sensory representation” being transformed by the olfactory bulb; it does not explicitly define “primary odor” as a term.; The definition focuses on olfactory-bulb coding transformation, while the provided packet’s explicit learning relevance is only via “learning-dependent synaptic plasticity” mentioned in passing; as written, the definition is not clearly within the “learning” field.; The definition says this early representation is “described as slower and more variable,” which matches the packet’s “high-variance, slow-timescale primary odor representations,” but it does not clearly support the specific initial wording that ties “primary odor” to “before further processing” as a definition of the term.; The definition’s opening clause treats “primary odor” as a sensory representation, but the packet only supports the broader phrase “primary sensory representation”; the term-specific gloss is not established in the source.; The requested field is not defensible here: the packet is an olfactory-bulb neuroscience article, not a learning/psychology source for this term.

  Li Guoshi; Cleland Thomas A. A coupled-oscillator model of olfactory bulb gamma oscillations. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005760; article XML SHA-256 b08b28a831458c9313f3ab2a4c675a4fed32283787945dd3a3c2f55186787ce7. “A coupled-oscillator model of olfactory bulb gamma oscillations” (10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005760). · CC-BY-4.0

• primary symptoms: The example is accurate for ADHD, but the definition goes wider than the supplied source supports.; The packet does not explicitly support the general statement that “Primary symptoms are the main features that characterize a disorder.” It only states that ADHD is “characterized by the primary symptoms of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity,” without defining primary symptoms in general terms.; The packet only uses “primary symptoms” in the specific context of ADHD, not as a general definition for disorders overall.; “Main features that characterize a disorder” is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s wording.

  Thimoteo Anna Carolina Pereira; de Oliveira Júlia Meller Dias; Polmann Helena; Pauletto Patrícia; Stefani Cristine Miron; De Luca Canto Graziela; Bohner Lauren. Association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bruxism: A systematic review protocol. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0331581; article XML SHA-256 fb4f2697fdc175cefb57d4835d4381e067d5e41e3df59cbde5088b8d516911b1. “Association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bruxism: A systematic review protocol” (10.1371/journal.pone.0331581). · CC-BY-4.0

• principle of good continuation: The definition slightly overstates the source by presenting a general Gestalt account as if it were defined in the article, rather than limiting itself to the article’s specific link between association fields, good continuation, and contour integration in early vision.; The definition’s explanation that good continuation is an idea where visual elements are “grouped as parts of the same smooth, continuing pattern or contour” is not explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The general definition of the principle as grouping visual elements into a smooth, continuing pattern or contour is not stated in the packet; the packet only says the interaction maps are similar to association fields and reflect the Gestalt principle of good continuation.; The packet does support that interaction maps are “similar to association fields” and “reflect the Gestalt principle of good continuation,” and that feedback signals “promote contour integration,” but it does not provide the specific “smooth, continuing pattern or contour” description included in the definition.

  Boutin Victor; Franciosini Angelo; Chavane Frederic; Ruffier Franck; Perrinet Laurent. Sparse deep predictive coding captures contour integration capabilities of the early visual system. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008629; article XML SHA-256 3aa33c47d9ccdc7deee5b6024329f75690720f74ec46cc56bf0c6b7699062ed6. “Sparse deep predictive coding captures contour integration capabilities of the early visual system” (10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008629). · CC-BY-4.0

• problem drinking: Claims that the term refers broadly to “harmful alcohol use rather than a specific diagnosis” are not stated in the supplied packet.; The packet does not support the claim that this term is used here ‘rather than a specific diagnosis’; it only mentions harmful use of alcohol and alcohol use disorder in the study background.; The packet only mentions that it is about “problem drinking” in the context of cultural adaptation of mental health first aid guidelines; it provides no definitional wording supporting the requested sense.; The packet supports that problem drinking involves harmful alcohol use and that people in a person’s social network may recognize it, but it does not explicitly support the added gloss that it means alcohol use causing ‘serious difficulties.’; The packet text does not define “problem drinking” as alcohol use causing harm/serious difficulties or being recognizable by people around the person.

  Ayoub Ibrahim Ali; Peres Carlos Henrique Mesquita; Cerqueira Amanda Vidotto; Assumpção Thais Alves; Loch Alexandre Andrade; Reavley Nicola J.. Cultural adaptation of the mental health first aid guidelines for Brazilians with problem drinking: a Delphi expert consensus study. 2022; DOI 10.1186/s12888-022-03709-5; article XML SHA-256 48702327d2ef7881d6734d9ef81370e562bff253f34e490f9e43c2d65338b20a. “Cultural adaptation of the mental health first aid guidelines for Brazilians with problem drinking: a Delphi expert consensus study” (10.1186/s12888-022-03709-5). · CC-BY-4.0

• process approach: The definition adds unsupported detail about “mental and social processes” and “changing a health-related behaviour”; the packet only mentions social cognitive constructs and behaviour change, not that fuller description.; The packet supports that the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) describes “social cognitive constructs related to behaviour change,” but it does not support the additional wording that HAPA “is used to describe the mental and social processes linked to changing a health-related behaviour.”; The packet supports the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) as a framework describing social cognitive constructs related to behaviour change, but it does not support equating the term “process approach” with HAPA in this entry.

  van Nes Karin Alexandra; van Loveren Cor; Aartman Irene Helena Adriana. Validation of an improved questionnaire assessing the social cognitive constructs of the Health Action Process Approach among parents regarding brushing their children’s teeth. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0300432; article XML SHA-256 5210572d561f2147a54304ff00b31c0631c1f0e6db60ecff2752283f96f1e979. “Validation of an improved questionnaire assessing the social cognitive constructs of the Health Action Process Approach among parents regarding brushing their children’s teeth” (10.1371/journal.pone.0300432). · CC-BY-4.0

• product appeal: Although the packet discusses a trade-off between “quality and appeal” and how market share responds over different time horizons, it does not explicitly state that appeal is treated as a distinct factor from quality (only that there is a trade-off).; The definition adds unsupported specifics such as consumer likelihood of trying or choosing a product; the packet only supports product appeal as a market parameter affecting market share.; The field context is not clearly psychology/learning in the source; the packet is about trial-offer markets and marketing dynamics, so the sense should be tied more tightly to that usage.; The packet does not define “product appeal” as consumer attractiveness or as influencing consumers’ likelihood of trying/choosing the product; it only refers to “appeal” in the context of a trade-off with quality in market dynamics.; The packet does support a contrast with product quality and mentions short- vs medium/long-term trade-offs, but it does not support the broader, consumer-behavior wording used here.; The packet supports that time horizon changes the trade-off (short-term vs medium/long-term) and discusses effects on market share, but the claim that this is “especially in the short term” influencing trying/choosing is not directly supported in the supplied text.

  Altszyler Edgar; Berbeglia Franco; Berbeglia Gerardo; Van Hentenryck Pascal. Transient dynamics in trial-offer markets with social influence: Trade-offs between appeal and quality. 2017; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0180040; article XML SHA-256 9af8ebe3f66e9c10c326bec2357edbfdf11c0d72fcc2dd8a0950a549ca1e602f. “Transient dynamics in trial-offer markets with social influence: Trade-offs between appeal and quality” (10.1371/journal.pone.0180040). · CC-BY-4.0

• professional development: The definition adds an advanced-practice gloss that is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied text.; The packet does not state that professional development is an “ongoing process of building and maintaining” knowledge/competence/skills; it only notes that “continuing professional development” is an “expected skill set.”; The packet supports that continuing professional development is expected, but not the broader definition of professional development as an ongoing process of building and maintaining knowledge, competence, and skills.; The packet supports “advanced” practice context and mentions research/publications/mentoring/continuing professional development as expected, but it does not support the broader phrasing that this development is “needed for advanced practice” as a general definition.; The packet’s content is specifically about “advanced diabetes practice” (Diabetes Management Nurse Specialist) rather than establishing the term in the field of “counselling skills,” beyond mentioning counseling in the clinical scope rather than defining professional development for counselling.; The phrase about being expected alongside mentoring, research, and publication is only partially supported; the packet lists research, publications, mentoring, and continuing professional development as expected skill sets, but does not frame them as a package or define professional development in relation to them.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Diabetes Management Nurse Specialist” (C20835). · CC-BY-4.0

• progressive-ratio schedule: The definition adds a general explanation of what the schedule is used to measure, but the packet only supports its use in this specific rat study as an index of motivation for appetitive instrumental behavior.; The definition’s final clause (“treated as an index of motivation”) is only partially supported: the packet states that repeated administration “did not affect the acquisition or motivation” under the schedule, but it does not explicitly say that performance is used/treated as an index of motivation.; The definition’s general claim that progressive-ratio schedules are “a way of rewarding an instrumental action… that is used to examine how strongly an animal will keep responding” is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet only mentions lever pressing “rewarded by a food outcome under a progressive ratio schedule” and refers to “acquisition or motivation,” not the broader methodological purpose as a definition.; The packet does not support describing the term as part of a “diagnosis” field; it reports effects in adult rats on appetitive instrumental behavior under a progressive ratio schedule, without any diagnostic framework.; The supplied packet supports an animal-behavior reinforcement schedule, not a diagnosis-related sense; the field "diagnosis" is not defensible here.

  Iguchi Yoshio; Kosugi Sakurako; Nishikawa Hiromi; Lin Ziqiao; Minabe Yoshio; Toda Shigenobu. Repeated Exposure of Adult Rats to Transient Oxidative Stress Induces Various Long-Lasting Alterations in Cognitive and Behavioral Functions. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0114024; article XML SHA-256 69575ed429f50ecc2544257e8495ee12f93703c1b89febb3cf34eb108b6834f6. “Repeated Exposure of Adult Rats to Transient Oxidative Stress Induces Various Long-Lasting Alterations in Cognitive and Behavioral Functions” (10.1371/journal.pone.0114024). · CC-BY-4.0

• prolonged exposure therapy: "Used for posttraumatic stress disorder" overstates the packet, which only says the study examines its effects for adolescents with PTSD rather than establishing the therapy as a general treatment indication.; The packet does not explicitly state that prolonged exposure therapy is a “non-drug counselling approach”; it only mentions comparisons of treatments and notes the lack of evidence for pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments generally, without defining prolonged exposure therapy specifically as non-drug in the provided text.; The packet supports that it is examined as a treatment for adolescents with PTSD and that it is compared with supportive counseling delivered by nurses trained as counselors, but the “non-drug” characterization in the definition is not directly supported by the supplied excerpt.; The phrase "non-drug counselling approach" is not stated in the source packet and adds an unsupported generalization about the therapy.

  Rossouw Jaco; Yadin Elna; Alexander Debra; Seedat Soraya. Prolonged exposure therapy and supportive counselling for posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents in a community-based sample, including experiences of stakeholders: study protocol for a comparative randomized controlled trial using task-shifting. 2018; DOI 10.1186/s12888-018-1873-x; article XML SHA-256 0693597fdf7fd8ca1700b5381744f01cb22a03e04db1285ec4df80a4a91d3ca2. “Prolonged exposure therapy and supportive counselling for posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents in a community-based sample, including experiences of stakeholders: study protocol for a comparative randomized controlled trial using task-shifting” (10.1186/s12888-018-1873-x). · CC-BY-4.0

• protective reflex: The definition claims a general function: that a protective reflex “helps defend the body from potentially harmful stimulation.” The packet does not explicitly state this defensive/protective function in general terms; it only discusses “protective reflex cough” in the context of airway stimulation.; The definition claims the response “can be increased or decreased by allergic inflammation.” The packet supports modulation in both directions (up-regulated or down-regulated cough reflex threshold) during acute allergic airway inflammation, so this part is defensible, but the other substantive claims are not sufficiently supported.; The definition says that, in this packet, the term refers specifically to “reflex cough produced by airway receptors.” While the packet mentions “protective reflex cough” and “cough receptors,” it does not explicitly present the phrase “reflex cough produced by airway receptors” as the definition of the term.; The definition’s overall framing (“protective reflex” as an automatic, body-defending response) is broader than what the packet explicitly provides, so it fails the ‘every substantive claim’ support requirement.; The opening general definition (“an automatic response that helps defend the body from potentially harmful stimulation”) is not stated or directly defined in the packet; the packet only discusses protective reflex cough in the respiratory tract.; The packet supports a specific sense of protective reflex cough, but the definition broadens it beyond that cough-specific context into a general reflex category without packet support.

  Foucaud Laurent; Demoulin Bruno; Leblanc Anne-Laure; Ioan Iulia; Schweitzer Cyril; Demoulin-Alexikova Silvia. Modulation of protective reflex cough by acute immune driven inflammation of lower airways in anesthetized rabbits. 2019; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0226442; article XML SHA-256 af3f6b23de1fa2b73f1977a824f6138b107e46b1a8a5774cd3ea82bcb73539e8. “Modulation of protective reflex cough by acute immune driven inflammation of lower airways in anesthetized rabbits” (10.1371/journal.pone.0226442). · CC-BY-4.0

• protensity: The definition claims that “protensity means time as it is immediately lived as a continuous stretch or duration in experience.” The packet only states that, in the first instance, time is “not… perceived as time—i.e. as continuous ‘protensity,’ but as intensity,” and does not explicitly define protensity as an “immediately lived” continuous duration.; The definition says it “suggests that some writers treated our earliest time-sense as a continuous experiential flow.” The packet mentions “the first instance” and attributes the contrast to Ward (and references Hamilton’s term), but it does not support the specific framing “our earliest time-sense” or “continuous experiential flow.”; The packet supports protensity as a term for time perceived as continuous duration or 'continuous protensity,' but it does not support the added claim that this was 'our earliest time-sense.'; The statement that 'some writers treated our earliest time-sense as a continuous experiential flow' goes beyond the passage; the source discusses one writer’s view about duration being perceived as intensity rather than time, not a broader historical consensus or earliest-stage theory.

  William James, Principles of Psychology, volume 1. 1890 original; Gutenberg ebook 57628; snapshot required. “William James, The Principles of Psychology, volume 1, 1890” (fca72454f1995c69b072). · public-domain-US

• Provigil: The definition states that Provigil is a “brand name for modafinil,” but the supplied packet text does not explicitly identify Provigil as a brand name or otherwise make that brand-to-generic equivalence claim.; The packet supports modafinil as a synthetic wakefulness-promoting CNS stimulant, but it does not explicitly support the claim that Provigil is a brand name for modafinil.; The remaining mechanism and cognitive-effect claims are supported, but the definition includes an unsupported identification/synonymy claim that should not be added without packet support.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Modafinil” (C26661). · CC-BY-4.0

• psycholinguistics: The packet explicitly mentions individuals who “select and interpret” messages, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s inclusion of “produce, receive.”; The packet supports encoding/decoding in relation to messages and communicators (encoding via “phonetics” and decoding via “psychoacoustics”), but it does not directly support the specific framing that the process involves “turning thoughts into speech sounds.”; The phrasing about ‘turning thoughts into speech sounds’ and ‘interpreting those sounds back into meaning’ is more specific than the packet, which only says psycholinguistics concerns relations between messages and communicators and the processes of encoding and decoding.; ‘Mental and perceptual processes’ is not stated in the packet and adds an unsupported generalization about the field.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Psycholinguistics” (D011578). · public-domain-US-government

• psychological acculturation: The claim that the packet “treated [psychological acculturation] as a largely single overall dimension” is broadly supported by the reported unidimensional structure supported by the bifactor analysis; however, the definition adds that related aspects “may overlap within it” (social belonging and cultural competence). The packet reports high overlap/redundancy and instability of a two-factor structure after accounting for the global scale, but does not clearly justify the specific phrasing that these aspects “may overlap within it” as a general characterization beyond the PAS factor-structure findings.; The definition adds unsupported breadth by describing psychological acculturation as “adaptation to culture” and “familiarity across cultures”; the packet supports only a brief proxy measure based on emotional attachment, belonging, cultural identity, and familiarity/cultural competence indicators.; The definition frames psychological acculturation as “a person’s adaptation to culture,” but the packet only describes the PAS construct/measurement structure (emotional attachment and belonging-based indicators) and does not provide a definition of psychological acculturation as “adaptation to culture.”; The definition states it is “as reflected in their sense of … familiarity across cultures.” While the packet identifies a factor labeled “cultural competence and familiarity,” it does not explicitly ground this in “familiarity across cultures” wording.; The phrase “across cultures” is not supported by the packet’s wording and overgeneralizes beyond the studied English/Spanish measurement context.; The requested sense is mostly correct, but the definition should stay tightly within the packet’s evidence and avoid adding broader conceptual claims not stated there.

  Vázquez Alejandro L.; Navarro Flores Cynthia M.; Mendez Lucybel; Coleman Jasmine; Nagy Gabriela A.; Garcia Araceli; Domenech Rodríguez Melanie M.. Viviendo entre dos culturas: Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Psychological Acculturation Scale among Latinx caregivers. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0355228; article XML SHA-256 eaddfa2593924b3da60148baa493c6fb97bf5ca22b3b73a4895da36d973c61a7. “Viviendo entre dos culturas: Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Psychological Acculturation Scale among Latinx caregivers” (10.1371/journal.pone.0355228). · CC-BY-4.0

• psychological dysfunction: The definition’s first claim (“refers to problems in the psychological domain”) is not explicitly stated in the packet; the packet only describes that “Psychological dysfunction was diagnosed based on depressive symptoms,” and does not provide a general definitional wording about “problems” in a psychological domain.; The definition’s second claim (“the packet does not provide a broader general definition beyond this study-specific use”) is not supported by the packet text; absence of other definitions is not evidenced in the supplied excerpt.; The phrase “problems in the psychological domain” is a broader general definition that is not explicitly supported by the packet; the packet only says psychological dysfunction was diagnosed based on depressive symptoms in this study.; The second sentence adds a meta-level limitation (“the packet does not provide a broader general definition”) that is not itself supported by the source text and goes beyond the packet’s wording.

  Hu Xiuhua; Ruan Jian; Zhang Weibin; Chen Jie; Bao Zhijun; Ruan Qingwei; Yu Zhuowei. The overall and domain-specific quality of life of Chinese community-dwelling older adults: the role of intrinsic capacity and disease burden. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1190800; article XML SHA-256 68347202e83c43273f94e127934c71252f85cd87a6990acaf70e9e1aaa81fa4a. “The overall and domain-specific quality of life of Chinese community-dwelling older adults: the role of intrinsic capacity and disease burden” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1190800). · CC-BY-4.0

• psychological field: The definition presents a concept-style gloss rather than a source-grounded historical definition, and it goes beyond the supplied passage's wording.; The definition therefore adds multiple specific explanatory elements (distinctness from bodily/neurological events; the particular set of processes as the referent) that are not provided or supported in the supplied text.; The examples in the packet are limited to topics James says will be treated in later chapters (instinct, stream of thought, attention, discrimination, association, memory, aesthetics, will); the definition adds a broader modern gloss about what psychology studies that is not explicitly stated here.; The packet does not explicitly define “psychological field” as “matters studied by psychology” or as a broad domain encompassing “thought, attention, memory, and will.” While it mentions chapters on topics including “Attention,” “Memory,” and “Will,” it does not state that these are what “psychological field” refers to.; The packet does not support the claim that “psychological field” means “the sphere or domain of mental life and psychological processes, as distinct from bodily or neurological events.” It only contains the phrase “purely psychological field,” without defining it that way.; The packet only supports the phrase "purely psychological field" in a general historical sense; it does not define the term as a distinct "sphere or domain of mental life" contrasted with bodily or neurological events.

  William James, Principles of Psychology, volume 1. 1890 original; Gutenberg ebook 57628; snapshot required. “William James, The Principles of Psychology, volume 1, 1890” (fca72454f1995c69b072). · public-domain-US

• psychological network: The claim that “In this source, it is used to study factors connected with children’s football participation” is broadly consistent with the packet, but it is not enough to rescue the unsupported generalizations in the first sentence.; The definition adds a broader claim about examining how factors relate to any particular behavior or outcome, which is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the source’s specific use in this article.; The packet does not explicitly define a “psychological network” as a “way of mapping psychosocial factors and the links among them,” nor does it explicitly describe the mapping/link mechanism.; The packet mentions that the study “utilized psychological network analysis to examine selected psychosocial factors related to football participation,” but it does not support the broader phrasing that the purpose is “so researchers can examine how those factors relate to a particular behavior or outcome.”; The packet supports that psychological network analysis was used to examine selected psychosocial factors related to football participation among primary school students, but it does not define a psychological network as a general way of mapping factors and their links.

  Zeng Xiancheng; Hu Min; He Wei; Xie Zechen. Psychosocial correlates of children’s football participation: a psychological network analysis of parental support, stereotypes, and dualistic passions. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1897362; article XML SHA-256 5bd4f6a32e602af32c3ba0a6bb1a287704623bc5c8056c11ed78804dc3e20813. “Psychosocial correlates of children’s football participation: a psychological network analysis of parental support, stereotypes, and dualistic passions” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1897362). · CC-BY-4.0

• psychological treatment: The definition adds unsupported generalization by defining psychological treatment as "care" provided within a psychologist’s professional practice; the packet only mentions psychological treatment as one competency of a psychologist.; The packet describes a clinical psychologist as a professional group, not the term "psychological treatment" itself, so the requested sense is not supported.; The packet supports that a psychologist with accredited training provides psychological treatment of mental health, behavioral, and emotional disorders, but it does not explicitly state that psychological treatment is “care for” such disorders or that it is “provided within a psychologist’s professional practice.”; The phrase "mental health, behavioral, and emotional disorders" is supported, but the rest of the definition goes beyond the source and is not defensible from the packet alone.; “within a psychologist’s professional practice” is added wording not supported in the supplied packet text.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Clinical Psychologist” (C204368). · CC-BY-4.0

• psychometry: The definition’s claim that psychometry “refers to what the same classification also calls mental chronometry” is only partially supported: the packet links psychometry to “Time Relations” and includes “Mental Chronometry,” but it does not explicitly equate psychometry with mental chronometry or state that psychometry is the same as what that classification calls mental chronometry.; The packet only shows a cross-reference: “PsYchometry (see Time Relations, IV. 6)” and separately lists “Time Relations of Consciousness; Mental Chronometry.” It does not state that psychometry is “used for the measurement of mental processes” or that it is specifically “in their time relations,” so the definition’s main substantive claim is not supported by the provided text.; The packet only shows a cross-reference: “Psychometry (see Time Relations, IV. 6)” and the related heading “Time Relations of Consciousness; Mental Chronometry.” It does not explicitly state that psychometry means measurement of mental processes in their time relations, so the definition adds unsupported wording.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-2205000-2217000). · public-domain-US

• psychophysical method: The definition further claims that “in this source, it refers to measuring perceived ocular stray light through the participant’s responses,” yet the packet only says psychophysical measurements are used to examine perception of ocular stray light (e.g., with C-Quant) and notes they are subjective; it does not mention participant responses or reporting as the measurement basis.; The definition states that a psychophysical method is “a subjective way of studying perception by relating what a person reports experiencing to a physical stimulus,” but the packet does not explicitly support this general description.; The general definition adds unsupported detail: the packet says psychophysical measurements examine perception of ocular stray light and are subjective, but it does not state that they work by relating a person's report to a physical stimulus.; The source-specific sentence is unsupported: the packet does not mention measuring perceived ocular stray light through the participant’s responses.

  Solf Benjamin; Schramm Stefan; Link Dietmar; Klee Sascha. Objective measurement of forward-scattered light in the human eye: An electrophysiological approach. 2019; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0214850; article XML SHA-256 df570d67fb484d8ea81b467d4c8e951a8c7e060dd129ac04fa8b8a131fe8e205. “Objective measurement of forward-scattered light in the human eye: An electrophysiological approach” (10.1371/journal.pone.0214850). · CC-BY-4.0

• psychophysical research: Because the first sentence is not supported by the packet, the overall definition cannot be accepted as defensible to the supplied source.; The definition claims that psychophysical research “studies how mental experience and judgment relate to detectable changes in underlying psychological processes,” but the provided packet text does not support this framing (it discusses discrete vs continuous mental states and state/strength processes, not detectable changes in underlying psychological processes).; The opening sentence adds a general definition of psychophysical research (“studies how mental experience and judgment relate to detectable changes in underlying psychological processes”) that is not supported by the packet.; The packet supports a narrower claim about psychophysical research indicating that mental processes may vary continuously in strength despite the apparent discreteness of subjective experience, but it does not support the broader wording about ‘detectable changes’ or the general study of ‘judgment.’

  Aly Mariam; Yonelinas Andrew P.. Bridging Consciousness and Cognition in Memory and Perception: Evidence for Both State and Strength Processes. 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0030231; article XML SHA-256 aff82dbbdc96f0e5440bb8ff501b18cfd5b3ce0d68ed98978d5215fc35ea337f. “Bridging Consciousness and Cognition in Memory and Perception: Evidence for Both State and Strength Processes” (10.1371/journal.pone.0030231). · CC-BY-4.0

• psychosocial factors: Field mismatch: the packet frames psycho-oncology as including ethical aspects of cancer, but the definition provided does not mention ethics and is not supported by the packet as an ethics-related meaning for “psychosocial factors.”; The first sentence gives a broad, general characterization (“influences that involve a person’s psychological and social circumstances”) that is only indirectly implied by the packet’s phrasing about interrelationships, not stated as the term’s definition in the packet.; The opening gloss broadens “psychosocial factors” into a general definition of influences involving psychological and social circumstances, which is an unsupported extrapolation from the packet.; The packet does not define the standalone term “psychosocial factors”; it only says psycho-oncology examines “behavioral and psychosocial factors,” so the requested sense is not directly supported.; The packet’s context is psycho-oncology/cancer, not ethics, so the field assignment is not supported by the source record.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Psycho-Oncology” (D000073320). · public-domain-US-government

• psychotic feature: The claim that the term is used to group conditions “where antipsychotic medicines may be used” is only weakly supported (the packet lists “mood disorders with psychotic feature” among disorders treated with antipsychotics, but does not directly describe the grouping rationale in diagnostic terms).; The definition relies on interpretive/semantic expansion (“psychotic feature means a psychotic aspect present in a mood disorder”) that is not directly supported by the provided packet text.; The packet does not define the term; it only mentions the phrase "mood disorders with psychotic feature" in a treatment context, so the claim that the term means a psychotic aspect present in a mood disorder is an unsupported extrapolation.; The packet does not explicitly define what “psychotic feature” means (e.g., it only mentions the phrase “mood disorders with psychotic feature” without stating that it refers to a specific psychotic aspect).; The second sentence adds a broader grouping claim about "these conditions" being grouped with other psychotic disorders; the source only lists diagnostic categories for antipsychotic use and does not establish a definitional relationship for the term.

  Ali Tilahun; Sisay Mekonnen; Tariku Mandaras; Mekuria Abraham Nigussie; Desalew Assefa. Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0257129; article XML SHA-256 84eb77f3529339ef5ae0fdaed2bc2f88967d3cd28313ad64a2927973d40a3c4f. “Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies” (10.1371/journal.pone.0257129). · CC-BY-4.0

• PTSD: The packet supports a class of post-traumatic stress disorders with symptoms lasting more than one month, but it does not support the added claim that the symptoms continue for longer than one month after trauma.; The packet supports that PTSD is a class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms lasting more than one month, but it does not explicitly state that the symptoms last “after trauma.”; The source text describes a class/descriptor rather than the singular definitional statement made about PTSD itself.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic” (D013313). · public-domain-US-government

• pubescence: The definition’s claims that pubescence is “the period of puberty or early adolescence” and “when sexual maturity begins” and “childhood changes into adult life” are not directly supported by any explicit wording in the supplied packet excerpt.; The packet emphasizes psychological change and general physiological change, but it does not specifically support the phrase “marked by important bodily development” as stated.; The packet excerpt does not explicitly define “pubescence”; it only mentions the phrase “insanity of pubescence and adolescence” and discusses puberty/adolescence generally, but without stating what “pubescence” means in the dictionary sense.; The packet supports pubescence as puberty/early adolescence, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that this is when sexual maturity begins.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-2121000-2133000). · public-domain-US

• public adoption: The definition reads like a generalized public-health gloss; the packet supports the modeled role of awareness and guideline-following in outbreak dynamics, but not a standalone dictionary sense of the term in psychology/learning.; The definition states that public adoption is about how “widely and consistently” people take up recommended preventive behaviors; the packet does not provide support for the “widely and consistently” aspect as part of the meaning of the term.; The packet discusses “public adoption of preventive guidelines” via a model of behavior change linked to awareness/motivation and notes effects on outbreak peaks, but it does not define the term in those exact terms or establish “widely and consistently” as the key characterization.; The supplied source is about public adoption of preventive guidelines during a disease outbreak, not a psychology/counselling sense in the field of learning, so the field assignment is not defensible from the packet.

  Abbas Wasim; M A Masud; Park Anna; Parveen Sajida; Kim Sangil. Evolution and consequences of individual responses during the COVID-19 outbreak. 2022; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0273964; article XML SHA-256 4ef377bbae6106ad9ab33ce11205c893357978e0c36653e1b0fbd8a98288f42e. “Evolution and consequences of individual responses during the COVID-19 outbreak” (10.1371/journal.pone.0273964). · CC-BY-4.0

• pure tone: The contrast with “more mixed or complex sounds” is not supported by the packet.; The definition adds a generalizing contrast that goes beyond the source’s specific point about sounds that are “smooth and clear” and give “pure pleasures,” unmixed with pain or want.; The packet does not support the claim that a “pure tone” is defined *by contrast* with “more mixed or complex sounds.” It only states that the sounds are “smooth and clear and have a single pure tone,” without explicitly contrasting this with mixed/complex sounds.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Beauty and The Beautiful” (Beauty and The Beautiful). · public-domain-US

• pursuit rotor: The definition claims that “Better pursuit-rotor performance reflects more accurate continuous tracking of a moving object,” but the packet only states that better performance on the pursuit rotor task predicted faster response times to loss of control; it does not directly support the interpretation about “more accurate continuous tracking.”; The packet supports a computerized tracking task with a cursor and moving target, but it does not explicitly support the broader claim that the pursuit rotor is used to assess visuomotor performance.; The statement that better pursuit-rotor performance reflects more accurate continuous tracking of a moving object is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the provided evidence.

  Dewey John; Mueller Shane. Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Visuomotor Discrepancies. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00144; article XML SHA-256 5075a9482e718d8268bacdc8e3dc816c1fca537e8afce0fb99dd70c0fb4f0d81. “Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Visuomotor Discrepancies” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00144). · CC-BY-4.0

• qualia: The definition claims that qualia are qualities “contrasted with … kinds of ‘suchness’.” The provided packet discusses universals and particulars and the Latin terms *quale/qualitas*, but it does not support the “suchness” wording or the specific contrast phrased that way.; The definition slightly overstates the packet by treating this as the term’s settled meaning rather than a historical discussion of quality/universals from Plato through later debates.; The phrase “suchness” is not supported by the source packet and introduces an unsupported gloss.; While the packet supports a historical discussion beginning with Plato and proceeding through Aristotle and debates about primary vs. secondary qualities, the “suchness” element is an unsupported substantive addition.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-2310000-2322000). · public-domain-US

• quantitative electroencephalograph: Do not broaden the term beyond the study context; the packet supports a specific research use, not a general clinical definition.; The definition adds a general description of quantitative electroencephalograph as an EEG-based measure that assesses brain electrical activity in a quantified way, but the packet only supports its use as an early quantitative EEG in children with severe traumatic brain injury to predict later epilepsy.; The only directly supported claim in the packet is that the article explores whether early quantitative EEG can predict development of epilepsy in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury; the definition’s first sentence goes beyond what is stated.; The packet does not explicitly define what a “quantitative electroencephalograph” is (e.g., that it is an “EEG-based measure” assessing brain electrical activity “in a quantified way”).

  Bai Wei. The predicative value of early quantitative electroencephalograph in epilepsy after severe traumatic brain injury in children. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fped.2024.1370692; article XML SHA-256 0bf80ea3f51d4c1c7292ec53ac0e7ce5f2c2ddcf83600fad4387cd440ba1d62b. “The predicative value of early quantitative electroencephalograph in epilepsy after severe traumatic brain injury in children” (10.3389/fped.2024.1370692). · CC-BY-4.0

• quazepam: The claim that quazepam lowers excitability in “brain systems involved in arousal and related functions” is not stated in the packet; the packet instead names specific brain regions and says neuronal excitability decreases.; The definition claims the effects “lower [excitability] in brain systems involved in arousal and related functions,” but the packet only specifies the GABA-A receptor is located in the limbic, neocortical, and mesencephalic reticular system; it does not mention “arousal” or “related functions.”; “Sleep-inducing effects” is supportable as a paraphrase of the packet’s hypnotic properties, but the second sentence goes beyond the packet by adding a broader functional explanation not supplied there.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Quazepam” (C47699). · CC-BY-4.0

• random control: Other parts of the definition (intervention group vs a control group that only joined surveys; comparing adherence and health status after the intervention) are supported by the packet, but the unsupported “random” justification prevents a fully defensible definition.; The definition overstates the general sense by presenting a generic clinical trial definition for ‘random control’ without establishing that this is the intended dictionary sense rather than the packet’s article title wording.; The definition states that the design involves “random” assignment; the packet labels the study as a “random control trial,” but it does not provide details supporting randomization (e.g., how participants were randomized).; The packet supports a randomized controlled trial design, but the term’s requested field of learning is not defensible here because the source is a clinical intervention study rather than a learning/education concept entry.

  Trieu Nguyen Thi Thu; Hoai Nguyen Thi Yen; Tung Nguyen Ngoc; Thong Tran Huu; Hien Nguyen Thi Thu. Effect of health education intervention on treatment adherence and health status in patients with Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease: A random control trial. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0325192; article XML SHA-256 c85de836d03c396c08a0027f5d2eda7569b5c4c3ace08c9727e3fced720d8f50. “Effect of health education intervention on treatment adherence and health status in patients with Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease: A random control trial” (10.1371/journal.pone.0325192). · CC-BY-4.0

• random-effects model: The definition’s explanation of its purpose in general terms (“combine effect sizes across multiple studies”) is not directly supported by the packet’s text.; The packet does not explicitly state what a “random-effects model” means (e.g., that it “account[s] for variation across the included studies”). It only reports that the authors constructed one.; The packet supports that a random-effects model was used in a meta-analysis with standardized mean differences (Hedges’ g), but it does not explicitly support the added claim that it was used specifically "while accounting for variation across the included studies."; While the packet supports that the random-effects model was constructed and used with standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g), the definition includes additional substantive claims beyond what is stated.

  Chen Song; Chen Pengwei; Huang Lu; Guo Wenhao; Zhong Yuanji. Dose-response relationships of sensorimotor-based interventions on balance performance in older adults: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0354522; article XML SHA-256 e5614fdd7a29f5066e8c17a9075e9004511601414dd641c1a54824c217875aac. “Dose-response relationships of sensorimotor-based interventions on balance performance in older adults: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis” (10.1371/journal.pone.0354522). · CC-BY-4.0

• rational psychology: The packet does support the characterization “philosophy of spirit … (as philosophy of man),” but the definition adds additional claims about “philosophical study of human beings” and an “older scheme” that are not clearly stated in the supplied text beyond that brief parenthetical.; The packet says philosophy of nature is a branch of fundamental philosophy and that it is co-ordinate with theology and with rational psychology; it does not explicitly support the definition’s claim that rational psychology “stands alongside … as one of the main branches of fundamental philosophy.”; The packet supports only that “rational psychology or philosophy of spirit” is “co-ordinate with theology …” in connection with “Nature (philosophy of).” It does not support the definition’s framing of rational psychology as “a historical philosophical term” for the philosophy of spirit.; The packet supports rational psychology as a co-ordinate branch of fundamental philosophy with theology and philosophy of nature, but it does not explicitly support the added generalization that these are 'the main branches.'

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Nature (philosophy of)” (Nature (philosophy of)). · public-domain-US

• readability level: The definition’s claim about matching educational information to patients’ reading ability is only indirectly supported by the packet’s mention of adaptation to patients’ readability level; the packet does not state the “matching” wording or the reading-ability framing.; The first sentence gives a general dictionary-style meaning that is not supported by the supplied source packet, which only says patient educational materials must be adapted to patients’ readability level.; The packet does not support the additional claim that adapting materials is “more usable and less likely to cause misunderstanding.”; The packet supports a healthcare/patient-education context, but not the broader explanatory gloss presented here.; The packet supports that patient educational materials must be “adapted to the readability level of patients,” but it does not explicitly define “readability level” as “how easy written material is for its intended readers to understand.”; The second sentence adds unsupported claims about matching educational information to patients’ reading ability and making material more usable or less likely to cause misunderstanding.

  Rodler Severin; Cei Francesco; Ganjavi Conner; Checcucci Enrico; De Backer Pieter; Rivero Belenchon Ines; Taratkin Mark; Puliatti Stefano; Veccia Alessandro; Piazza Pietro; Baekelandt Loïc; Kowalewski Karl-Friedrich; Gómez Rivas Juan; Fankhauser Christian D; Moschini Marco; Gandaglia Giorgio; Campi Riccardo; De Castro Abreu Andre; Russo Giorgio I; Cocci Andrea; Maruccia Serena; Cacciamani Giovanni E; YAU Collaborators. GPT-4 generates accurate and readable patient education materials aligned with current oncological guidelines: A randomized assessment. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0324175; article XML SHA-256 213fa99f8625a6cee6ce8dce30844ecb4f5361ff20207d5d42f3a1f476134caa. “GPT-4 generates accurate and readable patient education materials aligned with current oncological guidelines: A randomized assessment” (10.1371/journal.pone.0324175). · CC-BY-4.0

• Recognition Memory Test: The definition’s general description (“asks a person to identify previously encountered items…from among alternatives”) is not explicitly supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet supports that the Warrington Recognition Memory Test for Faces (RMF) is used to evaluate facial memory/visual memory in this study, but it does not provide enough information to support the broader “recognition memory test” definition as written.; The packet supports the Warrington Recognition Memory Test as a word-and-face memory measure, but it does not support the general definition that a recognition memory test asks a person to identify previously encountered items ‘from among alternatives.’; The packet supports use of the test for facial memory/visual memory in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, but the definition broadens beyond what is stated in the source without clear support.

  Hosokawa Hiroaki; Kanno Shigenori; Nishio Yoshiyuki; Kawasaki Iori; Hirayama Kazumi; Sunaga Atsuko; Shoji Naotake; Iwasaki Masaki; Nakasato Nobukazu; Tominaga Teiji; Suzuki Kyoko. Facial memory ability and self-awareness in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy after anterior temporal lobectomy. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0248785; article XML SHA-256 24169d1ff8021f7474576a6a6d05ebed663ea1b1f92c70609a00cd90c290d855. “Facial memory ability and self-awareness in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy after anterior temporal lobectomy” (10.1371/journal.pone.0248785). · CC-BY-4.0

• recognition technique: The definition’s first sentence (“a method for identifying a target pattern from input data”) is a generic description not stated or supported in the supplied packet text.; The definition’s more specific claims about “pose-aware facial expression recognition,” head pose detection, and classification using layered neural-network ensembles plus a final classifier are supported by the packet, but the unsupported generic opening sentence makes the definition not fully defensible under the provided-source-only requirement.; The first sentence gives a broad generic definition of "recognition technique" as a method for identifying a target pattern from input data; the packet only supports a specific pose-aware facial expression recognition technique, not that general sense.; The source supports K-nearest-neighbor pose detection, a three-level stacked neural-network ensemble, and a Naive Bayes predictor; it does not explicitly support the broader phrasing "layered combination of neural-network ensembles and a final classifier" as a general definition of the term.

  Altaf Muhammad Faheem; Iqbal Muhammad Waseem; Ali Ghulam; Shinan Khlood; Alhazmi Hanan E.; Alanazi Fatmah; Ashraf M. Usman. Neural network-based ensemble approach for multi-view facial expression recognition. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0316562; article XML SHA-256 fc30a0f6f9557476d2011fde92701c7192cd8022c11c987ec7a502c958904072. “Neural network-based ensemble approach for multi-view facial expression recognition” (10.1371/journal.pone.0316562). · CC-BY-4.0

• recompensation: The definition adds an explanatory gloss that is not stated in the supplied source, so the substantive meaning is not fully supported by the packet.; The packet does not define recompensation as “returning to a more stable, compensated state”; it only says the article studies “recompensation” and “recompensated cirrhosis” after first decompensation in alcohol-related cirrhosis.; The packet text describes “recompensation” in the context of alcohol-related cirrhosis (a medical condition), not in a mental-health/psychology context, so the specified field (“mental health”) is not defensible based on the packet.

  Kwak Ji Yoon; Jeon Hankyu; Kwon Hyeon Uk; Kim Jae Eun; Han Ji Hee; Choi Jung Woo; Cha Ra Ri; Lee Jae Min; Lee Sang Soo. Recompensation following first decompensation in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis. 2026; DOI 10.1186/s12876-026-04651-6; article XML SHA-256 9a4b9593eb150a4e50b38649769f24df4c201fd16fe8f18792f3b5e8053fa9da. “Recompensation following first decompensation in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis” (10.1186/s12876-026-04651-6). · CC-BY-4.0

• reference memory: The claim that reference memory means remembering stable task information over repeated testing rather than responding to immediate cues is not defined in the packet and is an unsupported extrapolation.; The definition asserts a general assessment method (“how well a learned task is performed across training”), but the packet provides examples of experimental timing (e.g., 12-day task; 2-day training) rather than a definitional description of how reference memory is assessed.; The definition’s characterization (“remembering stable task information over repeated testing”) is not stated in the packet; the packet only describes that mice were trained for 2 days and tested in reference memory/cued testing conditions.; The packet mentions a “spatial reference memory task” in a Morris water maze and reports “spatial reference memory performance,” but it does not define reference memory or explicitly contrast it with “responding only to immediate cues.”; The packet only shows the term used in a two-day Morris water maze reference memory task; it does not support a general definition of reference memory as a type of memory assessed by performance across training.

  Magnusson Kathy R; Scruggs Brandi; Zhao Xue; Hammersmark Rebecca. Age-related declines in a two-day reference memory task are associated with changes in NMDA receptor subunits in mice. 2007; DOI 10.1186/1471-2202-8-43; article XML SHA-256 d8237b2dac9a7a1d69d0585cae5031b4955a4e4564b27ba5a8edcdf9c8ce2d0e. “Age-related declines in a two-day reference memory task are associated with changes in NMDA receptor subunits in mice” (10.1186/1471-2202-8-43). · CC-BY-2.0

• referential signal: The definition’s general characterization (“a separate measurement used by an adaptive filter as a reference for unwanted noise in another signal”) is not explicitly stated in the packet text; the packet only says the adaptive filter “relies on an accelerometer-based referential signal” without describing it as a reference for “unwanted noise” in another signal.; The packet supports an accelerometer-based referential signal used in an adaptive filter, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that it is used to identify movement-related artifacts in mobile EEG recordings so they can be reduced.; The packet supports that the referential signal is accelerometer-based and related to motion artifacts in mobile EEG, but the definition adds extra interpretive wording (“identify movement-related artifacts … so they can be reduced”) that is not spelled out in those terms in the provided text.; “Separate measurement used by an adaptive filter as a reference for unwanted noise in another signal” is an interpretive generalization not stated in the source packet.

  Rosanne Olivier; Albuquerque Isabela; Cassani Raymundo; Gagnon Jean-François; Tremblay Sebastien; Falk Tiago H.. Adaptive Filtering for Improved EEG-Based Mental Workload Assessment of Ambulant Users. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fnins.2021.611962; article XML SHA-256 0f40156ff77d3d9b63584e30f988c7aefcd782236317046904b025a09b0cae80. “Adaptive Filtering for Improved EEG-Based Mental Workload Assessment of Ambulant Users” (10.3389/fnins.2021.611962). · CC-BY-4.0

• reflection–impulsivity: Field mismatch: the packet uses “reflection impulsivity” as a contributor to impulsive choice (a behavioral tendency/component), not as a diagnosis. The provided definition is therefore not well-supported for the requested field of “diagnosis.”; The comparison with delayed discounting is acceptable in substance, but the wording ‘preferring smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed ones’ is a broader paraphrase than the source’s ‘devaluating delayed greater rewards in favor of immediate smaller rewards,’ so the sense is only partially supported.; The definition treats reflection–impulsivity as a contributor to impulsive behavior, but the source only says it is a tendency that may reflect impulsive behavior; it does not establish it as a contributor.; The requested field is ‘diagnosis,’ but the source presents reflection–impulsivity as a behavioral tendency in the context of impulsive choice, not as a diagnosis.

  Brynte Christoffer; Khemiri Lotfi; Stenström Hannes; Konstenius Maija; Lindström Nitya-Jayaram; Franck Johan. Impulsive choice in individuals with comorbid amphetamine use disorder and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. 2023; DOI 10.1186/s12888-023-05034-x; article XML SHA-256 450dfd0013dcb0dd77c6e9c50c477a9fd139a6dfa3423d4adeb18c8831fce15f. “Impulsive choice in individuals with comorbid amphetamine use disorder and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder” (10.1186/s12888-023-05034-x). · CC-BY-4.0

• reflex inhibition: The packet links vestibular stimulation/perceptual priming to the suppression of persistent aberrant primary reflexes and to stimulation of the nervous system, but the definition’s phrasing that this is “viewed as part of improving nervous system functioning” is broader than what is directly stated.; The packet mentions vestibular stimulation and sensory/perceptual assessment, but it does not explicitly support the broader claim that reflex inhibition is presented as improving nervous system functioning.; The packet supports suppression of persistent aberrant primary reflexes, but it does not say they are "atypical or no longer developmentally appropriate."; The packet supports suppression of “persistent aberrant primary reflexes,” but it does not explicitly support that these reflexes are “atypical or no longer developmentally appropriate.”

  Niklasson Mats; Rasmussen Peder; Niklasson Irene; Norlander Torsten. Developmental Coordination Disorder: The Importance of Grounded Assessments and Interventions. 2018; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02409; article XML SHA-256 41ccce415a976cb75738a5868a82ddc75ac6298f5bf3ecf59d81fa2fdeab39c0. “Developmental Coordination Disorder: The Importance of Grounded Assessments and Interventions” (10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02409). · CC-BY-4.0

• reflex latency: The added gloss “meaning how long it takes an animal to regain its normal upright posture” is not explicitly stated in the packet; that is an inference beyond the supplied text.; The definition’s first claim (“amount of time between a provoking condition or stimulus and the appearance of a reflex response”) is not stated or supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet supports a specific experimental use of the term (“righting reflex latency” in neonatal rats), but it does not define “reflex latency” generally as the time between a stimulus and a reflex response.; While the packet does mention “righting reflex latency” being “significantly prolonged” after midazolam administration (and discusses righting reflex latency in neonates), the packet does not provide the general timing definition of “reflex latency,” so the overall definition is not fully supported.

  Doi Akiko; Miyazaki Tomoyuki; Mihara Takahiro; Ikeda Maiko; Niikura Ryo; Andoh Tomio; Goto Takahisa. CLP290 promotes the sedative effects of midazolam in neonatal rats in a KCC2-dependent manner: A laboratory study in rats. 2021; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0248113; article XML SHA-256 b1269745a233b0192e2d76cb0b22b3c41d5ba41916707f9972dc592cb2ae01ca. “CLP290 promotes the sedative effects of midazolam in neonatal rats in a KCC2-dependent manner: A laboratory study in rats” (10.1371/journal.pone.0248113). · CC-BY-4.0

• refusal rate: Although the packet reports “baseline refusal rate” values for two groups, it does not state what “baseline refusal rate” measures or how refusal is operationalized (including the “selected or invited” phrasing or that it is explicitly “at the baseline assessment”).; The added clarification about “the percentage who refused participation at the baseline assessment” is broadly consistent with the packet, but the definition goes beyond the supplied source by generalizing the concept beyond this article’s reported baseline rates.; The packet does not provide a definition of “refusal rate” (e.g., what population is used, how it’s calculated, or that it specifically means “proportion selected or invited… who decline to take part”).; The packet supports a study-specific use of “baseline refusal rate,” but it does not define the term as the general proportion of people selected or invited for a study who decline to take part.

  Sherr Lorraine; Yakubovich Alexa R; Skeen Sarah; Cluver Lucie D; Hensels Imca S; Macedo Ana; Tomlinson Mark. How Effective Is Help on the Doorstep? A Longitudinal Evaluation of Community-Based Organisation Support. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0151305; article XML SHA-256 f7e89f936b621b22363dea7fb33b1388c47e7eaf1df4ad7eb603f7f7c15f17e6. “How Effective Is Help on the Doorstep? A Longitudinal Evaluation of Community-Based Organisation Support” (10.1371/journal.pone.0151305). · CC-BY-4.0

• regulation of consciousness: The definition states that regulation of consciousness is the brain’s control of conscious state, including maintaining awareness and alertness. The packet only says the thalami “participate in functions such as … regulation of consciousness, and alertness” and does not explicitly support the broader “brain’s control” framing or the specific inclusion of “maintaining awareness.”; The packet supports regulation of consciousness and alertness as thalamic functions, but it does not support the added claim of maintaining awareness.; While the packet does support that thalami are involved in “regulation of consciousness” and “alertness,” it does not directly support the rest of the wording in the first sentence beyond those limited functions.; “Brain’s control of conscious state” is broader than the source, which only says the thalami participate in this function; it does not define the term as a general brain control mechanism.

  Tuttle C; Boto J; Martin S; Barnaure I; Korchi A M; Scheffler M; Vargas M I. Neuroimaging of acute and chronic unilateral and bilateral thalamic lesions. 2019; DOI 10.1186/s13244-019-0700-3; article XML SHA-256 73369d56c6aade86204d16ce9932280c2ace7cdfd20b10e6e9ed33c322afdfd2. “Neuroimaging of acute and chronic unilateral and bilateral thalamic lesions” (10.1186/s13244-019-0700-3). · CC-BY-4.0

• reincarnation: Because the packet does not actually supply the requested term-sense of “reincarnation,” the definition relies on unsupported elaboration rather than only what is present in the source passage.; The claim that the source passage contrasts reincarnation with a soul “continuing unchanged through the interval after death” is not supported by the packet text.; The definition’s comparison about “a soul continuing unchanged through the interval after death” is not explicitly stated in the packet (the packet instead states the opposite for Hindu eschatology: the soul does not properly exist in the interval).; The packet discusses an “Intermediate State” and says that in Hindu eschatology “the soul perishes at death, and only Karma survives to lead to a reincarnation,” but it does not describe reincarnation as a “new embodied life” nor provide a general characterization of reincarnation beyond that brief mention.; The packet’s source text is about “Intermediate State,” not a definition of “reincarnation,” so the requested sense is not supported by the source packet.; The provided definition makes broad claims about reincarnation (“return of existence in a new embodied life after death”) but the packet excerpt does not define reincarnation in those terms.; The statement that reincarnation is “the return of existence in a new embodied life after death” is not given in the packet; the packet only says that in Hindu eschatology “only Karma survives to lead to a reincarnation.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Intermediate State” (Intermediate). · public-domain-US

• reinforcement sensitivity theory: The definition adds a central claim not supported by the packet: that the theory explains behavior through differences in sensitivity to reinforcement. The packet only states that RST is a motivational theory with multiple differentiated motivational pathways.; The definition claims that reinforcement sensitivity theory explains behavior by “differences in sensitivity to reinforcement.” The provided packet does not explicitly describe reinforcement sensitivity differences as the mechanism shaping behavior (it only states that RST is a motivational theory and that it includes multiple motivational pathways).; The definition’s wording about “multiple distinct motivational pathways” is broadly consistent with the packet’s claim that RST “outlines multiple differentiated motivational pathways,” but the rest of the definition adds claims about sensitivity shaping behavior that are not supported in the packet text.; The requested sense is too broad for the supplied source, which presents RST specifically as a framework for understanding reactions to violent extremist material online, not as a general learning-theory definition.; The wording that similar experiences can lead different people toward different actions, or different experiences toward similar actions, is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet’s narrower claim about multifinality and equifinality in the context of violent extremist content and behavior.

  Shortland Neil; Portnoy Jill; McGarry Presley; Perliger Arie; Gordon Thomas; Anastasio Natalie. A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Violent Extremist Propaganda: The Motivational Pathways Underlying Movement Toward and Away From Violent Extremist Action. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858392; article XML SHA-256 868aea89688bda9d907e762c54c3c052de8af3b7367364de4aa36e1be20d94d5. “A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Violent Extremist Propaganda: The Motivational Pathways Underlying Movement Toward and Away From Violent Extremist Action” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858392). · CC-BY-4.0

• relatedness needs: The definition’s wording goes beyond what is explicitly stated in the packet (it adds explanatory detail not present in the supplied text).; The online-setting qualifier is supported only as a study context, not as part of the term’s definition.; The packet does not define “relatedness needs” as social connection or as a sense of being meaningfully linked with others; it only mentions their satisfaction in an online social interaction context.; The packet does not provide a definition of “relatedness needs” (e.g., that they are needs for social connection or a sense of meaningful linkage).; The packet only supports that relatedness needs can be “insufficiently” satisfied in online social interaction settings, and that the study examines relatedness needs as a mediator; it does not substantiate the specific content of the definition’s phrasing about social connection/meaningful linkage.; The statement that the term refers to “how well those connection needs are being satisfied” is an unsupported reformulation beyond the source text.

  Zheng Zhe; Qi Jiatian; Xi Yue; Jia Yueyi; Xiao Qiaoli; Li Jingjing; Qiu Hui; Liu Bing. Online authentic self-presentation, relatedness need satisfaction, and depression among university students: the moderating role of perceived value of team sports participation in a survey of universities in Shanghai. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1864726; article XML SHA-256 cc403244e876924987af2a6c46e4761e9d586f29c2230f4d195fc467d357c433. “Online authentic self-presentation, relatedness need satisfaction, and depression among university students: the moderating role of perceived value of team sports participation in a survey of universities in Shanghai” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1864726). · CC-BY-4.0

• remand: The definition adds a broader legal meaning of remand that is not established by the supplied historical passage.; The packet excerpt does not define “remand” as “being held in custody while awaiting further legal proceedings.” It only describes what can happen to “a person under remand” when certified insane, and does not state the general meaning of remand as awaiting further legal proceedings.; The packet supports that a person under remand, if certified insane, could be moved to an asylum and later remitted to the former place of confinement if certified sane, but it does not explicitly support defining remand as being held in custody while awaiting further legal proceedings.; The provided definition adds an asylum-transfer-and-return sequence tied to being certified insane/sane, but the broader first sentence’s characterization (“awaiting further legal proceedings”) is unsupported by the packet text.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-4095000-4107000). · public-domain-US

• remorse: The opening sentence is too general: the packet supports guilt or remorse specifically after drinking alcohol, not remorse in general as “a feeling of guilt about one’s actions.”; The packet does not provide a general definition of “remorse” as “a feeling of guilt about one’s actions”; it only contains a questionnaire item referring to “a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking.”; The packet is an AUDIT item/instrument prompt, so the definition should not present a broader standalone psychological sense unless supported by the source text.; The second sentence is only partially supported and should stay tightly tied to the drinking-after-alcohol context rather than implying a general packet-specific meaning.; While the second sentence (“it refers to guilt or remorse felt after drinking alcohol”) is supported by the AUDIT item, the first sentence includes an unsupported generalization about remorse.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “AUDIT - How Often Last Year You Feel Guilt or Remorse After Drinking” (C119114). · CC-BY-4.0

• repeated measures analysis of variance: The definition’s first sentence provides a general textbook-style description of repeated measures ANOVA (“type of analysis of variance… within the same overall set of cases”) that is not explicitly stated in the provided packet text.; The first sentence generalizes beyond the source packet; the requested sense should be supported by the packet rather than inferred from the term alone.; The packet supports that RMANOVA was used to detect differences in teams’ technical performance across competition situations, but it does not provide enough information to substantiate the broader methodological description in the first sentence.; The packet supports that RMANOVA was used to identify differences in teams’ technical performances among competition situations, but it does not define repeated measures analysis of variance as a general method for testing measurements across repeated conditions or occasions within the same set of cases.

  Yi Qing; Yang Jingyong; Wang Xinlei; Gai Yang; Gómez-Ruano Miguel-Ángel. Interactive Effects of Situational Variables Regarding Teams’ Technical Performance in the UEFA Champions League. 2022; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.781376; article XML SHA-256 5c5c2456978eb5cf35aee0c823435cec6fb8675df0727b398526e22ba9f67809. “Interactive Effects of Situational Variables Regarding Teams’ Technical Performance in the UEFA Champions League” (10.3389/fpsyg.2022.781376). · CC-BY-4.0

• repetitive strain injury: Because the definition is grounded in a physical/medical mechanism and structures, its fit to the requested field (“mental health”) is not defensible from the provided packet.; The definition is otherwise close to the packet, but the field/sense assignment is not defensible for a mental health dictionary entry.; The packet defines “repetitive strain injury” as a harmful, painful condition of the musculoskeletal system (joints, bones, ligaments, nerves) associated with work-related physical activity, with no support provided for any mental-health context.; The requested field is mental health, but the packet supports a musculoskeletal cumulative trauma disorder rather than a psychology/counselling sense.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Cumulative Trauma Disorders” (D012090). · public-domain-US-government

• representative design: The definition generalizes the term beyond the packet’s context by framing it as a broad approach to making research “more like the real-world setting” and “studying people” generally, whereas the packet only supports representative design as a way to address external validity in live sports decision-making studies.; The packet’s content is specific to sports psychology and external validity in “home advantage”/crowd-noise studies, not to the “development” field specified in the prompt.; The supplied source is about experimental research in sport and external validity; it does not support the field label “development.”

  Myers Tony D.. Achieving external validity in home advantage research: generalizing crowd noise effects. 2014; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00532; article XML SHA-256 08b42bbf5a592e6b51a91b845473a600b3731602c7c88c58ca79be6597a80fa9. “Achieving external validity in home advantage research: generalizing crowd noise effects” (10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00532). · CC-BY-3.0

• representative sampling: The definition adds a general claim about making population estimates more trustworthy that is not stated in the source packet.; The packet does not explicitly define “representative sampling” as a method “so the sample reflects the wider population being studied” or state that this “makes population estimates more trustworthy.”; The packet only states that differences in alcohol consumption population estimates “may relate to non-representative sampling” and discusses implementing a representative sampling strategy for an alcohol consumption survey; it does not directly support the definition’s general recruitment/estimation framing or the claim that non-representative sampling “can lead to widely different results across samples.”; The packet supports that non-representative sampling may contribute to widely varying population estimates across samples, but it does not explicitly define representative sampling as a recruitment method that makes a sample reflect the wider population.; The packet’s content concerns recruiting for a survey on alcohol consumption in an Aboriginal setting, not mental-health samples specifically; the definition’s field designation (“mental health”) is therefore not supported by the packet.

  Lee KS Kylie; Fitts Michelle S; Conigrave James H; Zheng Catherine; Perry Jimmy; Wilson Scott; Ah Chee Dudley; Bond Shane; Weetra Keith; Chikritzhs Tanya N; Slade Tim; Conigrave Katherine M. Recruiting a representative sample of urban South Australian Aboriginal adults for a survey on alcohol consumption. 2020; DOI 10.1186/s12874-020-01067-y; article XML SHA-256 6841dcd3dd4eaa477c9a0f50b123bef398a79cea1f6169c6c41eac0d4026046b. “Recruiting a representative sample of urban South Australian Aboriginal adults for a survey on alcohol consumption” (10.1186/s12874-020-01067-y). · CC-BY-4.0

• res extensa: The definition slightly modernizes and generalizes the historical description; it should stay closer to the Descartes-specific wording in the source.; The packet discusses this as part of “Modern philosophy” and Descartes’s dualism; it does not support framing the term as belonging to “philosophy and psychology” specifically (the definition adds “psychology” not evidenced in the packet excerpt).; The packet supports the contrast between “the inner world of consciousness” and “the outer world of extended mechanically moving things,” but it does not explicitly describe res extensa as “bodily” (the definition adds “bodily” beyond the packet).; “Bodily” is not supported by the packet; the source only describes res extensa as the “outer world of extended mechanically moving things” and contrasts it with res cogitans.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Dualism (in philosophy)” (Dualism (in philosophy)). · public-domain-US

• Rescorla–Wagner theory: The definition’s first sentence therefore contains a substantive description of the theory’s purpose/scope that is not directly supported by the provided packet text.; The first sentence adds a general textbook claim—that Rescorla–Wagner theory is used in classical conditioning to describe how a conditioned response develops over training—that is not stated in the packet.; The packet does not explicitly state that Rescorla–Wagner theory “describ[es] how a conditioned response develops over training.” It only mentions using the Rescorla–Wagner theory of associative learning to accommodate inter-individual differences in learning during olfactory classical conditioning.; The packet supports only a narrower use: accommodating inter-individual differences in associative learning and separating population-level from single-animal perspectives; it does not support the broader explanatory framing about conditioned-response development over training.

  Pamir Evren; Szyszka Paul; Scheiner Ricarda; Nawrot Martin P.. Rapid learning dynamics in individual honeybees during classical conditioning. 2014; DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00313; article XML SHA-256 6bbb1a89ff6e5fd8c9eb702b759656fa237a68c2ef6cfdc4f233b6f49f1420ae. “Rapid learning dynamics in individual honeybees during classical conditioning” (10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00313). · CC-BY-4.0

• researcher bias: The definition’s final clause (“some review methods may be more open to this than others”) is directionally supported by the packet’s statement about vulnerability, but it remains incomplete without the above unsupported components.; The packet does not explicitly define researcher bias as influence from a researcher’s “own involvement, expectations, or viewpoint,” nor does it state that such influence affects “how scientific evidence is interpreted or presented.”; The packet supports that some review types are more vulnerable to researcher bias and that active researchers may draw stronger conclusions, but it does not support the broader definition that the bias comes from a researcher's own involvement, expectations, or viewpoint.; The statement that researcher bias can make conclusions more favorable than the evidence alone would justify is not directly supported by the packet text.; While the packet says that “some [review] types are more vulnerable to researcher bias than others” and discusses how experts’ conclusions relate to review type, it does not directly support the specific claim that researcher bias “can make conclusions stronger or more favorable than the evidence alone would justify.”

  Thomas-Odenthal Florian; Molero Patricio; van der Does Willem; Molendijk Marc. Impact of review method on the conclusions of clinical reviews: A systematic review on dietary interventions in depression as a case in point. 2020; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0238131; article XML SHA-256 ef22d8a012639dce30f80f6fefff1fa86ae1d91c89a09a0d9f5ec308e4c07178. “Impact of review method on the conclusions of clinical reviews: A systematic review on dietary interventions in depression as a case in point” (10.1371/journal.pone.0238131). · CC-BY-4.0

• resentment: The added statement that resentment can be let go of through forgiveness goes beyond the packet’s wording and is not presented as a supported definition of the term.; The claim that resentment is a lingering feeling of anger in response to an offense or wrongdoing is not supported by the supplied text.; The definition’s claims about the source field (“cognition”) and the process (“can be let go of through forgiveness”) are not supported as a definition of resentment itself; the packet only supports that forgiveness may involve excusing/pardoning and release of anger or resentment, not the asserted nature of resentment.; The packet supports the concept of forgiveness, defined as excusing or pardoning an offense or releasing anger or resentment, not a definition of resentment itself.; The packet text does not define “resentment” (it mentions “anger or resentment” as something that can be released via forgiveness, but provides no characterization such as “lingering” or “in response to an offense or wrongdoing”).

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Forgiveness” (D061347). · public-domain-US-government

• respondent: The definition is not aligned with the requested sense and is not supported as written by the supplied source packet.; The packet does not define “respondent” as “the person who answers the items on a questionnaire or rating scale.” It only references “the respondent’s” endorsement of items in an atypical fashion.; The packet supports an Infrequency Scale measure, not the general sense of “respondent” as the person who answers a questionnaire.; The packet supports the idea of assessing atypical endorsement for an Infrequency Scale (e.g., “endorsed items in an atypical fashion”), but it does not support the broader first sentence about what a respondent generally is.; The second sentence introduces an interpretation and wording (“pattern of answers is examined,” “endorsed items in an unusually atypical way”) that is not stated in the packet and does not match the source text’s specific description of atypical responding on a three-item scale.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Infrequency Scale” (C159492). · CC-BY-4.0

• response selection: The packet does not explicitly define “response selection” as an “executive-control process of choosing the appropriate action or response”; it instead describes “conflict-related response selection,” “executive control,” and “response selection” in relation to novelty and task difficulty without stating that specific definition.; The packet supports that novelty can enhance response selection, especially under more difficult task conditions, but it does not define response selection as an executive-control process of choosing the appropriate action, nor as a general conflict-resolution concept.; While the packet mentions novelty facilitating conflict resolution and discusses “conflict-related response selection and inhibition,” the definition’s framing (“especially when there is conflict between competing responses”) is only indirectly supported via the use of the Simon task and discussion of conflict resolution, not stated as part of a direct definitional explanation.; “Stage of performance” is not supported by the packet’s wording; the source only reports an effect on response selection in a specific task context.

  Zinchenko Artyom; Mahmud Waich; Alam Musrura Mefta; Kabir Nadia; Al-Amin Md. Mamun. Picture Novelty Influences Response Selection and Inhibition: The Role of the In-Group Bias and Task-Difficulty. 2016; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0165470; article XML SHA-256 814279024d6dce5e178e3fc6b3a6911b3c93307351412a67bbe8c09d8f3dc699. “Picture Novelty Influences Response Selection and Inhibition: The Role of the In-Group Bias and Task-Difficulty” (10.1371/journal.pone.0165470). · CC-BY-4.0

• response strength: The definition claims the term refers to “the magnitude of auditory responding” and gives an example about “neurons … respond to sound,” but the packet does not explicitly define “response strength” as “magnitude” or provide a stated definition—only that auditory response strength differed by condition.; The definition should stay anchored to the article’s specific usage rather than present an unverified generic sense.; The definition’s first sentence makes a general claim that “response strength” is broadly “the size or intensity of a measured reaction to a stimulus,” but the packet only reports that “response strength … were greater” for a social condition and does not provide a general definitional statement of what response strength means.; The example about neurons responding to sound is not supported by the packet; the source only says auditory responses/response strength were greater in a social condition.; The first sentence gives a broad general definition (“size or intensity of a measured reaction to a stimulus”) that is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the source’s usage.

  Pollak Daniel J; Vahaba Daniel M; Macedo-Lima Matheus; Remage-Healey Luke. Parsing social context in auditory forebrain of male zebra finches. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0314795; article XML SHA-256 c0673779e6f2e9a73b330a453e14ea5435ff6c9cdb2044d772e287ac9c2b789c. “Parsing social context in auditory forebrain of male zebra finches” (10.1371/journal.pone.0314795). · CC-BY-4.0

• restitution: The definition adds an explanatory contrast and mechanism for restitution that are not stated in the source text, so the substantive sense is too specific for the supplied evidence.; The definition’s specific claim that restitution “restores what was lost through a violation of rights” is not supported by the packet text.; The packet does not define “restitution”; it only mentions the term in passing within the description of “Redress” for an “Action (in law).”; The packet only says that redress may be secured sometimes through restitution and sometimes through compensation; it does not define restitution as restoring what was lost through a violation of rights.; While the packet does support a contrast between “restitution” and “compensation,” the added elaborations in the definition are unsupported.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Action (in law)” (Action (law)). · public-domain-US

• RET: Other parts of the definition (RET gene encoding a tyrosine-protein kinase receptor; involvement in neural cell proliferation/migration/differentiation, framed as growth/movement/development) are broadly consistent with the packet, but the unsupported “signaling processes” claim is substantive.; The definition adds an unsupported contrast to a “counseling concept,” which is not stated in the packet.; The definition claims RET is involved in “signaling processes,” but the packet only states roles in “proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural cells” and does not mention signaling.; The packet supports RET as the human gene/protein RET and its role in neural-cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, but the wording should stay within those supported claims only.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Receptor Ret” (C18539). · CC-BY-4.0

• retinitis: Adds unsupported anatomical detail (“the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye”) that is not stated in the packet.; Because the packet does not support those specific descriptive details, the definition contains at least one unsupported substantive claim.; States a generalization (“often found”) rather than the packet’s wording that it is “rarely limited to the retina” and “commonly associated” with choroid or optic disk disease.; The definition states the retina is “light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye,” but the supplied packet only defines retinitis as “inflammation of the RETINA” and does not describe the retina’s function (light-sensitive) or location (at the back of the eye).

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Retinitis” (D012173). · public-domain-US-government

• retrograde memory: The final sentence shifts the term toward a disorder description (“loss of retrograde memory” with normal new learning), which the packet supports only as a feature of focal retrograde amnesia, not as the definition of retrograde memory itself.; The packet does not define “retrograde memory” as a general term; it only mentions “loss of retrograde memory” in the context of focal retrograde amnesia and related case reports.; The packet does not provide a direct definition of “retrograde memory” as memory for information from the past (e.g., events/knowledge before illness or injury).; The phrase “especially events and knowledge from before the onset of an illness or injury” is not supported by the packet and imports a clinical framing that is not stated as a definition of the term.; The statement that loss of retrograde memory corresponds to difficulty recalling previously stored memories while learning new information may remain normal is only indirectly supported by the packet’s contrast between retrograde memory loss and “normal learning of new information,” but the packet does not explicitly define this as “retrograde memory” in general or affirm the “may remain normal” phrasing as a general rule.

  Sehm Bernhard; Frisch Stefan; Thöne-Otto Angelika; Horstmann Annette; Villringer Arno; Obrig Hellmuth. Focal Retrograde Amnesia: Voxel-Based Morphometry Findings in a Case without MRI Lesions. 2011; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0026538; article XML SHA-256 fcd637783399407b7bb869b11720a504cdb921d31a50f725b55f5e34df30982a. “Focal Retrograde Amnesia: Voxel-Based Morphometry Findings in a Case without MRI Lesions” (10.1371/journal.pone.0026538). · CC-BY-4.0

• reverie: The definition’s key substantive claims about attention and the “dreamy” quality are not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet does not define *reverie* as a standalone term; it only lists reverie as one example of “states of vagueness of consciousness” allied to absent-mindedness and brown-study.; The packet does not define “reverie” (it only mentions reverie as an example of “states of vagueness of consciousness” grouped with “brown-study,” without stating the specific characteristics claimed in the definition—e.g., “vague, dreamy state of consciousness” and “attention to one’s surroundings is reduced by mental preoccupation”).; “Vague, dreamy state of consciousness” and “in which attention to one’s surroundings is reduced by mental preoccupation” go beyond the packet’s wording and combine material about absent-mindedness with reverie, rather than staying within the supported historical sense.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Absent-mindedness” (Absent-mindedness). · public-domain-US

• reversal design: Although the packet says “A reversal design, also called an ABA design” was used, it does not provide enough detail to substantiate the specific ABA sequence implied by the definition.; The definition should stay within what the source explicitly supports; the current wording adds methodological detail not given in the packet.; The packet does not explicitly support the definition’s description that the method “introduce[s], remove[s], and then reintroduce[s]” the condition across periods (the packet only states it was used “with and without” the nudge’s presence).; The packet supports only that a reversal design, also called an ABA design, was used with and without the nudge’s presence to investigate its impact; it does not support the fuller procedural description of introducing, removing, and reintroducing a condition across periods.; The packet supports that the design was used to investigate whether hygienic behavior changed with the nudge’s presence, but it does not provide explicit support for the additional claim that it is used “to test whether an observed effect is linked to the condition itself.”; The statement that the design is used to test whether an observed effect is linked to the condition itself is an unsupported generalization beyond the packet.

  Mobekk Hilde; Hessen Dag Olav; Fagerstrøm Asle; Jacobsen Hanne. For Your Eyes Only: A Field Experiment on Nudging Hygienic Behavior. 2020; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603440; article XML SHA-256 afa426ccf0816475a5484b85069f35f36426d7959329db30f0b0283f5942b6a6. “For Your Eyes Only: A Field Experiment on Nudging Hygienic Behavior” (10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603440). · CC-BY-4.0

• Reversol: Because the agent identity for the eye-effects portion is not consistently supported in the packet, the statement about using Reversol in the eye to increase fluid outflow and lower intraocular pressure is not fully defensible from the provided text.; The definition adds a specific naming relationship that is not stated in the packet; only the pharmacologic description of edrophonium chloride is supported.; The packet contains an internal inconsistency: it begins by describing edrophonium chloride, but later says “Echothiophate chloride potentiates…” (the definition attributes the described eye effects to Reversol/edrophonium without support for that specific pairing).; The packet does not state that “Reversol” is the drug name for edrophonium chloride; it discusses “edrophonium” without providing a Reversol-to-edrophonium mapping.; The packet supports edrophonium chloride, but it does not support the claim that the term "Reversol" is a drug name for edrophonium chloride or that Reversol is the source label/synonym.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Edrophonium Chloride” (C47507). · CC-BY-4.0

• reward system: The definition adds an explanatory summary that is broader than the packet’s wording and is not directly supported by the supplied text.; The definition attributes a general role (“producing rewarding effects and related behavior”) beyond what the packet specifically supports (it only mentions behavioral changes such as euphoria linked to dopamine release in the mesocorticolimbic system).; The definition’s first sentence (“The reward system is a brain system involved in producing rewarding effects and related behavior”) is not explicitly stated anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet does not define the reward system as a general brain system that produces rewarding effects and related behavior; it only says the mesocorticolimbic system is a major component of the brain reward system and that dextroamphetamine induces dopamine release with effects such as euphoria.; The packet provided is a descriptor record for dextroamphetamine and mainly discusses dopamine release and euphoria within the mesocorticolimbic system; it does not present a learning-focused account of the “reward system.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Dextroamphetamine” (C28981). · CC-BY-4.0

• rich medium: The definition adds context about programmed cell death in bacterial cells, which is specific to the source article and not a general dictionary definition in the requested field.; The definition explicitly ties the meaning to “programmed cell death in the bacterial cells studied,” which is outside mental health and therefore not defensible for the specified field.; The packet supports a microbiology meaning of “rich medium,” not a mental health/counselling sense, so the requested field is not defensible.; The provided packet defines “rich medium” in a microbiology context (Xanthomonas programmed cell death), not in a mental-health/psychology counselling context as indicated by the requested field.

  Wadhawan Surbhi; Gautam Satyendra; Sharma Arun. Involvement of Proline Oxidase (PutA) in Programmed Cell Death of Xanthomonas. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0096423; article XML SHA-256 72136c14549b6afba955f53e545bb8ee65373ba27ac12f2c8832a225719f4118. “Involvement of Proline Oxidase (PutA) in Programmed Cell Death of Xanthomonas” (10.1371/journal.pone.0096423). · CC-BY-4.0

• right censoring: Field issue: the supplied packet discusses mortality/life-table estimation and life expectancy distortion, not cognition; the definition is therefore not supported as belonging to the “cognition” field.; The definition adds an explanatory generalization about incomplete data at the high end; the packet specifically supports right-censoring in life tables with a last open-ended age group and severer censoring from aggregating deaths there, rather than a broad generic definition in this field.; The final sentence about distorting life expectancy is supported, but the entry still does not fit the requested field sense.; The term is supported, but the supplied field is not defensible here: the packet uses right censoring in a mortality/life-table and life-expectancy context, not a cognition psychology/counselling context.; While the definition’s description of right censoring and its impact on life expectancy is supported by the packet, the requested field (“cognition”) is not supported by the provided source packet.

  Németh László; Missov Trifon I. Adequate life-expectancy reconstruction for adult human mortality data. 2018; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0198485; article XML SHA-256 01891f9c50629f57de8bc6b1814740906e1643997ae466ca8c94c9a57f49022b. “Adequate life-expectancy reconstruction for adult human mortality data” (10.1371/journal.pone.0198485). · CC-BY-4.0

• risk-as-feelings theory: The definition claims that “perceived HIV risk reflects an immediate feeling-based sense… rather than an accurate assessment of actual risk”; the packet supports that impressions of HIV risk can form “in a split second” and “despite a lack of information about the actual risk profile,” but it does not explicitly frame the basis as a “feeling-based sense” or contrast it in the exact terms used.; The definition describes the theory broadly as driving “judgments about danger” by “rapid emotional impressions or intuitions”; the packet only supports reliance on “intuition” for identifying HIV risk and does not explicitly support “emotional impressions” or danger judgments beyond HIV risk.; The definition generalizes to “who seems safe or risky”; the packet supports “judgments of HIV risk” and “first impressions,” including a “safeness” factor, but does not explicitly support the specific “who seems safe or risky” phrasing as the core mechanism.; The definition overgeneralizes beyond the packet, which is about first impressions of HIV risk; it does not support a broad claim about judgments about danger in general.; “Rapid emotional impressions” is not directly supported by the source; the packet supports intuition, split-second impressions, and judgments of HIV risk, but not a general emotional-process definition of the theory.

  Renner Britta; Schmälzle Ralf; Schupp Harald T.. First Impressions of HIV Risk: It Takes Only Milliseconds to Scan a Stranger. 2012; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0030460; article XML SHA-256 b867b91c62b0bb9a1d297cd8070bb2b3b7c22d1bc68b5322cbb8e25bd5f11a4d. “First Impressions of HIV Risk: It Takes Only Milliseconds to Scan a Stranger” (10.1371/journal.pone.0030460). · CC-BY-4.0

• risk sensitivity: The first sentence adds a general definition of risk sensitivity as an ability to notice and respond to risky situations; the packet only supports its use in a checklist as an indicator of workers’ awareness of dangers, not that broader sense.; The packet does not explicitly define “risk sensitivity” as a person’s “ability to notice and respond to risky situations”; it only states that a “risk sensitivity and risk-taking checklist” was used.; The packet does not provide enough detail to justify the definition’s framing as “risk sensitivity” being used specifically for “identifying unsafe behavior and workers’ awareness of hazards” (it says it was used to identify unsafe behavior types and to assess awareness of dangers, but the exact “hazards/unsafe behavior checklist” linkage is not directly described beyond that context).; The packet supports that the checklist relates to workers’ awareness of dangers in industrial workplaces, but the definition’s broader phrasing about “awareness of danger” as a general personal capacity is not explicitly stated.; The proposed field is not well supported by the source, which is about an industrial unsafe-behavior checklist rather than learning as a psychology topic.

  Kim Myung-Hee; Hong Jin-Hyuk; Moon Byung-Jo; Lee Woo-Je; Jung Jin-Woo. Development and validation of an unsafe behavior checklist for workers. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0314571; article XML SHA-256 9cba9024030319a311bdc0ebb5bcadcc96ac15c488e73fd616cd32d8dd71bdc5. “Development and validation of an unsafe behavior checklist for workers” (10.1371/journal.pone.0314571). · CC-BY-4.0

• Ritalin: The definition says it “appears to increase activity in … arousal and alertness,” but the packet specifically mentions activation of the “brain stem arousal system and cortex” and does not mention “alertness.”; The definition states that “Ritalin is a brand name for methylphenidate hydrochloride,” but the packet only describes methylphenidate hydrochloride as a synthetic central nervous system stimulant and does not support the claim that Ritalin is its brand name.; The packet does not state that Ritalin is a brand name; it identifies the substance as methylphenidate hydrochloride.; The wording about increasing activity in brain systems involved in arousal and alertness is broader than the packet’s support, which refers specifically to activating the brain stem arousal system and cortex to produce a stimulant effect.; While “may improve cognitive function” is supported, the rest of the surrounding phrasing (“increase activity… in… arousal and alertness” and the “brand name” framing) is not fully supported by the packet.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Methylphenidate Hydrochloride” (C646). · CC-BY-4.0

• RL: The definition adds general reinforcement-learning theory that is not stated in the supplied source text, so the substantive sense is not fully supported by the packet alone.; The packet describes mapping how RL is applied for epidemic NPI design (modeling choices, architectures, evaluation practices), but it does not explicitly support the definition’s characterization of RL as “using learning algorithms to guide decision-making based on how different choices perform.”; The packet supports that RL is being discussed in the context of epidemic NPI design and evaluation practices, but it does not define RL as ‘a learning approach’ that ‘uses learning algorithms to guide decision-making based on how different choices perform.’; The packet text does not explicitly state that “RL” stands for “reinforcement learning,” nor does it provide the term expansion.

  Bolshov Oleksandr; Chumachenko Dmytro. Reinforcement learning for policymaking in epidemic control: A scoping review. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0351176; article XML SHA-256 9f908c97ebc3ac8d575003b65d22e57cdbaafae37b2fa425cecd603a04f982c0. “Reinforcement learning for policymaking in epidemic control: A scoping review” (10.1371/journal.pone.0351176). · CC-BY-4.0

• Robaxin: Because the “Robaxin”↔“methocarbamol” identification is unsupported by the packet, the definition’s requested term sense is not fully defensible.; The mechanism claim is only partially supported: the packet says the exact mechanism was not established and gives a specific postulated pathway (acetylcholinesterase inhibition), rather than the broader ‘nervous-system pathways’ wording used here.; The packet does not state that Robaxin is a brand name for methocarbamol; it only provides a descriptor record for methocarbamol.; The packet supports methocarbamol as a carbamate with centrally acting muscle relaxant properties, but it does not state that Robaxin is a brand name for methocarbamol.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Methocarbamol” (C29252). · CC-BY-4.0

• Rolandic cortex: The definition adds an unsupported anatomical claim that Rolandic cortex is a part of the motor cortex; the packet only shows it is a region from which motor-cortex responses were measured and does not define its location or equivalence.; The definition’s first sentence claims that “Rolandic cortex is a part of the motor cortex involved in controlling movement,” but the supplied packet does not explicitly define Rolandic cortex as controlling movement (it mentions motor cortex and that oscillatory activity plays a role in cognition, perception and motor control, and it analyzes Rolandic cortex responses, but it does not make the requested definitional statement about movement control).; The wording also goes beyond the packet by presenting Rolandic cortex as generally “involved in controlling movement,” whereas the source only reports an association between Rolandic activity and motor impairment in children with epilepsy.; While the packet supports linking altered Rolandic cortex responses (excessive gamma-band activation) and ictal desynchronization with motor impairment in children with epilepsy, those points are not presented as a simple “altered activity and disrupted synchronization” definition for the term beyond what the study text shows.

  Doesburg Sam M.; Ibrahim George M.; Smith Mary Lou; Sharma Rohit; Viljoen Amrita; Chu Bill; Rutka James T.; Snead O. Carter; Pang Elizabeth W.. Altered Rolandic Gamma-Band Activation Associated with Motor Impairment and Ictal Network Desynchronization in Childhood Epilepsy. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0054943; article XML SHA-256 d308d72822628fcaa7f0d841a5006ce30208094df89a4cbc38ec244a7a5b8a70. “Altered Rolandic Gamma-Band Activation Associated with Motor Impairment and Ictal Network Desynchronization in Childhood Epilepsy” (10.1371/journal.pone.0054943). · CC-BY-4.0

• role ambiguity: The definition adds unsupported details such as lacking “enough clarity, information, or support to understand what is expected for their role”; the packet only states that role ambiguity is a structural problem arising from a lack of clarity from top management.; The definition’s elements about “clarity, information, or support” and “expected for their role” are not present in the supplied packet text.; The packet does not support the definition’s description of role ambiguity as an “unclear work situation” or that people “do not have enough clarity, information, or support to understand what is expected for their role.”; The packet only explicitly states that “role ambiguity is a structural problem emerging from a lack of clarity from top management,” which does not cover the broader “information/support” and “what is expected for their role” phrasing.; The packet supports a narrower sense tied to management-created ambiguity, not the broader generic work-situation definition given here.

  Maisonneuve Francis; Groulx Patrick; Galy Anaïs; Chênevert Denis; Cossette Michel. The cost of protecting resources: a cross-sectional study on the interaction between LMX and role ambiguity on work addiction and burnout among Canadian first-level healthcare managers. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1298001; article XML SHA-256 b4e49338d4b994c295172c3302420439711ced92bb88102c6f881f4535b70c7c. “The cost of protecting resources: a cross-sectional study on the interaction between LMX and role ambiguity on work addiction and burnout among Canadian first-level healthcare managers” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1298001). · CC-BY-4.0

• role expectations: The definition’s first sentence is more expansive than the packet’s support, which is limited to a self-reinforcing flywheel effect of gender role expectations in work groups.; The packet discusses *gender role expectations* in diverse work groups, but the definition is written more generally as “role expectations” without restricting to gender role expectations; that broader usage is not directly supported by the packet.; The packet supports gender role expectations in work groups, not the broader generic term role expectations, so the definition generalizes beyond the supplied source.; While the packet supports that gender role expectations involve task/job allocation and self-reinforcing processes, the definition’s generic wording (“what people in a given role are like… what work or responsibilities they are suited for”) is not clearly stated in the packet as such; the packet frames expectations via three specific mechanisms (allocation of jobs/tasks/responsibilities; perceivers’ behavior; targets’ behavior) rather than in general role-suitability terms.; “Beliefs about what people in a given role are like” and “what work or responsibilities they are suited for” are broader than what the packet states; it discusses expectations shaping job/task/responsibility allocation, perceivers’ behavior, and targets’ behavior.

  van Dijk Hans; van Engen Marloes L.. The Flywheel Effect of Gender Role Expectations in Diverse Work Groups. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00976; article XML SHA-256 db794b09acaef3f40961b224f80f67ffd60d40637cfcfb96772e2b994431b0bf. “The Flywheel Effect of Gender Role Expectations in Diverse Work Groups” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00976). · CC-BY-4.0

• role overload: The definition’s core description (“more demands … than they can comfortably handle”) is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text.; The opening definition (“a situation in which a person’s role places more demands on them than they can comfortably handle”) is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied source text.; The packet supports role overload as a mixed stressor associated with withdrawal and job crafting, but it does not support the broader general definition of the term as written.; While the packet supports that role overload is treated as a “mixed stressor” and is linked to withdrawal and job crafting, it does not provide the specific “comfortably handle” framing.

  Huang Bo; Ma Lina; Xia Wei. The Mixed Effect of Role Overload on Extra-Role Performance: The Mediation Role of Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Responses. 2021; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748732; article XML SHA-256 cc2f2ecf91a8de1c8da03a59e32a78b67667ec1dcc761233b10631646661b4a4. “The Mixed Effect of Role Overload on Extra-Role Performance: The Mediation Role of Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Responses” (10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748732). · CC-BY-4.0

• rotational error: The claim that rotational error is used as a measure of how closely the robot’s movement matches the intended path is not supported by the packet; the packet separately mentions that the approach closely followed the theoretical path.; The packet does not define “rotational error” or explain its meaning (e.g., that it is an angular inaccuracy in estimated orientation).; The packet does not support the claim that rotational error is used “as a measure of how closely the robot’s movement matches the intended path,” nor does it describe that relationship.; The packet only provides a numeric result (“rotational error was reduced to 1.86°”) without stating that the measure is “reported in degrees” as the definition requires.; The provided field (“biological”) is unsupported by the packet, which describes robot-dog autonomous navigation methods rather than a biological/psychological context.; The source only says the robot dog’s rotational error was reduced to 1.86°; it does not define rotational error as the robot’s estimated orientation error or say it is reported as such.

  Zou Hongliang; Zhou Chen; Li Haibo; Wang Xueyan; Wang Yinmei. Application of 3D point cloud and visual-inertial data fusion in Robot dog autonomous navigation. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0317371; article XML SHA-256 3b72c0ed530e35bb7d6934ec75aab23be7e057b3c90ba311cd33cb6e518b5cd4. “Application of 3D point cloud and visual-inertial data fusion in Robot dog autonomous navigation” (10.1371/journal.pone.0317371). · CC-BY-4.0

• satiety center: The definition adds interpretive gloss (“brain center whose neurons help regulate food intake”) that is mostly supported, but the key outcome statement goes beyond the supplied text.; The packet states that GIP and GLP-1 regulate food intake by stimulating neurons in the brain’s satiety center, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that this “contribut[es] to reduced eating.”; The packet supports that GIP and GLP-1 stimulate neurons in the brain’s satiety center and play roles in regulating food intake, but it does not explicitly support the added claim that this stimulation contributes to reduced eating.

  Liu Qiyuan Keith. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fendo.2024.1431292; article XML SHA-256 aaf78637a1ee1c27fa133b55b87f1560b2e4e2f7f52e11aa8bed38b9e6d01270. “Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists” (10.3389/fendo.2024.1431292). · CC-BY-4.0

• scatterplot: The definition’s claim that a scatterplot is “used to see patterns in their relationship” is not stated in the packet; the packet discusses linearity and random vs systematic divergence rather than general pattern-finding.; The packet does not support the specific example in the definition that points “form an approximately straight line” (it states a perfect linear relationship corresponds to falling on a straight line, not approximate lines).; The packet provided does not explicitly define a scatterplot as a graph showing paired values for two variables as points; it only mentions that “a scatterplot of the points” can fall on a straight line.; The packet supports scatterplots as plots of points used to assess linear relationship, but it does not explicitly support the wording “paired values for two variables” or the claim that the relationship is seen as “approximately straight line.”; The source text states the line criterion for a perfect linear relationship and notes random divergence may still be linear; it does not itself define scatterplot in the broader way given here.

  Online Statistics Education, version 2 (David M. Lane, project leader). Version 2; publisher statement snapshot 2026-10-18; SHA-256 0dcad9ee85f61f9e2bb24d26279de155ac749164ea4da2a3bffeabcf9ea471a6. “Linear Relationship” (linear_relationship.html). · public-domain-US

• schematic image: The definition adds unsupported generalizations about a mentally organized representation used in thinking and problem-solving; the packet only says spatial processing may help assemble diverse visual-spatial information into a spatial-schematic image.; The definition generalizes the role of schematic images to “thinking and problem-solving,” but the packet’s discussion of problem-solving is specifically in the context of “physics problem-solving,” with no support for a general cognition/thinking definition beyond that setting.; The packet only states that spatial processing “may sub-serve the assembly of diverse sources of visual-spatial information into a spatial-schematic image,” which does not directly support the broader definition’s wording about a “mentally organized spatial representation,” “structured whole,” or an “internal layout or pattern.”; The packet supports only the phrase “spatial-schematic image” in a physics/child cognition context, not a standalone lexical sense for “schematic image.”; The wording is broader and more interpretive than the source, which does not define the term as a structured whole or an internal layout/pattern.

  Träff Ulf; Olsson Linda; Skagerlund Kenny; Skagenholt Mikael; Östergren Rickard. Logical Reasoning, Spatial Processing, and Verbal Working Memory: Longitudinal Predictors of Physics Achievement at Age 12–13 Years. 2019; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01929; article XML SHA-256 98d5e49bc048e41513cf8077dcb1ae4b79a7fd8be78c07609164d84fce7c0f05. “Logical Reasoning, Spatial Processing, and Verbal Working Memory: Longitudinal Predictors of Physics Achievement at Age 12–13 Years” (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01929). · CC-BY-4.0

• secondary emotion: The definition claims that, in this source, secondary emotions are used as an indicator of “how fully human another person is seen,” but the packet only describes reduced attribution of secondary emotions as a measure of “emotional distance from clients (i.e., infrahumanization)” and does not explicitly frame it as perceived degree of humanity.; The packet does not define “secondary emotion” as an emotion type that serves as an indicator of how fully human another person is seen; it only says infrahumanization is measured by reduced attribution of secondary emotions.; The wording overstates the source by turning a measurement relation (“reduced attribution of secondary emotions”) into a definition of the term itself.

  Ferris Laura J.; Jetten Jolanda; Johnstone Melissa; Girdham Elise; Parsell Cameron; Walter Zoe C.. The Florence Nightingale Effect: Organizational Identification Explains the Peculiar Link Between Others’ Suffering and Workplace Functioning in the Homelessness Sector. 2016; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00016; article XML SHA-256 7860455f867b6927d4225eaab4aa63aeec4f99ddd634b030de957ee00eabae20. “The Florence Nightingale Effect: Organizational Identification Explains the Peculiar Link Between Others’ Suffering and Workplace Functioning in the Homelessness Sector” (10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00016). · CC-BY-4.0

• secondary somatosensory area: The definition claims S2 “becomes active during movement and sensory stimulation,” but the packet only directly supports activation during NMES-evoked movements and voluntary wrist extension movements; it does not explicitly describe S2 activation during sensory stimulation in general.; The definition generalizes beyond the packet by presenting S2’s role as a broad clinical/neuroscience fact rather than limiting it to the specific study’s finding about cortical activation in this experiment.; “Sensory stimulation” is not supported by the packet; the source describes activation during voluntary wrist movement and NMES-evoked movements, not general sensory stimulation.; “Within the sensorimotor network” is supported, but the broader wording about “sensory stimulation” is not clearly supported by the provided text.

  Muthalib Makii; Re Rebecca; Zucchelli Lucia; Perrey Stephane; Contini Davide; Caffini Matteo; Spinelli Lorenzo; Kerr Graham; Quaresima Valentina; Ferrari Marco; Torricelli Alessandro. Effects of Increasing Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Current Intensity on Cortical Sensorimotor Network Activation: A Time Domain fNIRS Study. 2015; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0131951; article XML SHA-256 b9cc6ae9ce23ba23ef33b1bf32c68088a1b6ddb75868e2040175833fa446c3a3. “Effects of Increasing Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Current Intensity on Cortical Sensorimotor Network Activation: A Time Domain fNIRS Study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0131951). · CC-BY-4.0

• secondary visual cortex: Because the first sentence includes an unsupported definitional claim, the overall requested sense of the term is not fully supported by the packet.; The definition relies on a general anatomical characterization that is not stated in the supplied source; a citation to the article alone is not sufficient support.; The definition states that “secondary visual cortex refers to visual cortical areas beyond the primary visual cortex,” but the packet does not explicitly define “secondary visual cortex” in terms of being beyond the primary visual cortex (it only mentions primary and secondary visual cortex areas together).; The packet supports that primary and secondary visual cortex areas showed bilateral activation during visually induced self-motion perception, but it does not support the broader definitional claim that secondary visual cortex means visual cortical areas beyond the primary visual cortex.

  Becker-Bense Sandra; Buchholz Hans-Georg; zu Eulenburg Peter; Best Christoph; Bartenstein Peter; Schreckenberger Matthias; Dieterich Marianne. Ventral and dorsal streams processing visual motion perception (FDG-PET study). 2012; DOI 10.1186/1471-2202-13-81; article XML SHA-256 3925d0f8e22fc02ba13bf380bf5f118e238c97b85fc13ee89dbf14802f46899b. “Ventral and dorsal streams processing visual motion perception (FDG-PET study)” (10.1186/1471-2202-13-81). · CC-BY-2.0

• secure base: The definition includes interpretive framing (“trusted attachment figure”) beyond what the packet provides.; The definition’s phrase “trusted attachment figure” is not explicitly supported by the packet text; the packet only describes an “owner as a secure base” effect similar to that in human children, without defining it as a trusted attachment figure.; The packet supports only a dog-study usage (“using the owner as a secure base for interacting with the environment”), not the broader general claim that a secure base is a “trusted attachment figure” for any individual.; The second sentence (“In the packet, this means using the owner as a reliable point of safety…”) contains added wording (“reliable point of safety”) not directly stated in the packet.; The second sentence adds an unsupported interpretation (“reliable point of safety” and “solving problems”) beyond the packet’s wording; the source mentions a manipulative problem-solving task but does not define the term in those terms.

  Horn Lisa; Huber Ludwig; Range Friederike. The Importance of the Secure Base Effect for Domestic Dogs – Evidence from a Manipulative Problem-Solving Task. 2013; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0065296; article XML SHA-256 6fad2d7416806c7a98debc6ae100de674ab4ac8c956185beb12b0e6b5ccdf5e3. “The Importance of the Secure Base Effect for Domestic Dogs – Evidence from a Manipulative Problem-Solving Task” (10.1371/journal.pone.0065296). · CC-BY-4.0

• SEEKING system: The definition adds a general affective-neuroscience characterization that is broader than the packet’s wording and not fully supported by the supplied text.; The definition states that the SEEKING system is “a central command system involved in generating motivated, goal-directed activity,” but the packet only describes the SEEKING system as “of central importance” among Panksepp’s command systems and does not support the specific claims about “motivated, goal-directed activity.”; The definition’s remaining claim about “drive-specific” activation requiring both activation of a drive-specific brain area and dopamine release is supported by the packet (dual action and drive specificity), but the first sentence remains unsupported.; The phrase “involved in generating motivated, goal-directed activity” is not supported by the packet; the packet says the SEEKING system is of “central importance” and refers to generating “SEEKING activities,” not goal-directed activity specifically.

  Kirsch Michael; Mertens Wolfgang. On the Drive Specificity of Freudian Drives for the Generation of SEEKING Activities: The Importance of the Underestimated Imperative Motor Factor. 2018; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00616; article XML SHA-256 5ebfdc4704e68de4260aaaa9badc1380a5657e06cabe200672489d0dec870646. “On the Drive Specificity of Freudian Drives for the Generation of SEEKING Activities: The Importance of the Underestimated Imperative Motor Factor” (10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00616). · CC-BY-4.0

• seizure: The definition adds an unsupported causal claim: the packet describes sudden, involuntary skeletal muscular contractions of cerebral or brain stem origin, but does not state that they are caused by abnormal activity.; The packet definition states “Sudden, involuntary skeletal muscular contractions of cerebral or brain stem origin,” but it does not support the claim that these contractions are “caused by abnormal activity.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Seizure” (C2962). · CC-BY-4.0

• selection test: The definition adds a general sense and framing that are not established by the supplied text, which only mentions the University Selection Test (PSU) in a specific study context.; The definition’s first sentence presents a general definition of “selection test” that is not directly supported by wording in the provided packet; the packet provides support only for the specific “University Selection Test (PSU)” use for university admission in Chile.; The packet supports that PSU is a university admission test in Chile, but it does not support the broader general definition of a “selection test” as an exam used to decide entry into an educational setting or program.; The packet text only specifically discusses the “2013 University Selection Test (PSU)” in the context of university admission; it does not define what a “selection test” means in general (e.g., as a category of exams used to decide entry into an educational setting/program).

  Ivanovic Daniza M; Almagià Atilio F; Arancibia Violeta C; Ibaceta Camila V; Arias Vanessa F; Rojas Tatiana R; Flores Ofelia C; Villagrán Francisca S; Tapia Liliana U; Acevedo Javiera A; Morales Gladys I; Martínez Víctor C; Larraín Cristián G; Silva Claudio F A; Valenzuela Rodrigo B; Barrera Cynthia R; Billeke Pablo B; Zamorano Francisco M; Orellana Yasna Z. A multifactorial approach of nutritional, intellectual, brain development, cardiovascular risk, socio-economic, demographic and educational variables affecting the scholastic achievement in Chilean students: An eight- year follow-up study. 2019; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0212279; article XML SHA-256 62c6227f21dc58f1321470c6301bf9ae8c011e9c997fee72b60dd9c72531c2f2. “A multifactorial approach of nutritional, intellectual, brain development, cardiovascular risk, socio-economic, demographic and educational variables affecting the scholastic achievement in Chilean students: An eight- year follow-up study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0212279). · CC-BY-4.0

• selective dropout: The packet does not define or explain what makes dropout “selective” (e.g., that those who leave are a particular subset rather than random).; The packet supports that selective dropout can make results hard to generalize, but it does not define the term as a non-random subset of participants leaving.; The phrase "study problem" is not supported by the source text, which only states that high and selective dropout rates affected generalizability.; The provided packet only supports a limited claim that high/selective dropout prevents generalization; it does not substantiate the definition’s description of selection being due to a non-random subset of participants.

  Kuhlmann S. M.; Huss M.; Bürger A.; Hammerle F.. Coping with stress in medical students: results of a randomized controlled trial using a mindfulness-based stress prevention training (MediMind) in Germany. 2016; DOI 10.1186/s12909-016-0833-8; article XML SHA-256 c535e20092181097dc471439bf7eb1246bbc4a11d039e227b75f056456b8fdab. “Coping with stress in medical students: results of a randomized controlled trial using a mindfulness-based stress prevention training (MediMind) in Germany” (10.1186/s12909-016-0833-8). · CC-BY-4.0

• selective reminding test: The claims that it is used to examine episodic memory and to distinguish retrieval from retention/consolidation problems go beyond what the packet supports as a general definition; those are study findings/hypotheses, not established properties of the test in the supplied text.; The packet does not define the selective reminding test itself; it only reports use of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test in one study, so the definition’s description of the instrument is not directly supported.; The packet does not explicitly state that the test involves recall “across repeated trials.” It only names the “Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test” and reports free vs. cued recall performance.; The packet supports the retrieval-vs-consolidation distinction, but the definition’s phrasing that problems reflect difficulty “retrieving stored information rather than a failure to retain it” is not directly supported as such (the packet specifically contrasts retrieval with consolidation failure).; The wording may conflate the term with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, which is the only test name actually present in the packet.

  Costa Alberto; Monaco Marco; Zabberoni Silvia; Peppe Antonella; Perri Roberta; Fadda Lucia; Iannarelli Francesca; Caltagirone Carlo; Carlesimo Giovanni A.. Free and Cued Recall Memory in Parkinson’s Disease Associated with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. 2014; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0086233; article XML SHA-256 f8959c523decf058989038721738b1ce3f38e7aacfeb076a13ab14796e1e02e8. “Free and Cued Recall Memory in Parkinson’s Disease Associated with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment” (10.1371/journal.pone.0086233). · CC-BY-4.0

• self-acceptance: The claim that self-acceptance is “a person’s feeling about themselves” with “self-respect and acceptance of who they are” is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the source text.; The packet describes a rating scale (the Self-Esteem Scale), not the concept of self-acceptance itself, so the definition is aimed at the wrong sense/object.; The packet describes self-acceptance in the context of a specific rating scale (“Self-Esteem Scale” in the Behavior Assessment System for Children), but the definition presents self-acceptance as a general “person’s feeling,” which is not explicitly supported by the packet.; While the packet mentions “feelings about self” and “respect” and includes “self-acceptance,” it does not support the added phrasing that this reflects “acceptance of who they are.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Self-Esteem Scale” (C121289). · CC-BY-4.0

• self-analysis: Although the packet supports the idea that the condition is linked with “morbid self-consciousness,” it does not support the additional details in the provided definition about the specific mechanism (“interpreting their own feelings and experiences”) or the specific example (“outside remarks or actions”).; The definition claims self-analysis is “an unhealthy turning of attention inward” and “overly occupied with interpreting their own feelings and experiences,” but the packet only describes an “unhealthy state of self-analysis and self-consciousness” without framing it as attention inward or interpretation of feelings/experiences.; The definition says it involves “wrongly tak[ing] outside remarks or actions as being about them,” but the packet describes instead a “ten[dency to] appropriate to themselves suggestions and acts which are in no way intended for them,” which is not the same wording or specificity as misattributing remarks/actions.; The definition slightly overgeneralizes beyond the packet by presenting this as the meaning of self-analysis itself rather than the historical association described in the passage.; The packet supports morbid self-consciousness and the tendency to appropriate remarks or acts not intended for the person, but it does not explicitly support the broader gloss that self-analysis means an unhealthy turning of attention inward or being overly occupied with interpreting one’s own feelings and experiences.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-1890000-1902000). · public-domain-US

• self-criticism: The definition implies a specific psychological interpretation beyond the packet’s wording; the packet does not state that self-criticism is defined by that evaluative process.; The definition’s statement is partly inferential beyond the packet, so the specific “right and wrong” framing is not fully supported by the provided text.; The packet does not explicitly state that self-criticism involves judging oneself against “internal standards of right and wrong”; it only mentions ethics and standards generally.; The packet supports self-criticism as a component of personality associated with ethics, standards, and the conscience, but it does not support the added explanation that it means “judging oneself against internal standards of right and wrong.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Superego” (D013475). · public-domain-US-government

• self-denial: The claim that self-denial is "the element of sacrifice that distinguishes stronger forms of generosity from mere fellow-feeling" is not supported by the packet and overstates the historical source.; The definition adds “valued purpose” as a target of self-denial, but the packet only explicitly frames self-denial within actions toward “others” (bestowal of goods or favours upon others; sacrificing an interest of our own to an equal interest of a friend or a superior).; The definition says “giving up or restraining” one’s own interests; the packet supports “sacrifice” and self-denial in generosity, but does not support “restraining” as a distinct element of the term in the provided text.; The packet does not define the term "self-denial" itself; it defines "Generosity" and says generosity involves self-denial.; The phrasing turns a historical comparison into a general dictionary definition of self-denial, which is not justified by the source text.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Generosity” (Generosity). · public-domain-US

• self-interest: The definition’s first sentence therefore includes an unsupported characterization of what self-interest means beyond what the packet states.; The packet defines **individualism**, not **self-interest**; the requested sense is only indirectly related and not established as a headword sense in the source.; The packet does not define “self-interest” as “concern with, or pursuit of, one’s own benefit”; it only describes “exclusive or excessive regard for self-interest.”; “Concern with, or pursuit of, one’s own benefit” is an unsupported paraphrase; the packet only says “exclusive or excessive regard for self-interest,” not that self-interest itself is defined as this.; “the personal aim that individualism centers on” goes beyond the source and introduces an unsupported framing about what individualism “centers on.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Individualism” (Individualism). · public-domain-US

• self-transcendence: Because the requested term is not actually the entry headword in the source passage, the sense attribution is unsupported by the packet.; The definition adds explanatory framing about a “fixed concept” and “isolated ultimate idea” that is close to the packet’s wording but is still a paraphrase rather than a directly supported dictionary sense for the requested term.; The definition’s “movement by which thought passes toward a more comprehensive standpoint” is only indirectly supported by the passage saying that when dialectic is used in “developing a more comprehensive point of view,” it “passes into speculative reason,” not that self-transcendence itself specifically names that movement.; The packet does not define a standalone term “self-transcendence”; it only uses the phrase “self-contradiction and self-transcendence” within the Hegelian sense of “Speculation.”; The packet states that dialectic reveals “self-contradiction and self-transcendence” and the “fluidity of all these fixed concepts,” but it does not support the claim that this opposition shows the concept “cannot stand as an isolated ultimate idea.”

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-3223500-3235500). · public-domain-US

• self-understanding: The definition adds specific claims about “inner motives, reactions, and patterns of meaning” and “influences outside conscious awareness” that are not stated in the packet.; The definition claims that self-understanding involves “clearer awareness” of “inner motives, reactions, and patterns of meaning,” but the packet only states that psychodynamic/psychoanalytic psychotherapy has a “premium on self understanding and making meaning of what is unconscious,” without detailing motives/reactions/patterns of meaning.; The definition states that this includes “influences outside conscious awareness.” The packet supports reacting to “unconscious forces” but does not explicitly phrase self-understanding as including influences “outside conscious awareness.”; The definition’s first sentence contains substantive specifics not present in the packet; only the general link between self-understanding and making meaning of what is unconscious is supported.; The packet is a MeSH descriptor for “Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic,” not a definition of the term “self-understanding,” so the requested sense is not supported.; “In psychodynamic work” is broader and more specific than the packet’s wording; the packet supports only that psychodynamic psychotherapy places a premium on self-understanding and making meaning of what is unconscious.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic” (D064889). · public-domain-US-government

• selfishness: No support in the packet for the specific phrasing/pattern claim that selfishness involves “a pattern of putting personal gain at the center of one’s motives.”; The definition’s claims that selfishness is “linked with egoism” and that it “refers to a self-focused stance” where a person “knowingly aims at their own benefit” are not stated in the supplied packet.; The packet text defines **egoism** as attitudes/dispositions with the conscious end of the advantage of the personal self, and only *references* “SELFISHNESS” via “Cf. … SELFISHNESS” without defining selfishness itself.; The packet’s entry is for “Egoism,” not “selfishness”; it only cross-references selfishness, so the definition should not present selfishness itself as the sourced head term.; “Knowingly aims at their own benefit” and “personal gain at the center of one’s motives” overstate/paraphrase the source, which says only that egoistic attitudes have as their conscious end “the advantage of the personal self.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Egoism” (Egoism). · public-domain-US

• semasiology: The broader “words and signs in general” wording appears in the packet under a different term (“semiotic”), not under semasiology, so the definition overextends the source sense.; The packet discusses “semeiology”/“semiology” in medicine for “the science of the signs or symptoms of disease,” but it does not support that “semasiology” (as opposed to “semeiology/semiology”) has the meaning given in the definition.; The packet only states: “Semasiology : see SEMANTICS.” It does not define semasiology as “a historical term for semantics,” nor does it describe a study of meaning in words, language, or signs.; The packet supports only the cross-reference “Semasiology: see SEMANTICS,” i.e. a historical synonym or near-synonym for semantics; it does not support the added claim that semasiology itself is the broader study of meaning in language and signs.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-2908500-2920500). · public-domain-US

• sense of self: The added claim that this sense can become disrupted in ‘severe distress’ is broader than the packet, which specifically mentions loss of autonomy, severe physical pain, and existential/spiritual experience in terminally ill patients.; The definition blends a general psychological term with context-specific content from the packet, so the requested sense is not supported cleanly by the source.; The packet does not define “sense of self” as “a person’s basic feeling of who they are as an individual”; it only mentions that patients may experience “disintegration of patient’s sense of self” in contexts like loss of autonomy, severe physical pain, and challenging existential/spiritual experience.; The packet supports a terminal-illness context in which a patient’s sense of self may disintegrate, but it does not support the general definition of sense of self as a person’s basic feeling of who they are as an individual.; While the packet supports that loss of autonomy, severe pain, and existential/spiritual strain can contribute to disintegration of a patient’s sense of self, it does not support the additional general phrasing about the “basic feeling” aspect or the notion that the sense “starts to break down” as a general definition.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Dignity Therapy” (D000096225). · public-domain-US-government

• sensory amusia: Aside from that mismatch, the remaining elements are supported by the packet (sensory amusia as loss of comprehension/appreciation of music, and that sensory and amnesic amusia can occur without aphasia).; The definition claims sensory amusia is “parallel to sensory language impairment,” but the packet does not use that wording or concept; it instead says amusia is analogous to aphasia “in regard to speech.”; The definition slightly paraphrases the source in a way that adds an unsupported framing of the condition as a “musical disorder” parallel to another named impairment; the packet supports only the historical analogy to aphasia and the specific sensory form as loss of comprehension/appreciation of music.; The sense is otherwise correct, but the unsupported comparison means the definition does not fully pass as written.; “sensory language impairment” is not supported by the packet; the source says amusia is analogous to aphasia in regard to speech, not to a sensory language-impairment category.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Amusia” (Amusia). · public-domain-US

• sensory consciousness: The packet does not explicitly define “sensory consciousness” as the “conscious side of sensory stimulation or sensory change”; it only uses the phrase in a sentence about mental dynamogenesis.; The packet does not support the claim that “sensory consciousness means the conscious side of sensory stimulation or sensory change.” It only uses the phrase “change in sensory consciousness” within the discussion of “mental dynamogenesis,” without defining what “sensory consciousness” specifically means. ; The remainder (“…used in the idea of mental dynamogenesis, where a change in sensory consciousness tends to be followed by a change in motor consciousness”) is supported in the packet, but the definition’s first sentence is not. Therefore the definition is not fully supported by the supplied source packet.; The wording makes the historical source sound like it is defining the term directly, but the packet only supplies an illustrative usage within a broader discussion of dynamogenesis.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Dynamogenesis” (Dynamogenesis). · public-domain-US

• sensus communis: The packet does not explicitly support the claim that sensus communis was “the supposed source of first moral truths.”; The packet only states that in the beginning of English philosophy moral first principles were regarded as principles of the *sensus communis* by Herbert of Cherbury; it does not explicitly define sensus communis as a “shared common sense by which basic moral principles are immediately recognized.”; The packet supports Herbert of Cherbury’s use of sensus communis for moral first principles in early English philosophy, but it does not support the added claim that this was a ‘shared’ common sense.; The packet supports a connection to “intuitional or common-sense morality” (Herbert of Cherbury is said to found this school), but the provided definition adds additional specifics (shared immediate recognition; source of first moral truths) that are not explicitly present in the packet.; The wording ‘source of first moral truths’ goes beyond the packet’s phrasing, which speaks of moral first principles and immediate apprehension, not a source of truth in that explicit form.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Ethical Theories” (EthicalT). · public-domain-US

• SGA: The definition describes a type of medication (second-generation antipsychotics) used in schizophrenia, but the provided field is “diagnosis,” which does not match the term’s role as a medication rather than a diagnostic concept.; The packet supports SGA as an abbreviation for second-generation antipsychotics, which are widely used in schizophrenia and associated with glucose/lipid metabolism concerns, but the requested field is "diagnosis" and this term is a medication class, not a diagnosis term.

  Wu Yuexia; Zang Sai; Wu Zhiming; Huang Jingsong. First exposure to second-generation antipsychotics alters gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in patients with glucose-lipid metabolism disorders. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1722760; article XML SHA-256 c3ecc87698922f30783ae4acabea3aa5f8a452463e439572c1e2e8f4ab281520. “First exposure to second-generation antipsychotics alters gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in patients with glucose-lipid metabolism disorders” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1722760). · CC-BY-4.0

• sharpening: The definition adds “grinding or shaping” as the manner of “sharpening,” but the packet only states “The sharpening of bits … into deadly instruments” without describing grinding/shaping mechanics.; The definition is longer than necessary and introduces phrasing (“might turn harmless materials into weapons for self-destruction”) that is only indirectly supported via surrounding sentences about “lethal weapons” made from “the most harmless implements,” rather than explicitly linking that process to “suicidal patients” in the same sentence as “sharpening.”; The definition’s examples include “metal scraps,” which are not stated in the packet (the packet specifies “bits of barrel hoop, … nails and bits of wire”).; The packet supports sharpening nails, wire, and barrel hoop into deadly instruments, but it does not support the added example of “metal scraps.”; “Grinding or shaping” is not stated in the source; the packet only says these objects were sharpened into deadly instruments.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-378000-390000). · public-domain-US

• shock: The definition is about acute medical shock, so it does not match the stated mental health field.; The definition’s mental-health field assignment is not supported by the packet, which contains no mental-health context or psychological/counselling meaning for “shock.”; The provided packet defines “shock” as an acute life-threatening *medical* condition characterized by reduced blood flow and immediate medical intervention; it does not establish any relevance or use specifically within mental health.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source is an NCIt medical descriptor for shock, not a psychology/counselling sense.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Shock” (C35016). · CC-BY-4.0

• Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire: The definition adds general usage language that goes beyond the source excerpt and is not established as current consensus by the packet.; The packet does not explicitly describe the SPMSQ as being “used to assess mental status and cognition”; it only reports that an SPMSQ score was used to define “cognitive impairment.”; The packet does not explicitly state that the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) is a “brief questionnaire” (this description is unsupported by the provided text).; The packet supports only that SPMSQ scores below 8/10 were used to define cognitive impairment in this study; it does not support the broader claim that the questionnaire is used to assess mental status and cognition.; While the packet does support the threshold (“cognitive impairment was defined as a Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) score <8 (/10)”), the definition’s additional wording goes beyond what is explicitly supported.

  Duval Guillaume T; Schott Anne-Marie; Rolland Yves; Gautier Jennifer; Blain Hubert; Duque Gustavo; Annweiler Cedric. Orthostatic hypotension and neurocognitive disorders in older women: Results from the EPIDOS cohort study. 2023; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0281634; article XML SHA-256 dbf4771192d553d1edd9d761149aaf8cc6823ece939b6f77eb6c4435e995de5f. “Orthostatic hypotension and neurocognitive disorders in older women: Results from the EPIDOS cohort study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0281634). · CC-BY-4.0

• simple structure: The definition adds unsupported generalization by glossing the term as a “bodily or sensory arrangement” and “a single, undivided mechanism”; the passage only contrasts simpler structures with a nerve-fibre thought of as composed of fibrillae.; The packet does not explicitly define a “simple structure” as “a bodily or sensory arrangement thought of as a single, undivided mechanism”; it instead refers to “simpler structures” only as cases where there is “nothing against such a supposition,” with examples (muscle, pressure, auditory sensa) and discussion of nerve-fibre excitation and cortical reactions.; The packet supports a historical contrast with more complex fiber structure, but not the broader explanatory framing in the definition.; While the packet does discuss “simpler structures” and includes language about nerves and excitation (including “composed of a number of fibrillae” and the idea of applying “specific energy” to fibrillae and supposing a “single cone” as a “laboratory” for several sorts of excitation), the definition’s opening description (“bodily or sensory arrangement…single, undivided mechanism”) is not directly supported by the provided passage.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-4336500-4348500). · public-domain-US

• SIP: The expansion of SIP as children’s ‘mental abilities ... to take in and work through social information’ is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied wording ‘social information processing skills.’; The packet does not define SIP as “social information processing skills” involving “mental abilities…to take in and work through social information.” It only refers to “children’s SIP skills” as something that can be “enhancing” in social skills training.; While the packet supports that social skills training focused on enhancing children’s SIP skills is linked to “augmenting their cognitive concentration,” it does not clearly support the additional wording that “stronger SIP skills are described as a target of social skills training” (it says training is focused on enhancing SIP skills, but the definition’s specific phrasing is not fully evidenced. ); ‘Stronger’ SIP skills is an unsupported embellishment; the source only says that enhancing children’s SIP skills is an effective strategy for augmenting cognitive concentration.

  Li Na; Peng Jin; Sun Xiaodong; Guo Shenyang. Social skill training and children’s cognitive concentration in rural China: the mediating effect of social information processing skills. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1526065; article XML SHA-256 bc4f447dc7f79383ad861e83693776da2a3d028f0f28bc0f8772e1579727b95c. “Social skill training and children’s cognitive concentration in rural China: the mediating effect of social information processing skills” (10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1526065). · CC-BY-4.0

• Sjögren–Larsson syndrome: For cognition, the definition uses the phrase “impaired intellectual development,” but the packet’s cognition-relevant wording is “MENTAL RETARDATION,” which is not directly reflected in the definition.; The claim that the syndrome is “rare” is not supported by the packet.; The definition claims the disorder is “rare”; the packet does not state that it is rare.; The definition includes a meta-remark (“The packet also states…”) rather than a clean dictionary definition.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome” (D016111). · public-domain-US-government

• skewness: The packet does not define skewness as a measure of how unevenly values are distributed around the center of a dataset; it only mentions standardized scores of skewness in the context of testing normality.; The packet does not define skewness as “a statistical measure of how unevenly values are distributed around the center of a dataset.”; The statement that skewness is used in research methods to check whether data follow a normal distribution is broader than the packet, which only says that skewness contributed to evidence that assumptions of normality were violated in one analysis.; While the packet mentions using standardized scores of “skewness” (with kurtosis) and the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess violated assumptions of normality, it does not support the definition’s first, descriptive statement about what skewness measures.

  BMC: Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies. Version of record 2018-11-21; DOI 10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7. “Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency” (05ea0554db4e6d0f11b4). · CC-BY-4.0

• social cognition: Adds unsupported generalization by saying it involves making sense of social actions and relationships; the packet only supports perception, interpretation, categorizing, and judgment about one's own and others' social behaviors and group position.; The packet definition does not explicitly include “relationships” or “social actions”; it only states “perception, interpretation, and categorizing” and “self judgement of one's own social behaviors and group position and those of others.”; The phrase “sort information” and “place in groups” are not directly stated in the packet (it specifies “categorizing” and “group position,” but not “sorting information” or “place” wording).

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Social Cognition” (D000083282). · public-domain-US-government

• social convention: The gloss turns a criterion for propriety into a definition of the term itself, which is not supported by the source passage.; The packet does not define the term "social convention"; it defines "Proper (2) Propriety" as strict conformity to social convention, custom, and expectation.; The packet does not define the term “social convention.” It only states, under “Proper (2) Ethical and social FITNESS,” that the social sense is “strict conformity to social convention, custom, and expectation,” which is not a standalone definition of “social convention.”; The provided definition includes claims like “accepted social custom or shared expectation” and “standard to which socially proper conduct is expected to conform,” but the packet supplies only the phrase about “strict conformity to social convention, custom, and expectation” without explaining what “social convention” itself means.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-2037000-2049000). · public-domain-US

• social death: The packet does not explicitly describe “ending a person’s social existence or place in society”; it uses the phrases “social death and extinction,” but does not specify “place in society” wording.; The packet does not support that the term is “a severe social metaphor rather than as a detailed clinical diagnosis”; it only states “It is social death and extinction if it lasts,” without contrasting metaphor vs diagnosis.; The packet supports that actual mental disease was described as ‘social death and extinction if it lasts,’ but it does not explicitly support the added claim that the term is being used as a metaphor.; The source presents a historical medical opinion, but the definition goes beyond the packet by characterizing the usage as a ‘severe social metaphor’ rather than a diagnosis.; While “if it lasts” supports a lasting-condition idea, the definition’s wording “a lasting mental illness” goes beyond the packet’s conditional phrasing (“if it lasts”).

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc01tuke:chars-2131500-2143500). · public-domain-US

• social group: Adds unsupported phrasing that a social group is one that people 'see themselves as' sharing and that the identity is 'shaped by' shared beliefs, codes of conduct, culture, and social norms; the packet only supports that the group shares a common identity defined by those factors.; The definition’s phrasing that identity is “shaped by shared beliefs, codes of conduct, culture, and social norms” is largely consistent with the packet, but the added “see themselves” component is not supported.; The packet does not state that members “see themselves” as sharing a common identity; it only says they “share a common identity.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Social Group” (D000092882). · public-domain-US-government

• social norm: The packet states that behaviors “are at variance with the expected social norm and which affect other individuals,” but it does not support the definition’s claim that a social norm is “used as a reference for judging” differences in behavior.; The packet supports only the idea of behaviors that deviate from an expected social norm and affect other individuals; it does not define the term as the norm itself or as a general standard for behavior.; “In a social setting” is an added generalization not stated in the source packet.; “Used as a reference for judging” is not supported by the packet text.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Social Behavior Disorders” (D012920). · public-domain-US-government

• social services: Because those substantive components are not present in the supplied packet text, the definition includes unsupported generalizations beyond the packet’s scope.; The added claims about helping with social needs and coordinating related assistance are not supported by the packet.; The packet describes a hospital department responsible for administering and providing social services to patients and their families; the definition shifts the sense to the services themselves rather than the department.; The packet states that a hospital social work department is responsible for administering and providing social services to patients and their families, but it does not explicitly support the added specifics that these services “help patients and their families with social needs” or “coordinate related assistance.”

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Social Work Department, Hospital” (D012948). · public-domain-US-government

• social withdrawal: The definition goes beyond the source by interpreting the term as a broader social-behavior description rather than the specific PANSS descriptor given in the packet.; The definition includes distinctions (passive/apathetic vs active avoidance for a stated reason) that are not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet only mentions “Passive or apathetic social withdrawal” in the context of “PANSS Temperature,” and does not provide support for claims like “pulling back from social contact or involvement” or “reduced engagement … rather than active avoidance for a stated reason.”; The packet supports only the label and the phrase “passive or apathetic social withdrawal”; it does not support the added characterization that this is “pulling back from social contact or involvement” or the contrast with active avoidance for a stated reason.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “PANSS - Passive or Apathetic Social Withdrawal” (C124757). · CC-BY-4.0

• society: Although the packet supports an alcoholism definition, the requested sense of the term is wrong, so the entry does not match the target term.; The definition contains claims not supported by the packet as stated (e.g., "may be ongoing or come and go over time" vs. the packet’s "continuous or periodic").; The definition is for alcoholism, not for the term society.; The packet describes a "primary, chronic" disease and also states it is "often progressive and fatal," which the definition omits; the omission is substantive enough that the full description is not faithfully supported.; The term provided is "society," but the definition describes "Alcoholism" (a different concept than the requested term).

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Alcoholism” (D000437). · public-domain-US-government

• SOI: The definition does not clearly indicate the specific version named in the packet (SOI-M), so the requested sense of “SOI” is not fully supported.; The definition states “SOI usually refers here to the Multidimensional Sociosexual Orientation Inventory,” but the packet specifically refers to “the SOI-M Multidimensional Sociosexual Orientation Inventory,” not simply “SOI.”; The packet supports the Multidimensional Sociosexual Orientation Inventory as SOI-M, not SOI; the acronym/sense is therefore not fully supported as written.

  Figueroa Oriana; Polo Pablo; Muñoz-Reyes José Antonio; Ferrer Rodrigo; Fajardo Gabriela; Torrico-Bazoberry Daniel. Validation of the Multidimensional Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-M) in the Chilean population. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0329036; article XML SHA-256 132f64afd6c788878a9c292b79fd356e4b7f08d738c72cb1b65e2e07b2e0bf6c. “Validation of the Multidimensional Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-M) in the Chilean population” (10.1371/journal.pone.0329036). · CC-BY-4.0

• speech area: Because the packet lacks a direct “speech area” entry, the definition’s framing as the meaning of the term (not merely one referenced aspect) is not defensible from the supplied text.; The claim that “speech area” means “the brain region concerned with producing speech” is not stated directly in the packet; it is inferred from the phrase “motor speech area,” so it is not fully supportable as written.; The definition adds an unsupported gloss by treating "speech area" as a general brain region concerned with producing speech; the source only says the lesion involves the motor speech area of the left side and discusses recurring utterances in motor aphasia.; The packet does not contain an explicit definition for the term “speech area.” It only mentions “the motor speech area of the left side” within a section explaining “recurrent utterances.”; The packet does not define the term "speech area" as an entry; it only mentions the "motor speech area" within the separate article on recurring utterances.; The wording "disease may impair voluntary speech and lead to repeated utterances" goes beyond the source’s phrasing and blends multiple points into a broader clinical summary not presented as such in the historical text.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-1995000-2007000). · public-domain-US

• speech community: The claim about “shared language use and awareness” giving “speech forms their standing within the group” is not explicitly present in the packet.; The first sentence generalizes beyond the source by stating a broad sociolinguistic definition (“shared language use and awareness give speech forms their standing within the group”) that is not explicitly stated in the packet.; The first sentence of the definition (“A speech community is a group of speakers…”) is not supported by the packet text.; The packet does not define the term “speech community” itself; it is a historical definition of “Mixture (linguistic)” that only mentions “speech-community” in passing.; The packet’s mention of “modernizing” syntax is unrelated to the requested term’s definition and does not support the provided definition.; The provided packet does not define the term “speech community”; it defines “Mixture (linguistic)” and only mentions “speech-community” in the phrase “in the consciousness of the speech-community,” without stating what a speech community is.; The second sentence contains parts (“borrowed elements become established only when they are recognized across that community” and “bilingual speech communities may come to use one common sentence pattern with different vocabularies”) that are only indirectly suggested by the packet’s wording about loan-elements becoming independent in the “consciousness of the speech-community” and the “tendency… for a single sentence-mould to suffice for two languages,” but the packet does not clearly support the specific formulation and implied senses as written.; The wording “borrowed elements become established only when they are recognized across that community” overstates the source; the packet says an element cannot become a loan-element unless enough words containing it are borrowed to fix it in the consciousness of the speech-community.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Mixture (linguistic)” (Mixture). · public-domain-US

• speech intelligibility: The definition adds that other people can “understand” the speech sounds, but the packet only supports that the sounds are “recognizable.”; The definition specifies recognition/understanding by "other people," while the packet only states recognizability without explicitly stating who recognizes or whether understanding occurs.; The provided definition adds that speech sounds are "understand" by others, but the packet definition only supports that sounds are "recognizable" (ability to make recognizable speech sounds).

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Speech Intelligibility” (D013065). · public-domain-US-government

• SPL: The packet does not support the claim that SPL means “how strong or loud a sound is.” It only states “sound pressure level (SPL)” without defining loudness/strength.; The packet supports SPL as “sound pressure level” and mentions an even modulation of SPL on a stable pitch, but it does not support the added gloss that SPL means “how strong or loud a sound is.”; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source is about singers and vocal stability, not learning.; The rest of the definition (even modulation of sound pressure level while keeping pitch stable, in singers) is supported by the packet, but the unsupported loudness/strength explanation prevents a full pass.

  Köberlein Marie; Kirsch Jonas; Döllinger Michael; Echternach Matthias. Influence of Messa di Voce speed on vocal stability of professionally trained singers. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0325284; article XML SHA-256 a2ebe073ce1285a229734c1e845bfd2e8f5099594a02d50ce22ef0efce4b1582. “Influence of Messa di Voce speed on vocal stability of professionally trained singers” (10.1371/journal.pone.0325284). · CC-BY-4.0

• SS: The claim that “overall social support and subtypes of support were examined as social factors linked to self-rated health and some heart-failure outcomes” is supported, but the definition contains unsupported additional wording about the specific components of support.; The packet does not define “SS” as standing for “social support,” nor does it specify the meaning as “help, connection, and sense of belonging.” It only mentions “social support (SS)” as a variable that was measured.; The packet identifies SS as social support, but it does not define social support as “the help, connection, and sense of belonging a person receives from other people.”; The wording adds an explanatory definition that is not supported by the source text; the source only reports that social support and its subtypes were measured and associated with self-rated health and heart-failure outcomes.

  Peter-Marske Kennedy M.; Howard Annie Green; Evenson Kelly R.; Berkeley Sara Jones; Maselko Joanna; Sims Mario; Russell Stuart D.; Kucharska-Newton Anna; Sullivan Kevin J.; Rosamond Wayne D.. The associations of premorbid social isolation and social support with self-rated health and heart failure outcomes in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) Study. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0337517; article XML SHA-256 1796cae0ac0608cf14e3b2f6626e9cb62c99237286008b161ae2033b261eed17. “The associations of premorbid social isolation and social support with self-rated health and heart failure outcomes in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) Study” (10.1371/journal.pone.0337517). · CC-BY-4.0

• SSS: The definition states that “SSS usually refers to the Somatic Symptom Scale-8.” The packet does not support that “SSS” is the usual/standard abbreviation for the Somatic Symptom Scale-8; it only explicitly names “Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8).”; The definition’s lead-in “SSS usually refers to” is unsupported by the packet; no evidence is provided that SSS alone is the standard abbreviation in this source.; The packet supports the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8), not the bare acronym SSS, so the term/sense is mismatched.; The requested term is “SSS,” while the packet discusses “SSS-8.” The definition may be conflating SSS with SSS-8 without support from the packet.

  Kliem Sören; Lohmann Anna; Fischer Sebastian; Zenger Markus; Baier Dirk; Kruse Johannes; Brähler Elmar; Kampling Hanna. Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 based on a representative German sample. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1851921; article XML SHA-256 e2d9e422345fb3fefc49da76f9e910b3f510ad28aacb333370f8253bd01cb6e1. “Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 based on a representative German sample” (10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1851921). · CC-BY-4.0

• state anxiety: The claim that state anxiety is “temporary anxiety experienced in the moment” is not stated in the packet; the packet only says the instrument is designed to differentiate temporary “state anxiety” from general, long-standing “trait anxiety.”; The packet describes the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, an instrument, not the concept “state anxiety” itself, so the definition is attached to the wrong kind of source entity.; The packet supports that “state anxiety” is temporary and contrasted with “trait anxiety” as general/long-standing, but it does not explicitly define “state anxiety” as anxiety “experienced in the moment.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “State-Trait Anxiety Inventory” (C95491). · CC-BY-4.0

• Stigma Impact Scale: The definition includes “feelings of being devalued,” but the packet only explicitly mentions nuances such as “feeling stupid,” “negative perceptions of others’ reactions,” and “altered relationships”; it does not support “being devalued.”; The phrase “feelings of being devalued” is not supported by the packet; the source mentions feeling stupid, negative perceptions of others’ reactions, and altered relationships instead.; While the packet supports that the Stigma Impact Scale was used as a questionnaire and that it related to perceived stigma in people with dementia/AD and involved negative reactions and altered relationships, the specific component “being devalued” is not supported by the provided text.

  Warren Alison. The relationship between perceived stigma and perceived stress in cognitive decline: a survey of persons with mild cognitive impairment and their caregivers. 2023; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1293284; article XML SHA-256 6cd42600fe4bb819a48b585f5bf54bc9d7c68ce9d2b62db40eb758df1320c7fc. “The relationship between perceived stigma and perceived stress in cognitive decline: a survey of persons with mild cognitive impairment and their caregivers” (10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1293284). · CC-BY-4.0

• subcortical aphasia: The claim that dyslalia means a disorder centered more narrowly on spoken speech output than on language processes in general is not supported by the packet and adds an unsupported interpretation.; The packet links subcortical/transcortical/cortical categories to dyslogia/dysphasia and mentions “dyslalia” in connection with this classification, but it does not define dyslalia as “a disorder centered more narrowly on spoken speech output than on language processes in general,” nor provide that comparison.; The packet supports that subcortical, cortical, and transcortical aphasia are distinguished in a historical classification, and that subcortical corresponds to dyslalia.; The packet supports that there is a classification distinguishing “cortical” from “subcortical” aphasia and discusses “transcortical” aphasia as a related controversy, but it does not clearly state that “subcortical aphasia is a form distinguished from cortical and transcortical aphasia” in the way the definition phrases it.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-3244500-3256500). · public-domain-US

• subtest: The definition adds a general claim about what a subtest is (“one part of a larger assessment”) that is not stated in the packet.; The definition’s general claim that “A subtest is one part of a larger assessment” is not supported by the provided packet text, which only describes a specific subtest within the Wechsler Memory Scale.; The packet supports a specific WMS-IV Logical Memory I subtest description, but the definition should not extend beyond that unsupported generalization.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Logical Memory I Subtest (WMS-IV)” (C120342). · CC-BY-4.0

• suprachiasmatic nucleus: The packet does not support the phrase “just above the optic chiasm”; it describes the nucleus as lying “in a shallow impression of the OPTIC CHIASM,” which is different from “above.”; “Just above the optic chiasm” is not supported by the packet; the source says the nucleus lies “in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm,” not above it.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Suprachiasmatic Nucleus” (D013493). · public-domain-US-government

• surrogate: The definition adds “intended parents” and “surrogacy” wording not present in the source, though the underlying sense is close.; The definition’s wording broadly matches the packet, but due to the field mismatch (“cognition” vs gestational carrier concept), the definition is not defensibly aligned with the requested field.; The provided field is "cognition," but the packet describes “Gestational Carriers” (female carriers/impregnation with offspring to be given to commissioned parents), which is not a cognitive construct based on the supplied source text.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: the source record is for gestational carriers (MeSH), not cognition.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Gestational Carriers” (D013533). · public-domain-US-government

• symbol-substitution test: The definition adds an interpretation about the test’s functional domain that is not established by the source packet.; The definition’s requested causal/interpretive link (“lower scores…poorer executive functioning”) is not clearly supported by the provided excerpt.; The packet does not define or introduce a term called “symbol-substitution test”; it only mentions the “Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)” as one of three cognitive scales used.; The packet does not state that “a symbol-substitution test uses the Digit Symbol Substitution Test format”; it only lists DSST among the assessments without describing any “symbol-substitution test” format or equivalence.; The packet does not support the claim that lower symbol-substitution scores are associated with poorer executive functioning; it only reports an association between HGI and decreased DSST scores and separately mentions executive function impairment in the study’s discussion.; The packet does not support the claim that “lower scores are associated with poorer executive functioning” specifically for a “symbol-substitution test”; while the text mentions executive function impairment in relation to HGI generally, it does not explicitly link DSST score direction to executive functioning.; The packet supports Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) as a cognition scale in older adults, but it does not support calling the symbol-substitution test a distinct cognitive assessment that 'uses the DSST format.'

  Ge Liang; Guo Yapeng; Xu Xiangjun; Xu Junfeng; Hu Menghan. Association between hemoglobin glycation index and cognitive function: Evidence in the elderly. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0338613; article XML SHA-256 3085eaaf07970013106fde592e276a54510c0eb713825fcdc653a871749d57bc. “Association between hemoglobin glycation index and cognitive function: Evidence in the elderly” (10.1371/journal.pone.0338613). · CC-BY-4.0

• symbolic logic: The definition says it “appears as the kind of logic treated in George Boole’s pioneering mathematical work…”. The packet only anchors Boole as an English mathematician/logician and notes that his work *An Investigation into the Laws of Thought* was the first elaborate treatise in mathematical or symbolic logic; it does not support the characterization “pioneering” or explicitly frames the term as “the kind of logic treated” (beyond that general anchor).; The definition states: “Symbolic logic is a mathematical form of logic, using symbols to express thought and reasoning.” The provided packet does not define symbolic logic or describe it as using symbols to express thought/reasoning.; The phrase "using symbols to express thought and reasoning" is not supported by the packet; the source only identifies Boole’s work as an early treatise in "mathematical or symbolic logic."

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Boole, George” (Boole, George). · public-domain-US

• symbolization: The packet does not define the term “symbolization” itself as a general concept (“learned use of signs or symbols”); it only uses the phrase “acquired system of symbolization” in describing speech processes.; The packet entry is for “Asemia or Asemasia,” not for “symbolization” as the head term, so the requested sense is not directly supported by the source record.; The source describes an “acquired system of symbolization” as part of speech, but it does not define symbolization itself as the learned use of signs or symbols.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Asemia or Asemasia” (Asemia or Asemasia). · public-domain-US

• sympathy: Although the packet states that sympathy is “usually nonobjective and noncritical” and notes caring in the context of the empathy description, the specific full wording of the provided definition (“response to another person’s feelings or behavior”) is not directly supported by the packet.; The comparison “less objective and less critical than empathy” is not supported by the packet’s wording and reverses the source relation, which distinguishes empathy from sympathy.; The definition states “generally caring” as a characterization of sympathy; the packet explicitly links caring to the empathy description, while sympathy is only distinguished by being nonobjective/noncritical, so the “caring” element for sympathy is not clearly and explicitly supported.; The packet defines empathy, not sympathy; it only mentions sympathy as usually nonobjective and noncritical, so the submitted definition targets the wrong sense/term.; The packet text describes empathy as an objective awareness of another person’s feelings and behavior, and only contrasts sympathy as typically nonobjective and noncritical; it does not explicitly define sympathy as a “response” to another person’s feelings or behavior.; “Response to another person’s feelings or behavior” and “generally caring” are not supported by the packet.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Empathy” (D004645). · public-domain-US-government

• TA: The definition adds a specific gloss about abuse occurring through digital or internet-based social environments; the packet only says online technologies have expanded the social landscape and compares TA-CSA with CSA in the physical world, which is not enough to support that formulation.; The definition adds clarifying phrasing (“sexual exploitation or abuse … through online technologies” and the contrast with physical-world abuse) that is not directly supported by the supplied packet text.; The packet does not explicitly define “TA” as technology-assisted child sexual abuse; it only mentions “Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse (TA-CSA)” in the context of online technologies expanding opportunities for exploitation.; The packet supports the term Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse (TA-CSA), not TA, so the acronym/sense is not established as written.; While the packet indicates abuse involves “online technologies” (“expanded the social landscape… to sexually exploit and abuse children”), it does not state that the abuse occurs “rather than only in the physical world” or that it is “carried out through digital or internet-based social environments.”

  Forrester Fellowes Alice; Kloess Juliane A.; Gladden Sarah. The psychological impact on and mental health outcomes for victim-survivors of technology-assisted child sexual abuse: a systematic literature review. 2026; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1682155; article XML SHA-256 1826d2c1d205c31c73ae637a0434774f671071fd8e5bafa6dd69556ad9263acc. “The psychological impact on and mental health outcomes for victim-survivors of technology-assisted child sexual abuse: a systematic literature review” (10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1682155). · CC-BY-4.0

• Tellegen Absorption Scale: The definition characterizes absorption as a “person’s tendency toward deep involvement,” but the packet defines absorption as “readiness for experiences of deep involvement in the task,” not as a tendency.; The definition slightly overgeneralizes the construct as a general tendency toward deep involvement in an experience or task; the packet’s wording is narrower and describes absorption as “readiness for experiences of deep involvement in the task.”; The packet does not explicitly state that the Tellegen Absorption Scale itself is a psychological assessment used to measure absorption; it only says the study used a modified Tellegen Absorption Scale as the basis for a sport-specific measure.; The packet supports that the sport-specific measure evolved from the modified Tellegen Absorption Scale and that items were reworded into a sport context, but it does not explicitly support the definition’s wording that the Tellegen Absorption Scale is “used to measure absorption” in general terms (the packet discusses a modified version and its sport-specific adaptation, not a general-purpose use statement for the original Tellegen Absorption Scale).

  Koehn Stefan; Stavrou Nektarios A. M.; Cogley Jeremy; Morris Tony; Mosek Erez; Watt Anthony P.. Absorption in Sport: A Cross-Validation Study. 2017; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01419; article XML SHA-256 92535223a2174840976b272858c3d452ded4d4bcc122c5195903e0ab662c0d18. “Absorption in Sport: A Cross-Validation Study” (10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01419). · CC-BY-4.0

• tense: Adds “pressure,” which is not supported by the source text.; The definition adds “often” to qualify how the sensation is marked; this frequency qualifier is not supported by the packet text.; The packet supports “mental or emotional strain” and “suspense,” but does not mention “pressure.”; The wording “often marked by” introduces an unsupported frequency/typicality claim beyond the packet’s plain definition.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Tension” (C95502). · CC-BY-4.0

• tension: Adds “pressure,” which is not supported by the source packet.; Recasts the source’s “feeling” as a “state” without support from the packet.; The packet text supports “mental or emotional strain or suspense,” but it does not mention “pressure,” which is added in the definition.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Tension” (C95502). · CC-BY-4.0

• testimony: Field mismatch: the packet text defines “expert testimony” in the context of forensic psychiatry (legal aspects), not as a “diagnosis.”; Some claims are not fully supported as written: the packet only mentions “expert testimony” as part of forensic psychiatry/legal aspects, but does not specify that it is “given to a court,” nor that it is explicitly “part of forensic psychiatry” in the way the definition frames (the link is implied by “Forensic Psychiatry,” but the court-specific wording is not explicit in the provided text.; The packet is a descriptor for forensic psychiatry, not a definition of the standalone term “testimony,” so the requested sense is not established by the source.; “Evidence given to a court” is broader than the packet’s wording, which only explicitly mentions “expert testimony” and related legal issues in psychiatry.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Forensic Psychiatry” (D005555). · public-domain-US-government

• thanatophobia: The definition adds a second sense (“abnormal or pathological dread of dying”), but the packet only defines thanatophobia as “A morbid fear of death” and does not state this fear is specifically an abnormal/pathological dread of dying.; The definition text is longer/less constrained than required (it includes an extra historical-sense characterization not supported by the packet).; The packet supports “a morbid fear of death,” but not specifically “a dread of dying.”; The second sentence adds interpretive wording (“abnormal or pathological”) that is not stated in the source, which only says “morbid fear of death.”

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-3244500-3256500). · public-domain-US

• thematic analysis: The definition claims thematic analysis examines both “written or spoken material”; the packet only describes examining article sections (e.g., Abstract, Methods, Discussion) and extracting narratives/data from written scientific papers, with no support for “spoken” material.; The packet supports only that a thematic analysis was performed on scientific narratives about sample size; it does not support the broader general definition that thematic analysis is a method for examining written or spoken material by extracting passages and analyzing them for patterns or themes.; The second sentence is too specific for the packet as provided: it adds an external description of the source’s use that goes beyond the quoted passage and is not directly supported by it.

  BMC: Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies. Version of record 2018-11-21; DOI 10.1186/s12874-018-0594-7. “Characterising and justifying sample size sufficiency” (05ea0554db4e6d0f11b4). · CC-BY-4.0

• thumb sucking: Because the meaning “sucking on the thumb” is not explicitly supported in the provided packet text, the first substantive claim is unsupported.; The definition adds an interpretive relationship that is not stated in the packet, so the sense is slightly overstated.; The packet does not explicitly define what “thumb sucking” means (it only states that the concept should not be used in this record for “thumb sucking,” which is indexed under “fingersucking”).; The source supports thumb sucking as a behavior involving sucking on the thumb, but it does not support the claim that this source treats it as a type of finger sucking; it only says thumb sucking is indexed under fingersucking.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Sucking Behavior” (D013391). · public-domain-US-government

• Tofranil: The definition adds a brand-name relationship that is not supported by the supplied source text.; The definition states that “Tofranil is a brand name for imipramine hydrochloride,” but the provided packet text does not explicitly link the name “Tofranil” to imipramine (it only describes “imipramine hydrochloride”).; The definition’s content is largely about the pharmacology and effects of imipramine, but the packet does not provide any cognition-specific framing; as written, the definition is not well-aligned with the requested field (“cognition”).; The packet supports imipramine hydrochloride and its pharmacologic effects, but it does not state that Tofranil is a brand name for that substance.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Imipramine Hydrochloride” (C29116). · CC-BY-4.0

• tonal sensation: The definition slightly overstates the sense by presenting it as simply the conscious hearing of a tone or sound-pitch; the packet frames this as an experimental example of a tonal sensation in a historical psychology text, not a general settled definition.; The definition’s first sentence contains substantive explanatory claims not supported anywhere in the provided packet text.; The packet does not define “tonal sensation” as “the conscious hearing of a tone or sound-pitch.” It only mentions the phrase in connection with Fechner’s experiment using a tuning-fork.; The packet does not state that tonal sensation “may fade from awareness even while the physical stimulation is still being considered.” It only describes that the tonal sensation has entirely ceased before removing the fork, followed by hearing a faint tone when the fork is brought to the ear again.; The second sentence adds an unsupported claim: the packet’s tuning-fork example only says the tonal sensation can cease and a faint tone may later return; it does not say the experience fades while the physical stimulation is still being considered.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-4095000-4107000). · public-domain-US

• total recall: The packet does not explicitly define “total recall” as bringing back an associate “as a whole” rather than “in part” or by narrowed features. The passage only suggests alternative labels (“Total recall, partial recall, and focalized recall, of associates, would be better terms”) without stating the “whole vs part” meaning in those terms.; The packet supports that James proposed “total recall” as a better term and that it nearly matches “association by similarity,” but it does not explicitly support the added gloss that one mental item brings back another “as a whole” rather than “only in part” or by a “narrowed feature.”; The wording “in this historical psychology usage” is broader than the packet, which only shows James’s proposed nomenclature in a specific text passage, not a settled historical usage.; While the packet does support a connection between James’s wording and “association by similarity” (it discusses “association by similarity” and explains a choice of terminology), the specific claim that “total recall” is a proposed label for a recall type “closely overlapping” that process is not stated with enough precision to fully support the definition as written.

  William James, Principles of Psychology, volume 1. 1890 original; Gutenberg ebook 57628; snapshot required. “William James, The Principles of Psychology, volume 1, 1890” (fca72454f1995c69b072). · public-domain-US

• TSP: The definition uses “TSP” (without the “-1”), while the packet’s abbreviation is explicitly “TSP-1”; the mapping from “TSP” to “thrombospondin-1” is not explicitly established in the provided text.; The packet does not support the claim that “TSP usually refers to thrombospondin-1”; it only states “Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)” in this source.; The packet supports thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), not the standalone abbreviation TSP, so the requested term/sense is not firmly matched.; “Usually refers to” is not supported by the source packet; the packet only says that thrombospondin-1 is an endogenous protein with multiple biological roles and an inhibitory effect on neovascularization.

  Li Yadi; Deng Aiping; Jiao Kangwei; Yan Jie; Zuo Wandong; Dong Yujie; Xu Wenrong; Li Yuting; Guo Chunming; Chen Maorong; Tian Run; Hu Zhulin. Active peptides of TSP-1 inhibit retinal angiogenesis through the CD36 pathway in a rat model of choroidal neovascularization. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0325661; article XML SHA-256 700c14f4e5f6796e61591934c0185885a56497ca4f6807721ca64ca0f2431837. “Active peptides of TSP-1 inhibit retinal angiogenesis through the CD36 pathway in a rat model of choroidal neovascularization” (10.1371/journal.pone.0325661). · CC-BY-4.0

• UCR: It is slightly over-specific in presenting the ratio as a defined metabolic/inflammatory biomarker for diagnosis; the packet only says these ratios were studied as potential biomarkers for distinguishing schizophrenia or major depressive disorder from healthy controls.; The definition adds “blood” to the source phrase; the packet only supports a uric acid-to-creatinine ratio and does not specify blood levels.; The definition specifies that UCR is based on “blood” uric acid and creatinine levels, but the provided packet does not state that the uric acid (UA) and creatinine used to form UCR are from blood (it only mentions UA and creatinine-derived ratios).

  Chen Hao; Qiu Min; Zhang Haiqing; Huai Yan; Huang Qiuyan; Li Ping; Lei Yingjia; Jiang Yufeng; Li Qifeng; Zhang Shaochuan. Uric acid and HDL-C-derived inflammatory ratios as biomarkers in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: a retrospective study. 2025; DOI 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1698455; article XML SHA-256 7997034286121b5eacdbc1db63c6638fd2c9f143727b33f5e98fd619c1b50f08. “Uric acid and HDL-C-derived inflammatory ratios as biomarkers in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: a retrospective study” (10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1698455). · CC-BY-4.0

• ultimate cause: The definition’s phrase “highest or last explanatory source” is not explicitly supported by the packet text provided.; The definition’s wording that it is “treated as the source of all motion” is supported only in the specific Aristotelian discussion noted in the packet, but the rest of the definition overgeneralizes beyond what the packet directly says.; The opening gloss, “the highest or last explanatory source to which other causes are traced back,” is an unsupported generalization not stated in the packet.; The packet supports only the Aristotelian link between “ultimate final cause” and “the ultimate cause of all motion”; it does not support a broader historical definition of “ultimate cause” in general.; While the packet does state that Aristotle’s ultimate final cause was regarded as also the ultimate cause of all motion, it does not define “ultimate cause” as “the highest or last explanatory source” in general terms.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Cause and Effect” (Cause and Effect). · public-domain-US

• universalism: The definition’s first sentence presents a specific theological meaning for universalism that is not stated in the supplied source, so the requested sense is not fully supported by the packet.; The packet defines apokatastasis, not universalism, and only says it is closely connected with universalism; it does not directly support assigning the described doctrine to the term universalism itself.; The packet does not define the term "universalism" itself as the belief that all sinful beings will ultimately be restored to happiness with God; it defines "Apokatastasis" that way.; While the packet states that "Apokatastasis" is "closely connected with UNIVERSALISM (q.v.)," it does not establish that "universalism" has the specific belief-content given in the definition.

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Apokatastasis” (Apokatastasis). · public-domain-US

• unsociable: "Withdrawn" is an added paraphrase not directly supported by the packet; the passage supports only that subjects may become "unsociable," not that they are specifically becoming withdrawn.; Because the packet provides no fuller definition, the reader can only infer a general sense of “unsociable” from the adjective’s context, but the definition’s more specific paraphrase (“mix with other people”) goes beyond what is clearly supported by the supplied text.; The packet only contains the usage “moody, unsociable, impatient…” and does not explicitly state the meaning as “not inclined to mix with other people,” so that specific phrasing is not directly supported.; The second sentence makes an unsupported meta-claim about the packet’s coverage; the source passage only shows "unsociable" in a descriptive list and does not establish that no fuller definition is provided.

  Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. 1892 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 7ec833f3f4ff2826cb5eba1722a767adae625ac9f49f83035a464dc975564f96. “Tuke, A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine” (dictionaryofpsyc02tuke:chars-3360000-3372000). · public-domain-US

• utopia: The packet does not support the claim that “utopia” was coined by Sir Thomas More; no mention of Thomas More appears in the supplied excerpt.; The packet supports only that “UTOPIA” relates to an “ideal social condition,” but it does not clearly support the additional phrasing that it is “a picture of perfected social order rather than an actually existing community.”; The packet supports only the general sense “ideal social condition”; it does not clearly support the added claim that utopia was coined by Sir Thomas More.; The phrase “rather than an actually existing community” is not stated in the packet and goes beyond the supplied definition.

  Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II. 1902 original US edition; OCR SHA-256 b86b5dbbaa0a0b3ecf6c8b0a089a7ca5409b9bac4e6481cba91c99bba16f31bd. “Baldwin, Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, volume II” (philopsych02balduoft:chars-4221000-4233000). · public-domain-US

• validity criterion: The added sleep-duration example is too specific and is not a definition of the term itself; it imports study details rather than defining the concept generally.; The definition’s framing about “evaluating how closely a self-report measure…corresponds to a more accurate underlying sleep measure” is only indirectly supported by the packet’s description of criterion validity using the method of triads and a “true” latent sleep duration measure, but the packet does not establish this as the meaning of the term “validity criterion” itself.; The packet does not define “validity criterion” as a general “standard for judging whether a measure accurately reflects the thing it is meant to assess”; it only mentions “validity criterion” in the study’s aims without providing a definition for the term.; The packet supports criterion validity, not the noun phrase validity criterion; the requested sense is therefore not clearly established.; The packet supports sleep-measurement validation approaches (triads with questionnaire, Daysimeter, and sleep diary; objective comparators), but the definition’s general-purpose wording (“validity criterion” as a standard) goes beyond what is explicitly stated or definitional in the provided text.; The wording about a measure 'accurately reflects the thing it is meant to assess' is broader than the packet’s support, which is limited to comparing questionnaire, reference, and objective measures via the method of triads.

  Donzella Sidney M; Masters Matthew; Phipps Amanda I; Patel Alpa V; Zhong Charlie. Validity of self-reported sleep duration in the Cancer Prevention Study– 3. 2024; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0307409; article XML SHA-256 4ab58d40e835c314d4e720225dfbd96e21a6ae2c44a4f2ee2a922cf8c4709818. “Validity of self-reported sleep duration in the Cancer Prevention Study– 3” (10.1371/journal.pone.0307409). · CC-BY-4.0

• Verbal Comprehension Index: Because the definition includes that “reflects verbal comprehension,” this substantive claim is not explicitly supported by the provided packet text.; The definition adds a general description of the index’s meaning that is not supported by the supplied source packet.; The packet does not state that the Wechsler Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) “reflects verbal comprehension”; it only names the index and reports that GC’s highest mean scores were for the VCI.; The packet supports that the gifted children’s highest mean Wechsler score was the WISC Verbal Comprehension Index, but it does not state that this index specifically reflects verbal comprehension.

  Lesecq Laurent; Querne Laurent; Gornes Julie; Buffo Laura; Corbel Louise; Le Moing Anne Gaelle; Berquin Patrick; Bourdin Béatrice. Do gifted children without specific learning disabilities read more efficiently than typically developing children?. 2024; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1436710; article XML SHA-256 2220b7c6d78d27da1bb6ff3512ad1955dfed586547af61e583e1a63d78ea4998. “Do gifted children without specific learning disabilities read more efficiently than typically developing children?” (10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1436710). · CC-BY-4.0

• vigor: It also presents a relational claim about vigor being maintained alongside muscle coordination and emotional calm, but the packet supports that relationship for valine, not for vigor itself.; The definition adds a gloss (“mental vitality or energy”) that is not explicitly defined in the packet; the packet only says valine “maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm.”; The packet is about valine, not the term vigor, so the requested sense is not supported by the source record.; The packet never explicitly defines “vigor” as “mental vitality or energy”; it only uses the phrase “mental vigor” in relation to valine, without stating what the term means.; The “energy” aspect in the definition is not directly tied to the meaning of “vigor” in the packet; the packet separately mentions that valine supplements are used for “energy.”

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Valine” (C29604). · CC-BY-4.0

• virtual team: The definition is a bit broader than the source sense, which is specifically about regarding referees/reviews as collaborators when revising a manuscript.; The packet does not explicitly say the people are “not physically present”; that wording goes beyond the source.; The packet does not support defining a “virtual team” as an “informal, not physically present group of people.” It only uses “virtual team of collaborators” as a metaphorical framing for treating referees/reviews as collaborators.; The packet supports the idea of treating referees as collaborators and using reviews/critiques to improve the paper, but the specific “not physically present group” characterization is not substantiated by the provided text.; The packet supports treating referees as collaborators or a “virtual team,” but it does not support the added claim that this is an “informal” group.

  PLOS: Ten Simple Rules for Writing Research Papers. 2014-01-30; DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003453. “Ten Simple Rules for Writing Research Papers” (b73df5f1d0f65d4b2e62). · CC-BY-4.0

• Vistaril: The definition uses "antihistamine" and brain H1-receptor activity, which are supportable, but the unsupported brand-name claim makes the overall entry fail the source check.; The packet describes hydroxyzine pamoate (including its H1-receptor antagonist actions and related properties) but does not explicitly state that “Vistaril” is a brand name for hydroxyzine pamoate.; The packet supports hydroxyzine pamoate as the pamoate salt form of hydroxyzine, but it does not support the claim that Vistaril is a brand name for it.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Hydroxyzine Pamoate” (C47560). · CC-BY-4.0

• visual analogue scale: The definition claims it measures “subjective symptoms or experiences.” The packet supports “subjective characteristics or symptoms,” but does not mention “experiences.”; The definition says it “works by asking the person to mark a position along a continuous line.” The packet only states it relies on a continuum of possible result values between two fixed end-points; it does not explicitly describe the method as “mark a position” or as a “line.”; The description of how it works by ‘asking the person to mark a position along a continuous line’ is not stated in the packet; the packet only says it relies on a continuum of possible values between two fixed end-points.; The packet supports a psychometric response scale for assessing subjective characteristics or symptoms, but it does not explicitly support the broader claim that it measures subjective ‘experiences.’

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Visual Analog Scale” (C121547). · CC-BY-4.0

• visual cycle: The clause “so the system can be used again” is not explicitly stated or directly supported; the packet only says energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert 11-trans-retinal back to the cis form.; The definition is more expansive than the packet and turns a descriptor entry for a molecule into a definition of the entire visual cycle.; The definition says the shape change “starts visual signaling”; the packet says the shape change “trigger[s] the visual process,” but does not explicitly support the term “visual signaling.”; The definition states that “retinal” is “the light-sensitive part of rhodopsin”; the packet describes 11-cis-retinal as the prosthetic group of rhodopsin and the active component of the visual cycle, but does not explicitly call it “the light-sensitive part.”; The opening claim that the visual cycle is the light-driven process in vision is not directly supported by the packet; the packet only states that visible light converts 11-cis-retinal to 11-trans-retinal as part of rhodopsin’s response.; The packet describes retinal/retinaldehyde as the active component of the visual cycle, not the visual cycle itself, so the definition uses the wrong sense of the term.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Retinaldehyde” (D012172). · public-domain-US-government

• visual memory span: The definition adds a functional explanation of the construct that goes beyond the source text rather than staying strictly within the packet-supported wording.; The definition claims “Visual memory span is a measure of working memory… based on how much visual information a person can hold in mind for brief use,” but the provided packet only states that the tasks measured “working memory (i.e., Visual Memory Span)” and does not define how it measures working memory or what “visual information” retention entails.; The definition is more than one to three concise sentences when accounting for its two claims (mechanism plus usage) beyond what the packet explicitly provides.; The definition states that “In this source, it is used as a task representing working memory performance.” While the packet does support that Visual Memory Span is used as a working-memory task, the rest of the definition includes additional specifics not supported by the packet.; The packet supports that Visual Memory Span is a task used to measure working memory, but it does not state that it measures how much visual information a person can hold in mind for brief use.

  Huijgen Barbara C. H.; Leemhuis Sander; Kok Niels M.; Verburgh Lot; Oosterlaan Jaap; Elferink-Gemser Marije T.; Visscher Chris. Cognitive Functions in Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Soccer Players Aged 13 to 17 Years. 2015; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0144580; article XML SHA-256 8a7fcf8d7708dad90e7ead448bbbffb8dedacbcaf97daf4707698e867f61e949. “Cognitive Functions in Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Soccer Players Aged 13 to 17 Years” (10.1371/journal.pone.0144580). · CC-BY-4.0

• vital functions: The definition goes beyond the supplied source by presenting a general biological definition rather than a source-grounded description of the term.; The definition includes “including growth, metabolism, and reproduction,” which is supported, but the additional framing about being “needed for life” and “normal bodily regulation” is not supported by the packet.; The packet does not define “vital functions” as “essential body processes needed for life and normal bodily regulation”; it only states that adenohypophyseal hormones regulate “vital functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.”; The packet supports that growth, metabolism, and reproduction are vital functions regulated by adenohypophyseal hormones, but it does not support the broader definitional claim that vital functions are essential body processes needed for life and normal bodily regulation.

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Pituitary Gland, Anterior” (D010903). · public-domain-US-government

• vomiting center: The packet does not directly define the vomiting center as a brain area involved in producing vomiting; it only says that thiethylperazine decreases stimulation of the vomiting center in the brain.; The packet does not explicitly define the “vomiting center” as a “brain area involved in producing vomiting”; it only states that thiethylperazine decreases “stimulation of the vomiting center.”; The statement that it is stimulated by signals from the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone is not given as a definition in the packet and is only indirectly implied by the drug mechanism described there.; While the packet mentions the “medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)” and that thiethylperazine decreases stimulation of the vomiting center via blocking D2 receptors in the CTZ, it does not explicitly describe the vomiting center as being “stimulated by signals” from the CTZ.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Thiethylperazine Maleate” (C29497). · CC-BY-4.0

• WBIS: The packet supports that WBIS-M is the Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale and that it is a 10-item measure, but it does not explicitly state that the scale “applies negative weight-related stereotypes to themselves.” The packet instead describes internalized weight stigma as “self-stigmatization, leading to self-devaluation,” without specifying “negative weight-related stereotypes.”; The packet supports the Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS-M), but the definition identifies WBIS without the -M; that acronym/sense mismatch is not established by the source.; The phrase “WBIS usually refers to” is not supported by the packet, which only mentions “Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS-M)” in the context of an adaptation/validation study.; The source supports validity/reliability and associations with body dissatisfaction, restrictive/compensatory behaviors, food/weight concerns, binge eating severity, and self-esteem, but it does not support the broader wording about ‘eating-related difficulties’ or ‘poorer body image’ as a general definition of WBIS rather than findings from one study.

  Sozza Paula Victoria; Penelo Eva; Laus Maria Fernanda; Sánchez-Carracedo David; Almeida Sebastião Sousa; Braga Costa Telma Maria. Adaptation and validation of the modified weight bias internalization scale (WBIS-M) in Brazilian adults. 2025; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0328176; article XML SHA-256 26046096c843963f372b8f34f8cede739e1ab74c4e27eece7ae2b8640733026e. “Adaptation and validation of the modified weight bias internalization scale (WBIS-M) in Brazilian adults” (10.1371/journal.pone.0328176). · CC-BY-4.0

• Wellbutrin: The definition claims that “Wellbutrin is a brand name for bupropion hydrochloride,” but the provided packet text describes bupropion hydrochloride itself and does not explicitly state that Wellbutrin is a brand name.; The packet supports bupropion hydrochloride and its antidepressant/smoking-cessation/sexual-desire-related actions, but it does not state that Wellbutrin is a brand name for bupropion hydrochloride.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Bupropion Hydrochloride” (C1317). · CC-BY-4.0

• will to live: Only the packet-supported part is that (in Schopenhauer’s pessimistic morality) the “self-annihilation of the will to live” involves the destruction of consciousness, along with that which gives birth to consciousness. The packet does not support the additional claim that the “will to live” means a drive or tendency toward living underlying consciousness.; The packet supports Schopenhauer’s claim that the self-annihilation of the will to live destroys consciousness, but it does not explicitly define the term as a “drive or tendency toward living” or say that it “underlies consciousness.”; The phrase “underlying consciousness” overstates the source’s wording, which says only that consciousness is destroyed along with “that which gives birth to consciousness.”

  Baldwin Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, 1901. 1901 New York Macmillan original; archive index checked 2026-10-18. “Asceticism” (Asceticism (in ethics and philosophy)). · public-domain-US

• withdrawal reflex: The packet supports a diagnostic assessment related to a withdrawal response, not the reflex itself; the definition shifts the sense from 'assessment of an involuntary response' to the response/reflex. ; The supplied packet characterizes “withdrawal reflex” as an **assessment** (“An assessment of an involuntary response…”; semantic type: “Diagnostic Procedure”), while the provided field is **cognition**, which is not supported by the packet.; The term is placed in the cognition field, but the packet describes a Diagnostic Procedure ('Nociceptive Reflex Assessment'), so the field/sense pairing is not well supported.

  NCI Thesaurus. Flat export snapshot 2026-10-18. “Nociceptive Reflex Assessment” (C226163). · CC-BY-4.0

• Working Memory Index: The claim that it can be used to compare relative strengths and weaknesses in cognitive functioning across individuals or groups is broader than what the packet supports; the article says the study compared cognitive profiles and index scores in men with ASD and ADHD, not that this is the general purpose or validated use of the index.; The packet does not define Working Memory Index as a WAIS index score that represents working memory within an individual’s overall cognitive profile; it only reports that the study compared WAIS index scores, including Working Memory Index, between groups.; The packet does not define “Working Memory Index” as an index that “represents working memory as part of a person’s overall cognitive profile.” It only states that the study compared “Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale index scores” including the Working Memory Index.; The packet does not support the claim that the Working Memory Index “can be used to compare relative strengths and weaknesses in cognitive functioning across individuals or groups.” The text only reports group comparisons in this specific study context (ASD vs ADHD men) without establishing a general use statement.

  Doi Hirokazu; Nakamura Yoshifumi; Nakai Ayaka; Kanai Chieko; Ohta Haruhisa. Comparison of cognitive ability and its distribution between men with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2026; DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0345522; article XML SHA-256 e1922ad8ddbbaffa46e9fe8712eb2c00918173ce6656c1e5fa1bf21367a18161. “Comparison of cognitive ability and its distribution between men with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” (10.1371/journal.pone.0345522). · CC-BY-4.0

• xerophthalmia: The definition is otherwise close to the source text, but the field mismatch is substantive for this dictionary entry.; The requested field is not defensible from the packet: xerophthalmia is a medical eye condition, and the packet does not support presenting it as a mental health term.; The term and definition describe an ophthalmologic/medical eye-surface condition (dryness due to tear/conjunctival deficiency), which is not supported as a mental-health construct within the provided packet (packet does not indicate any mental-health context).

  U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 2026 descriptor edition. “Xerophthalmia” (D014985). · public-domain-US-government

• Zeitgeist: The added claim that it refers here to a shared cultural influence shaping what people in trance or altered states express goes beyond the passage; the text only says James wonders whether sub-conscious selves may be susceptible to a stratum of the Zeitgeist, not that this is established or that it explains trance content.; The definition’s first claim (“general spirit or prevailing outlook of a particular time”) is not explicitly supported by the packet text; the packet uses “Zeitgeist” without giving a definition for the term.; The packet does not provide enough basis to support the specific characterization of the term as “prevailing outlook” for a “particular time,” beyond its use in the spiritualist/trance discussion.; The packet only uses “Zeitgeist” once in a speculative phrase (“a certain stratum of the Zeitgeist”) and does not support the broad dictionary gloss “general spirit or prevailing outlook of a particular time.”; The second sentence’s clarification (“shared cultural influence… shape what people in trance or altered states express”) is only partially supported: the packet says secondary selves get inspiration from a “stratum of the _Zeitgeist_,” but it does not explicitly frame this as a “shared cultural influence” nor connect it directly and clearly to “what people in trance… express.”

  William James, Principles of Psychology, volume 1. 1890 original; Gutenberg ebook 57628; snapshot required. “William James, The Principles of Psychology, volume 1, 1890” (fca72454f1995c69b072). · public-domain-US

Status counts and release note